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weávbx Kv c m ¼vi cy iv bvg n jv wr ww Kv c m ¼v (G. D. Karpechenko) wzwb 1899 mv j ez gvb ivwkqvq ev c~ e i mvwf qz BDwbq b Rb M«nY K ib c«_gw` K wzwb wq jb GKRb RxeweÁvbx ciez x Z Zvui M elyvi welq wqj Kvlwe` v Ges myc«rbbwe` v ev c v U we«wws wzwb Zvui hymvš Kvix me M elyvi gva g c v U we«wws-g Amvgvb Ae`vb i L M Qb Avgvi jlbx Z Zvu K k«vf i iy KiwQ wzwb mskivq bi gva g ek wkqy mski Dw `i m wó K iwq jb Zvi g a Abye i i vdv bve«vwmkv (Raphano brassica) mski Dw `i D veb K i Dw `weávbx `i gv S wzwb Awe iyxq n q Av Qb mb mski Dw `i D veb wb q wkqy wjl Z M jb Dw `weávb wefv Mi Avgvi wc«q wk K Aa vck Avn g` kvgmyj Bmjvg m v ii K_v g b c o hvq c v U we«wws Gi K v m wzwbb Avgv `i K GB D ve bi K_v c«_g ïwb qwq jb mskivq bi K_v wpš v K ib weávbx Kv c m ¼v we kl GKai bi mski Dw ` m wói wpš v K iwq jb wpš vfvebvwu Ggb wqj h g~jv Ges evuavkwc mskivq bi gva g hw` Ggb Kv bv Dw ` cviqv hvq hv _ K g~jv Ges evuavkwci ^v` ev bvewj GKB mv _ cviqv hv e! Kb Ggb wpš vfvebv Zvi e L vwu n jv, Avgiv gyjv Mv Qi g~j Avi evuavkwci cvzv L q _vwk GB `ywu Mv Qi mskivq bi d j hw` Ggb mski Dw ` cviqv hvq hvi cvzv Ges g~j DfqB LvIqv hv e!zvui mb fvebvi Ab Zg DÏxcK wn m e wq jb wewkó W vwbk KvlweÁvbx A Æv wf Ä (Otto Winge) A Æv wf Äi aviyv n qwqj c«k wz Z cwjc qw Dw ` c«rvwzi m wó nq nvvr K i Av jvpbvi g a cwjc qw P j Gj ZvB cwjc qw Kx Zvui GKUy e vl v `qv `ikvi wpî: weávbx Kv c m vi mskivq bi gva g ihvdv bveªvwmkv (Raphanobrassica) D veb Dw ` evz v 9

D PZi Rxe (Dw ` ev c«vyx) mvaviyz wwc qw A_ vr `wnk Kv l `yb mu (2n=2x) µv gv Rvg _v K `yb m Ui AwaK µv gv Rvg _vk j Zv K cwjc qw Dw ` e j hgb avb wwc qw (Oryza sativa, 2n=2x=24) Dw `, Ab w` K Kjv (Musa sp., 2n=3x=33) wu«c qw Dw ` A Æv wf Äi c«vk wzkfv e m ó cwjc q Wi aviyv _ KB Kv c m ¼v g~jv (Raphanus sativus, 2n= 18rr) Ges evuavkwci (Brassica oleracea, 2n=18, cc) mskivq bi wpš vfvebv K iwq jb GB `ywu Dw `B Avevi Ôµywm dwiõ cwievify³ mewr RvZxq dmwj Dw ` Dfq c«rvwzi Dw `i µv gv Rvg msl v wqj (2n= 18) mkvi Y mski Dw ` cviqv Lye ewk KwVb n ebv e j weávbx Kv c m ¼vi aviyv n qwqj mmg qi ` wó Z wkbv A yz fvebv e j g b n Z cv i!kv c m ¼v Zvui wek v m AUj _ K D³ `ywu Dw `i g a K wîgfv e mskivqb NwU qwq jb Ges mdjfv e mski Dw `I c qwq jb c«vß F1 mski Dw `wu (2n= 18, rc) eü v mski Dw ` wqj, hlv b eskmwzwe` vi RbK g Û ji eskmwzi wbqgvbymv ib g~jv _ K 9wU (r mu) µv gv Rvg Ges evuavkwc _ K 9wU (c mu) µv gv Rvg G m Q eü v wwc qw niqvq Ee i mski Zwii j F1 mski Dw ` KvjwPwPb bvgk A vjkvj qw c«qvm Kiv nq KvjwPwPb gvb Uvwmm Kvl wefvr bi mgq Kvl c U m wó Z evav `q d j wefvwrz µv gv Rvg GKB Kv li g a i q hvq d j AcZ Kv l µv gv Rvg msl v gvz Kv li µv gv Rvg msl vi P q wø Y n q hvq GB c«wµqvi gva g K wîgfv e c«vk wzk wwc qw Dw ` _ K cwjc qw Dw `i m wó Kiv nq Gfv eb Kv c m ¼v KvjwPwPb c«qv M eü v wwc qw mski K De i A Uv UU«vc qw (2n=4x=36, rrcc) Dw ` cwiyz K ib Ges bvg `b i vdv bve«vwmkv (Raphano brassica) h gyl D Ï k wzwb g~jv Ges evuavkwci g a mskivqb K iwq jb m D Ïk mdj bv n ji wzwb mdjzvi mv _ mski Dw ` wvkb c qwq jb c«vß i vdv bve«vwmkv Dw `wu Pvwn`vi wecixz ag x wewkó mski Dw ` wqj A_ vr i vdv bve«vwmkvicvzv Ges cy úgäwi wqj g~jvi gz Ab w` K gyj wqj evuavkwci g~ ji gz G KB e j A` ó, Ôgvbyl fv e GK Avi nq Av ikõ GB n jv i vdv bve«vwmkvi msw ß BwZnvm, hwu N UwQj 1922 mv ji w` K GLb wd i hvb Ave`yj gvwg bi jlvwu Z h jlv _ K Rvbv Mj,AvovB k eqi c~ e A_ vr Aóv`k kzvãxi ga fv M gvwbkm Äi GK c«z š M«v gi GK e v cvkvcvwk eu I cvky oi Pviv jvwm qwq jb e v wb RB Pviv `ywui cwiph v K i eo K iwq jb K qk eqi ci eu I cvkyo Mv Q dyj Av m wzwb Kx f e c«ùywuz eu I cvky oi g a we qi w` qwq jb Zvn j Kx `vuovj? eu cvky oi we q A_ vr eu I cvkyo (Ficus religiosa) Gi g a mskivqb Ficus MYfy³ c«rvwzi Dw `i µv gv Rvg msl v mvaviyz GKB (2n = 26) nq e j R bwq mb Dw ` evz v 10

e vi µv gv Rvg m ^ Ü Kv bv aviyv eva Kwi wqj bv weáv bi aviyv bv _vk ji Zvui wpš vfvebv wqj weávbm Z mkvi YB nq Zv GKB MYfy³ Dw `i g a c«vk wzkfv e mskivq bi GKwU cwi ek m wó Kivi j B eu I cvkyo MvQ K cvkvcvwk i L cwiph vi D Ïk B wqj GK Mv Qi dy ji civm iyy Ab Mv Qi dy j wm q civmvqb NwU q mski Dw ` m wó Kiv Gi mc wewkó W vwbk KvlweÁvbx A Æv wf Ä Rvo w` qb e j Qb h c«k wz Z c«vk wzk mskivq bi gva g bzyb bzyb cwjc qw Dw `i m wó nq Avgvi AvR Ki jlv wkš GB eu-cvky oi we q KB K `«K i Aóv`k kzvãxi ga fv M gvwbkm Äi mb m vbxq e v wkš c v U we«wvi wq jb bv, Z e Zvui fvebvwu wqj c«k Z c c v U we«wvi-gi gzb cvv Kiv wbðqb Avgvi mv _ GKgZ n eb h e vi mb wpš vfvebv c«l vz ivwkqvb weávbx Kv c m ¼vi gz bq wk? A_ vr G ` kib c«z š GK M«vg bvixi wpš vfvebv ez gvb weávb RM Zi GKRb cwiyz c v U we«wvi gzb wqj Avgvi GB jlvi gva g Avš wik Awfb `b Rvbvjvg mb e v K mb mv _ ab ev` RvbvB Ave`yj gvwgb K `wbk cwîkv Ôc«_g Av jvõq c«kvwkz Zvui ÒhyMje `x eu-cvkyoó c«e Üi Rb h jlvi g a Avwg Lyu R c qwq Aóv`k kzvãxi ga fv M G ` kib GK e vi mskivq bi wpš vfvebvi K_v DbœZ we k I ZLb Ggb wpš vfvebv wqj wk bv Avgvi Rvbv bb Z_ vbymüv b nq Zv GiKg AviI A bk Z_ Avgv `i gv S Dc vwcz n e Ggb wek vm i L AvR Ki jlv GLv bb kl KiwQ Dw ` evz v 11

Avqy e w`k c wz Z ivm cöwzkvi I cöwz iv a Avcbvi m PZbZv Ges AwZ cwiwpz flr Dw `i e envi Wv: Ag Z Kzgvi mikvi we.g.gg.gm (Xv.we.), wc.gbp.ww. ( jvi) Rv.we. cöfvlk (&dv g mx GÐ dvg vwmdwuk&ª), mikvix BDbvbx I Avqy e w`k gww Kj K jr I nvmcvzvj wgicyi-13, XvKv-1221 Avcbvi ^v AvcbviB nv Z, GKUz m PZbZvq Avcwb _vk Z cv ib wb ivm, mȳ I mvejxj A b Ki Kv QB K_vUv Aev e g b n Z cv i, wkš cvvk GKUz fveyb Zv Kvb KviY Qvov Avcbvi Av k cv k, Avcbvi cwievi, mgvr, `k ev c w_ex Z Kvb wkqy wk N U? N Ubv A_ vr h Kvb NUbvi wcq bb Kvb bv Kvb KviY _v K, ivm e vwai Gi e wzµg bq h Kvb ivm Avgv `i `n g b evmv evavi wcq bi i q Q mywbw` ó KviY Avgiv mvavib Rb ewkifvm ÎB wfbœ wfbœ iv Mi wfbœ wfbœ Kvib m ú K AeMZ bv _vkvq, Avgv `i cövz wnk Kg Kv Û Zvi cöwzdj b e _ Zvi Kvi Y ivmvµvš n q cwo GKUz Lqvj Ki j A_ vr wb Ri kixi I g bi cöwz GKUz g bv hvm w` j A bk ÎB iv Mi KviY jv Avgiv Abyfe Ki Z cvie wkfv e, GKUz e vl v Ki jb welqwu cwi vi n q hv e c w_exi cövpxbzg wpwkrmvweávb n jv Avqy e `, hv GB Dcgnv ` ki wbr ^ m wó Bnv Avgv `i M e i I AnsKv ii wpwkrmv c wz GB wpwkrmvweávb Gi A bk wbqgkvbyb Avgiv R b bv R b cvjb K i Pwj, KviY G jv Avengvb Kvj _ K Avgv `i ev½vwj K wó, HwZn I ms wzi mv _ wg j wg k GKvKvi n q M Q Avgv `i gyieÿx `i wbku n Z ˆ`bw `b Kg Kv Ûi wewfbœ Î GLbI h mkj wewa eva KZv Av ivc Kiv nq, m jvi ekxi fvmb ^v myi vq mnvqk Aek Kv ji weez b wewa wb la jvi wek wzi Kvi b A b KB G jv K Kzms vi wnmv e Mb K i Avqy e w`k wpwkrmvi A bk ZË B GLb Avgv `i cövz wnk PP vi Ask n q M Q Avqy e w`k wpwkrmv weávb Gi g Z Avgv `i kix i 13 wu ^vfvwek cövk wzk em we` gvb hgb: zav, Z òv, gj, gyî. nuvwp, Kvwk, Nyg, nvb Zvjv, nvwm, Kvbœv, hšb em cöf wz GB mkj em kix i Dcw Z n j m ½ m ½ avib bv K i hgb Zv Z mvov `Iqv DwPr, Zgwb cövk wzkfv e Dcw Z bv n j Rvi K i nvwri Ki Z bb Gi e Zq NU j Avgv `i kix i A bk ivm n q _v K `yb GKwU D`vni b e cvi wu GKUz cwi vi Ki Z PvB, hgb zavi em avib Ki j A_ vr hlb yav jv M ZLb Lvevi bv L j, nvbcvi GwmwWwU, eyk R vjv (B mvd vmvbwum), ccwuk Avjmvi, Dw ` evz v 12

cöf wz ivm hgb n q _v K, Avevi em bv Avm Z Zv Z mvov w` j (A_ vr zav bv _vk ji Lvevi L j) ewg, Wvqwiqv, Avgvkq, e`nrg, Ai Px, AwMœgv ` ( zavg ` ), cöf wz bvbvwea ivm n Z cv i Avevi gj em avib Ki j KvóKvwVb, Ak, Gbvjwdmvi, fm `i (wd zjv) mn A bk RwUj ivm m wó niqvi m vebv e o hvq Ggwb K i cöwzwu kvwiixk emavi b `xn w` bi PP vq A bk QvU eo RwUj ivm Avgv `i kix i evmv euv a GB mkj Kz Af v mi Kvi YB Avgv `i kix ii AwaKvsk ivm n q _v K Avi gvbwmk ivm g b evmv euvavi Avqy e w`k Kvib n jv cöávciva Ávbx jvk R b ey S Ab vq Ki j, GB Ab vq RwbZ we e Ki `skb Gi Kvi Y D ØM, DrKÉv, `ywðš v, Ubkb cöf wz _ K AwaKvsk gvbwmk iv Mi DrcwË nq ZvB gvbwmk ivm cöwzkvi I cöwz iv a, cöávciva mn ivm, Bl v, Øl, N bv cöf wz wbqš bi e e v Ki Z n e GQvov mȳ `n mȳ gb wb q `xn Rxeb jv f Avqy e `i wewfbœ wb ` kbv, hgb: w`bpp v, ivwîpp v, FZzPP v, hvmvf vm, Avnvi wenvi wbqš b cöf wz g b Pjv DwPr GB welqmy jv e vck Av jvpbvi cö qvrb, mícwim i e vl v KwVb, ciezx Z G jv wb q Av jvpbvi AvKvsLv ibj cövpxb Avqy e w`k wpwkrmvc wz Z `n I g bi mg iv Mi KviY jv K wzbwu mvavib Kvi b GKxfyZ Kiv n q Q G jv n jv AmvZ Bw `ªqv_ ms hvm, cöávciva, Kvj ev cwibvg AmvZ Bw `ªqv_ ms hvm n jv kix ii Bw `ªqmgy ni (P z, KY, bvwmkv, n, c`, wj½, hvbx cöf wz) Rb mnbxq gvîvi Kg ev ekx e envi (A_ vr AwZ Kg ev AwZ ekx Av jv Z `Lv, AwZ Kg kã ev AwZ ekx k ãi g a Ae vb BZ vw` Ggwb fv e Ab vb Bw `ª qi Rb cö hvr ) Gi Kvi b ivm m wó nq cöávciva wb q c~ e B Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q, Kvj ev cwibvg ej Z, FZz cwiez b RwbZ cöfv e m ó ivm Ges wewfbœ `~N Ubv RwbZ Kvi Y m ó ivm mg~n K eysv bv n q Q GB mkj mg ivm cöwz iva I cöwzkv ii wb ` kbv Avqy e ` we` gvb ez gv b Avgv `i cövz wnk Rxe b mgv Ri AwaKvsk jv Ki g a mvavib R i, mw`, Kvwk, GjvwR mn wkqz RwUj k^vmkó (nuvcvwb), D Pi³Pvc, gay gn (Wvqv ewum), M vóªvbwum, Avgvkq cöf wz iv Mi cöv`yf ve j Kiv hvq GB mkj ivm cöwz iva Avgvi c~e v jvpbv ek djcömy n Z cv i Gevi GmKj ivm cöwzkv i Avgv `i Av k cv ki AwZ cwiwpz wkqz flr Jlaxi e env ii gva g mydj jv fi Dcvq m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z PvB cvvk GKUz Lqvj K i `L eb Avgv `i MÖv gi cövq cöwzwu evwo Z Kg ekx wbg, Zzjmx, evmk (nvoevkm), kdvjx, MÜfv`y j, mwrbv, `~e v, Rvg, ej cöf wz Dw ` jv i q Q GQvovI cö Z Ki ivbœv N i Av`v, wcuqvr, imyb, wriv, hgvbx, `viwpwb, je½, ZRcvZv, MvjgwiP, gšix, g_x cöf wz i q Q Dw ` evz v 13

G jv e envi K ib cöv_wgk ivm mn A bk RwUj ivm cöwzkvi m e cö_gz wbqwgz PP vq kviixk cövk wzk em mgy ni fvimvg wdwi q Avb Z n e Ges cöwzkv i Dc iv³ flr jv AwfÁ `i civg k wbqggz e envi Ki Z n e R i, mw`, VvÛv, nuvwp, Kvwk G ivm jv Z wbqg K i Zzjmx, Av`v, je½, `viwpwb, ZRcvZv, evmk, kdvjx dz ji cvzv cöf wz e envi K i Dckg cviqv m e hgb R ii Î (FZz ˆewPÎ RwbZ Kvi b m ó, hvi mv _ mw`, kixi e _v, nuvwp cöf wz we` gvb) kdvwj cvzvi im eqm f ` 1-4 Pv PvgP gvîvq GKUz Mig K i ˆ`wbK 2-3 evi 2-3 w`b me bb R i _ K Av ivm jvf m e mw`, Kvwk, k^vmkó cöf wz Î Zzjmx, evmk I Av`vi im eqm f ` 1-4 Pv PvgP gay/wpwb mn me b D j L hvm DcKvi jvf m e A wcë (M vóªvbwum) iv M (wriv+hgvbx+ gšix+avgjkx) cö Z KwU mgcwigvb GK Î wgwk q 5-10 MÖvg 4 Kvc cvwb Z wm K i 1 Kvc _vk Z bvwg q Qu K H Jlax K v_ ivr 2-3 evi wef³ gvîvq 2 mßvn me b AvkvcÖ` dj cviqv hvq, 10-12 mßvn me b ivm Av ivm m e, Z e Gi mv _ Avnvi wenvi Gi wb ` kbv gvbv Avek K wbg MvQ Avgiv wpwb bv G ikg Lye Kg jvkb Av Q, wbg K GKwesk kzvwãi Ag Z e ejv nq wb gi g~j, cvzv, dzj, dj, KvV meb Jlax wnmv e e eüz nq mkj cökvi Pg ivm, `v`, GKwRgv, PzjKvwb Z wbgcvzvi im meb I evwn K e envi ek djcö` GQvov UvBc Uz Wvqv ewum Gi Î cöwzw`b c~y eq e vw³ 10 wu KuvPv wbgcvzv 5 wu Mvj gwi Pi mv _ mkv j Lvwj c U (e vqvg I Lv` wbqš b mn) 6 mßvn me b i³kk iv wbqš Y Av m mwrbv Avgv `i LyeB cwiwpz I Ae nwjz GKwU Dw ` Gi cvzvi cywó b I Qvj Gi Jlax b Rvb j Avgiv mevb Gi K`i Ki Z ïi Kie mwrbvi cvzvq cöpzi GgvB bv GwmW, wfuvwgb I LwbR DcKib _vkvq G K cywó evg ejv nq mwrbv cvzv K Mwi ei gvsmi ejv n q _v K wbqwgz mwrbv cvzv kvk mwâi gz me b A bk ivm cöwz iva Kiv m e GQvov mwrbv Qv ji im D Pi³ Pvc,evZ ivm, Pg ivm cöf wz Z DcKvix mwrbv ex Ri ˆZj ev Zi e _vq gvwj k e _v Dckg nq Pz ji mgm v, mvb bvmvbwum, mw` cöf wz iv M wcuqv Ri Rywo bb D P Kv j óij, D Pi³Pvc,wewfbœ evz ivm cökg b imyb AZ š Kvh Kix GKwU Jlax mw`, Kvwk, cyivzb Avgvkq, AvgevZ, mvqvwukv, Mu UevZ cöf wz iv M MÜfv`y ji cvzvi im wewfbœfv e eqm f ` gvîvbyhvqx me b LyeB fvj dj cviqv hvq mvgvb KvUv Qovq i³ ivak wnmv e `~e v Nv mi e envi Avgiv mevb Rvwb, wkš GB AwZ mvavib flrwu h, Mf msµvš A bk g qwj iv Mi DckgKviK Zv Avgiv K R b Rvwb cvkv e ji kiez kix ii w œ»zv AvbqbKvix I KŠô cwi vik, e ji GB b jvi mv _ Dw ` evz v 14

Avgiv cwiwpz n ji, KwP ej ïv h,avgvkq, µwbk Wvqwiqv (AvB.we.Gm),wkï Wvqwiqvq LyeB Kvh Kix GB Z_ jv Avgv `i A b KiB ARvbv GBfv e Avgvi Dc ivwj wlz flr mn cök wz Z we` gvb AmsL fl Ri AMwbZ b we` gvb Avgiv GKUz Rvbvi Póv Ki jb G jv m ú K Rvb Z cvie Ges G mkj mnrcövc flr mg~ ni mnr e venv i ivm cöwz iva I cöwzkvi Ki Z cvie cvvk GKUz Avcbvi Av kcv k Ah Zœ, Ae njvq e o DVv flrmy jv m ú K GKUy fvjfv e R b ev hviv AeMZ Zv `i civgk gz ivm cöwzkvi I cöwz iv a e env ii Póv Ki b G Z K i GKw` K Avcbvi wpwkrmv e q hgb mvköq n e, cvkvcvwk ivmvqwbk Jl ai Aek v vex cvk^ cöwzwµqv _ K gy³ _vk Z cvi eb Aci c Avgv `i `kxq flr Dw ` mg~ ni cöpjb Z_v e envi e w c Z _vk j ivmvqwbk Jl ai Dci wbf izv Kg Z _vk e, Avi Gi gva gb Avgv `i Aviva mȳ I wb ivm ` n `xn Rxeb jvf m e n e e j Avgvi wek^vm Dw ` evz v 15

wecbœcövq e cörvwz msi Y- PÆMÖvg wek we` vjq K v úvm W. gvnv ` Kvgvj nvmvbb cö dmi, Bbw wudu Ae d iw ª GÛ Gbfvqib g Uvj mv q Ým, PÆMÖvg wek we` vjq, PÆMÖvg B- gbjt mkhossain2009@gmail.com m~pbvt c w_exi mgmö Rxe RMZ K cöavyzt Dw ` I cövwy RMr wnmv e fvm Kiv nq c w_ex Z Avgiv hme wewpî ai Yi AbyRxe, Dw ` I cövwyi mgvnvi `wl ZvB Rxe ewpî GB AbyRxe, cövwy I Dw `m vi Avgv `i Rxeb, RxweKv I cwi e ki mv _ Awe Q` fv e RwoZ Rxe ewpî cö`ë cy Ges mev Avgv `i A_ bxwzi g~j PvwjKv kw³ mv cöwzk mg q ˆewPÎgq RxeK~ ji i v I msi Y weávbx, bxwzwba vik, ivrbxwzwe`mn mgv Ri mevb mv Pvi ˆRweK m ú `i msi Y, Drcv`b Ges e envib RxeˆewP Î i A_ bwzk Zvrch enb K i cörvwzi mivmwi e envwik evrvi g~j QvovI mvgvwrk, mvs wzk, cwi ek, cöwz ek I Ava vwz K g~j gvb Kvb As k Kg bq Avgv `i cö qvr bi ZvwM `B RxeˆewPÎ msi Y cö qvrb, GQvov c w_exi m wói me wkqz msi Y Avgv `i `vwqz I KZ e i g a B c o cöz ev c iv fv e Rxe ewpî Avgv `i eu P _vkvi Rb Acwinvh cwi ek, Rxe ewpî msiÿy I Dbœqb K evsjv `k msweav bi 18(K) Aby Q ` g~jbxwz wn m e Aš f~ ³ Kiv n q Q G Z ejv n q Q h, ÔÔivóª ez gvb I fwel Z bvmwik `i Rb cwi ek msi Y I Dbœqb Kwi eb Ges cövk wzk m ú`, Rxe ewpî, Rjvf~wg, eb I eb cöyxi msi Y I wbivcëv weavb Kwi ebó e m ú` _ K bm` A_ Av qi GK wnmv e `Lv hvq h, MvQ _ K gvu `kr Drcv`b A_ vr wrwwwc Z 12 nvrvi 390 KvwU UvKvi g~j ms hvrb nq evsjv ` k cwievi ch v q MvQ jvmv bvi mv _ 74 jvl 26 nvrvi bvix cyi l hy³ Av Qb ` ki 29 jvl 59 nvrvi 608 wu cwievi MvQ jvmv bvi gva g wb Ri I ` ki A_ bxwz K mpj i L Q (cö_g Av jv, 26 RyjvB 2015) cövwy I Dw ` ˆewPÎZvq evsjv `kt AvqZ b QvU n ji fš MvwjK Ae vbmz Kvi Y evsjv `k GK mgq Rxe ewp Î ficyi wqj cwimsl v b `Lv hvq h, evsjv ` k cövq 5,700 mcy úk Dw `, 708 cörvwzi gvq (442 cörvwzi mvgyw`ªk gvqmn), 34 cörvwzi DfPi, 154 cörvwzi mixm c, 650 cörvwzi cvwl I 121 cörvwzi b cvqx cövwy we` gvb wqj evsjv ` ki my `ie b 266 cörvwzi Dw `, 300 cörvwzi cvlx, 50 cörvwzi mixm c, 8 cörvwzi DfPi, 177 cörvwzi gvq, 24 cörvwzi wpsww, 7 cörvwzi KvKWv, 16 cörvwzi kvgyk/wsbyk, 3 cörvwzi K Qc I 50 cörvwzi b cvqx cövwy Dw ` evz v 16

Av Q Avgv `i wek vm mwvkfv e mv f Kiv n j G msl v Av iv evo e Zv e AvksKvi welqwewfbœ KviY hgb N~wY So, jebv³zv e w, Rjevqy cwiez b RwbZ mgỳ ª c ôi D PZv e w I AZ vwak m ú` Avni Yi d j my `ie bi 2 cörvwzi DfPi, 14 cörvwzi mixm c, 25 cörvwzi cvlx I 5 cörvwzi b cvqx cövwy ûgwki m ylxb Ges wejyß niqvi c _ evsjv ` k Dw ` I cövwy Ávb Kvl (Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh) eb Abymv i ikw K Z cȳ úk Dw `i msl v Pvi nvrv iii Kg Aek mgmö evsjv` k, we kl K i K evrvi, PÆMÖvg, cve Z PÆMÖvg I wm ju ebvâ ii `~M g ebvâ ji mwvk mv f Kiv m e n j Aek B G msl v A bk e o hv e e j Dw ` weávbx `i wek vm me kl 2015 mv j evsjv `k eb M elyv Bbw wudu n Z cökvwkz Z _ Rvbv hvq evsjv ` k ïaygvî e cörvwzi msl v 1048 (emvk Ges Avjg 2015) Rxe ewpî n«v m Avgv `i Acwibvg`kx Kvh µgt ez gv b c w_exi cövq GK câgvsk cövyx I Dw ` cörvwz wejywßi SzuwK Z i q Q eb cövyx msi Ywe`iv ej Qb, wejyß n Z hviqv cövyx I Dw ` cörvwzi msl v w`b w`bb evo Q Z e wbweo msi Y cöqvm wejyßcövq wkqy cörvwz K wbwðý niqv _ K i v K i Q Rvcv b AbywôZ RvwZmsN Rxe ewpî m j b Avš R vwzk M elk`j eb cövyx I Dw `i Dci `qv GKwU cöwz e` b D j L K i Qb, DfqPi cövyx `i g a 41 fvm Ges cvwl `i g a 13 fvm cörvwz D P SzuwK Z i q Q `w Y I `w Y c~e Gwkqvq Rxe ewpî me P q ûgwki gy L e j Zviv Rvbvb AwaK RbmsL vi Pv c eb aÿsm, AwZwi³ Avev`, e wbab I ˆRe R vjvwbi e envi evo Q GB A j d j bó n Q eb cövyx `i Avevm I Avkªq j nvf vw wek we` vj qi Aa vck I cwi ekwe` GWIqvW DBjmb e jb, ÔRxe ewp Î i gi `Û f O c o Q Õ wzwb e jb, Ôwejywßi Rb SzuwKc~Y cörvwzi msl v evo Q Z e cwi ekwe`iv GK_vI ej Qb h, msi Y Rvi`vi n j wecbœ eû cövyxb i v cv e ÔcÖRvwZ i v KwgkbÕ Ges eb cövyx msi Y ms v AvBBDwmGbGi (IUCN) Pqvig vb e jb, Ôeb cövyx msi Y cöwµqv Rvi`vi Kivi ci eû Øx c wejyßcövq cvwl I cövyx cörvwz i v c q Q eo ai bi wz niqvi Av MB wzwb eb cövyx msi Yi D ` vm evov bvi Dci Rvi w` q Qb d«v Ýi c vwim mÿ ` wek we` vj qi M elk cj wjwwj e jb, Ô hfv e mewkqy Pj Q mfv e Pj Z _vk j fqven wech q AeavwiZ Õ wjwwji m ½ GKgZ n q Qb wewfbœ `k _ K Rvcv bi Rxe ewpî m j b hvm `qv M elkiv Zv `i g Z, 2020 mv ji g a Rxe ewpî cwiw wzi DbœwZ NUv Z wek bz Z K GK hv M KvR Ki Z n e wkš `~f vm h, `ª Z RbmsL v e w, cwi ek wech qkvix Dbœqb Kvh µg, eb DRvo, cövk wzk m ú `i AwaK AvniY, Avevm j aÿsm, AvMÖvmx cörvwzi AvMgb BZ vw` Avgv `i ` ki Dw ` evz v 17

Rxe ewpî n«v m g~l f~wgkv cvjb K i Q K wl kl ˆewP ÎI evsjv `k mg kvjx wqj K wl weávbx `i g Z evsjv ` k GK mgq cövq `k nvrvi f vivbwu ev Rv Zi avb we` gvb wqj wecyj RbmsL vi Lv ` i Pvwn`v wguv bvi Rb D P djbkxj avb (Bwi, nvbweªw BZ vw`) Pvl Ki Z wm q m me wfbœ ^v` I Rv Zi ˆewPÎagx av bi RvZ mg~n Avgiv A bkuvb nvwi q d jwq D P djbkxj Rv Zi avb Pvl Ki Z wm q ivmvqwbk mvi I KxUbvkK cö qv Mi Kvi Y Rjvf~wg Z gvqmn wewfbœ dvb Uvc vskub, Ryc vskubi nvwi q d jwq Abyiƒc, evsjv ` k cövk wzk e bi cwigvy Kg n ji e bi RxeˆewPÎ Ab vb A bk ` ki Zzjbvq cövpz h ficyi AvbygvwbK 600 e cörvwzi Avevm j K evrvi, PÆMÖvg I cve Z PÆMÖv gi A bk ebvâj µgvš^ q 3-4 wu cörvwzi GKK ebvq b iƒcvš wiz n Q 1871 mv j me cö_g cve Z PÆMÖv gi ivgcvnvo-mxzvcvnvo GjvKvq cövk wzk ebvâj mvdvb KvUvi ci m b Pviv jvmv bvi gva g eb e e vcbvi m~îcvz n ji wemz K qk `k K cövk wzk ebvâj DRv oi nvi D ØMRbK nv i e o Q G Z cöwz ek I cwi e ki eiveib Ac~iYxq wz n q Q GQvov eb DRvo, ebf~wgi wekí e envi, emwz vcbmn f~wg `mÿ I Amr Kg KZ v-kg Pvix `i hvmmvr mi cövk wzk ebvâ ji g~j evb `kxq e cörvwzi wejywß A bkvs kb Z ivwš^z nq nvrvi eq ii mvk mkb cöwµqvq M o DVv ebvâj we kl K i kvj I cvnvox ebvâ ji Dw `ivwr hgb ˆewP Î fic~i wqj, wvk Zgwb cwi e ki fvimvg i vmn eb cövwyk~ ji wbivc` Avevm j wnmv ei we ewpz nz `~fvm h, Avgiv Avgv `i mb g~j evb Rxe ewp Î i AwaKvskB nvwi q d jwq A` vewa Rxe ewpî msi Y Avgv `i D ` vm Avkvbyiƒc bq BwZg a eb DRvo I cwi ek `~l Yi d j Avgv `i ` k 226 cörvwzi Dw `, 54 cörvwzi gvq, 41 cökvi cvlx, 40 cökvi mixm c I eû b cvqx cövwyi Aw Z ûgwki gy L e j Rvbv hvq mwvk i Yv e Y e e v M o Zvjv bv n j G msl v fwel Z Av iv e w cv e fwel Z Rjevqy cwiez brwyz ZvcgvÎv e w I mgỳ ªc ô ùxz n j DcK~jxq GjvKvi Rxe ewpî we kl K i K wl ewpî I Zvrch c~y fv e wzmö n e evsjv ` k 'wecbœ e, wec bœi KviY I msi Y D ` vmt ÔÔwecbœ e Ó wnmv e Avgiv m me e K wpwýz Ki Z cvwi bvbvwea Kvi Y hv `i cwigvy, msl v, we wzi vb cöf wz mxwgz n q Avm Q, ev Kvb wbw` ó GjvKvi g a e wj mxgve n q M Q Dnv `i esk e w I jvc cv Q A_ev esk we vi LyeB n«vm c q Q mg qi wbwi L cövc Zvi cwigvy, `Lv AwfÁZv, cöexy e w³ `i AwfÁZv, ebr m ú` AvniYKvix `i AwfÁZv me wgwj q wejyß, gnvwecbœ, wecbœ I ûgkxi m ylxb e I Ab vb Dw ` cörvwz wnmv e fvm Kiv hvq we k i wec¾bk, wejyß A_ev wejyßcövq Dw ` mg~ ni Z_ m ^wjz cȳ K n Q iw WvUv eb (Red Data Book) 1978 mv j WWF Gi A_ vbykz j IUCN KZ K cö_g GB cȳ KwU cökvwkz nq cö_g ch v q GB cȳ K c w_exi wewfbœ A ji 250 wu cörwzi Km wnw ªmn Zv `i bvg (Family, Genus and Species), ez gvb Ae vwbk gvb we wz, Dw ` evz v 18

cvwicvwk K Ae vb, wejyß ev wec `i KviY, M nxz msi Y g~jk e e v, cö vwez msi Y g~jk e e v, ev qvjrx I e envi Dc hvwmzv, Pvlvev` c wz, ey bv I Z_ wb ` wkkv `Iqv nq wejyß, wejyßcövq ev wec¾bk cörvwzi Ae vwbk gvb ev ch vq (Status) cökv ki Rb Red Data Book G KZ jv köyx ev K vuvmwi e envi Kiv nq Gme K vuvmwi wejyß, cövk wzkfv e wejyß, gnvwecbœ, wecbœ, mskuvcbœ d viv (Flora) I dbv (Fauna) Df qi Rb B e eüz n q _v K evsjv ` k we` gvb bvbvwea cövk wzk I gvbem ó Kvi Y A bk Dw `, cövwy Z_v Rxe- ewpî AvR wecbœ I ûgwki m ylxb GK mgq mn R cviqv hz GiKg A bk e K Zvi Avw` Avevm j Avi Lyu R cviqv hv Qbv A bk Rv Zi e wb: kl n q M Q evsjv ` k wecbœ niqvi KviY mg~ ni g a wecbœ cwi ek, Avevm j aÿsm I wbwe Pv i eb DRvo, Drcv` bi AwZwi³ I AcwiKwíZ m ú` AvniY, ci úi wbf ikxj Dw ` I cövwyi esk n«vm, AcwiKwíZ ebvqb, we kl K i ebvq b we `kx AvMÖvmx cörvwzi AvwaK cö`vb Ges myôz I mgwš^z e e vcbvi Afve K D j L hvm KviY e j g b Kiv nq wewfbœ Z_ DcvË we k l b `Lv hvq evsjv ` k ez gv b 486 wu Dw ` cörvwz K ûgkxi m ylxb e j we ewpz Kiv n q Q Aek 1990 mv j me cö_g 20 wu Dw ` cörvwz (nk Ges ewbk 1990) Ges 1991 mv j 25wU Dw ` cörvwz (Lvb 1991) wecbœ e j we ewpz nq 2001 mv j (Lvb Ges Ab vb 2001) 106 wu Dw ` cörvwz I 2013 mv j (Aviv Ges Ab vb 2013) 120 wu Dw ` cörvwz K ûgkxi m ylxb we epbvq jvj ZvwjKvf~³ K ib Aek (Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh) (2007-2009) Ges Bidvb Dj vn (2011) evsjv ` k 486 wu Dw ` cörvwz K ûgkxi m ylxb D j L K i Qb Dw ` MÖ c ikw K Z cörvwzi msl v gnvwecbœ wecbœ mskuvcbœ ûgkxi m ylxb dvy emx q 295 0 0 36 36 bmœexrx 07 0 1 0 1 Ave ZexRx GK exrcîx 2,623 8 80 179 267 Ave ZexRx wøexrcîx 988 22 46 114 182 gvu 3,413 30 127 329 486 wecbœ Dw ` ev e wkfv e msi Y Kiv hvqt Rxe ewpî mb` Abyhvqx cö Z KwU `k Zvi wbr ^ Dw `/cövwy msi Y h_vh_ e e v b e ez gv b evsjv ` k 39 wu msiw Z GjvKv (Protected Area) gva g Avgv `i Dw `/cövwy msi bi D ÏvM bqv n q Q Dw ` evz v 19

vwbk msi Y (In situ conservation) t wecbœ ev wejyßcövq Dw ` wpwýz ev mbv³ K i Zvi Avevm v ji ms vi ev cybiƒ vimn msi Yi e e v Kiv Bnv GKwU `xn gqv`x Kg c wz A vwbk msi Y (Ex situ conservation) t Avevm ji msi Y QvovI Zwor e e v MÖn Yi Rb wecbœ e i exr ev KvwUs msmön KiZ: Pviv Drcv`b K i m me Dw `i cybe vm bi e e v Kiv G Î Pviv Drcv`b Kivi ci g~j Avevmf~wgmn wewfbœ v b jvwm q esk we vi Kiv hvq A vwbk msi Yi Î bvm vwii mv _ m ú ³ bvm vwii gvwjkmy we kl f~wgkv ivl Z cv ib AviY K dvd Ûkb I PÆMÖvg wek we` vj qi hš_d ` v M evsjv ` ki wecbœcövq e cörvwz mg~ ni msi Yi GKwU D ÏvM BwZg a B ek mdjzv `wl q Q cö_gz: ` ki wewfbœ v bi gvu 26 wu bvm vwii gva g wecbœ cövq e cörvwzi Pviv I A½R cörb bi gva g G `i esk we vi I fwel r exr Drcv` bi Rb gvz e Zix Kiv wøzxqz: evkcvzv, wmwfumn evsjv ` ki cvnvox ebvâj I gaycy ii kvjeb GjvKvq Rix ci gva g wecbœcövq e cörvwz mg~n wba viy, exr msmön, Pviv Drcv`b Ges wek we` vjq K v úv m exrevmvb ˆZix Kiv BwZg a B cövq 76 wui g Zv e cörvwzi Pviv K v úv m jvmv bvi gva g G `i A vwbk msi Yi D ÏvM bqv n q Q cvnvo, wujv, mgzj f~wg, jk, SY vi Avenavivq 1700 GKi AvqZb wewkó PÆMÖvg wek we` vjq K v úvm Ggwb Z Rxe ewp Î fic~i GK cwimsl v b `Lv hvq h, PÆMÖvg wek we` vjq K v úv m 187 cörvwzi e, 174 cörvwzi j, 396 cörvwzi exi r, 78 cörvwzi Av ivnx, 44 cörvwzi AwK W, 47 cörvwzi kevj I 52 cörvwzi dvy we` gvb (ˆ`wbK AvRv`x, 25.07.2010) BwZg a Bbw wudu Ae d iw ª GÛ Gbfvqib g Uvj mv q Ým I AviY K dvd Ûk bi D Ïv M `kxq mskuvcbœ `kxq e cörvwz mg~n, hgb- nj`y, KvBKv (Adina cordifolia), ejvg (Anisoptera scaphula), BPwi, Kvš v KiB (Anogeissus acuminata), wczivr, iqbv (Aphanamixis polystachya), AvMi (Aquilaria agallocha), wnrj (Barringtonia acutangula), KvBbRvj, jdevw` (Bischofia javanica), eb-wkgyj, cvnvwo-wkgyj (Bombax insigne), gym (Brownlowia elata), cbivm, ayc (Canarium resiniferum), Kzgwf, Mvw`jv (Careya arborea), evubv, wkj-evubv (Castanopsis indica), RvZ evubv (Castanopsis lancifolia), wpkivwk, wpuvmvs DW (Chukrasia tabularis), ZR enj, Km&Zzwi (Cinnamomum cecidodaphne), envj (Cordia dichotoma), nvimvrv, AvRywj (Dillenia pentagyna), awj-mr b, WyjvBqv- MR b (Dipterocarpus alatus), evbæv- MR b, wkj-mr b (Dipterocarpus costatus), Kyw`ev ijv, jvdev ijv (Holigarna racemosa), ev `iûjv (Duabanga grandiflora), SzgKv evw`, PviKvU jr, wkpiv-evw` (Engelhardtia spicata), ei-nwibv (Erioglossum rubiginosum), D`vj, DRvj, cvuv Dw ` evz v 20

Uv (Firmiana colorata), Kbœ vix (Gardenia coronaria), ev ijv, SvDqv (Holigarna caustica), Zjmyi (Hopea odorata), PvjgyMiv, WvjgyMwi (Hydnocarpus kurzii), Kwj-K`g, f~b-k`g (Hymenodictyon orixensis), wm`v Rvi j, wujv Rvi j (Lagerstroemia parviflora), `yev evubv, Kvš v evubv (Lithocarpus acuminata), eo evubv (Lithocarpus elegans), Kvwj evubv, Kvjv evubv (Lithocarpus fenestratus), BRv evubv (Lithocarpus pachyphylla), i³b (Lophopetalum fimbriatum), eyiv, (Macaranga denticulata), gûqv, gûdqv (Madhuca indica), Wywj Pv úv, Av `v Pv úv (Magnolia pterocarpa), Kv gjv, wm`~ix (Mallotus philippensis), DwiAvg, R½wjAvg (Mangifera sylvatica), P úv, P úvdzj (Michelia champaca), Uvwj, `yw`, jvwj (Palaquium polyanthum), U U v, wbdi, jyi-evw` (Protium serratum), KbK Pv úv, gym, gywmmüv (Pterospermum acerifolium), ei Avmvi, jvbv-avmvi (Pterospermum semisagittatum), ey z bvwi Kj, KvV ev`vg, bvwi Kwj (Pterygota alata), KbK, gb-pv úv, evbvk (Schima wallichii), Kzmyg, Rqbv (Schleichera oleosa), dvbk v-d`vj, D`vj (Sterculia villosa), `vigviv (Stereospermum personatum), cviæj, Kvg mvbvj~ (Stereospermum suaveolens), XvwK-Rvg (Syzygium firmum), e niv (Terminalia bellirica), nwizwk (Terminalia chebula), PyÛyj, g vbbvk vu (Tetrameles nudiflora), Zzb, myiær e`, iw½ (Toona ciliata), Aviïj, nwibv, `v (Vitex glabrata), `v, nwibv, Avk j (Vitex peduncularis), evrbv, (Zanthoxylum rhetsa) cöf wz e i Avi ev iuvg ev exr Drcv`b vû m Rb Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki A bk iw Z GjvKvi Zzjbvq PÆMÖvg wek we` vjq K v úvm Rxe ewp Î A bk ekx mg Rxe ewpî wk v, M elyv, cwi ek Dbœqb Ges cöwz ek I ch Ub m úªmvi Y we kl f~wgkv ivl Z cv i ` ki d i R bwuk wi m vm msi Y AviY K dvd Ûkb I d iw ª Bbw wud Ui G D ` vm ` ki wbr ^ cörvwz mg~ ni i vq GKwU gvbj djk Z e G hvîvq Avgv `i K Av iv A bk`~i h Z n e, Z eb evsjv `k K Avgiv GKwU Rxe ewp Î cövpzh gq `k wnmv e wek `iev i nvwri Ki Z cvie Dw ` evz v 21

f~ævi ivm I Zvi cöwzkvi W. K. Gg. Lv jkz¾vgvb DaŸ Zb eávwbk Kg KZ v (Dw ` ivmzë ) gmjv M elyv K `ª, wegaviavb wkemä, e ov, evsjv `k avb I M gi ci f~æv evsjv ` k Z Zxq I D P djbkxj `vbv RvZxq dmj we k i wewfbœ ` k Bnv eûwea Lv` ˆZix Z e eüz n q _v K Ges Kvb Kvb ` k Bnv cªavb Lv` wkš evsjv ` k mvavibzt cï, gyimx I grm Lv` wnmv e e eüz n q _v K avb I M gi Zzjbvq G Z cövq 11% Avwgl RvZxq Dcv`vb i q Q wewfmœ mgm vi Kvi b evsjv ` k f~ævi djb A bk Kg Zb a ivm Ab Zg M elk `i g Z evsjv ` k f~ævi gvu 28 wu ivm mbv³ Kiv n q Q, hvi 19 wu QÎvKRwbZ, 1 wu e K UwiqvRwbZ, 3 wu fvbivmrwbz Ges 5 wu K wgrwbz ivm f~ævi ivm wbqš Y ivl Z cvi j f~ævi Drcv`b A bkvs k e w Kiv m e f~ævi K qkwu cªavb QÎvK RwbZ ivm I Zv `i `gb e e v m ú K wb gœ eb Yv Kiv nj - 1 iv Mi bvg t a~mi exr cpv, g~j cpv I Pviv Sjmv bv ivm iv Mi KviYt ivb RvK Uvwbqv (Rhizoctonia sp.), wddrvwiqvg (Fusarium sp.), wcw_qvg (Pythium sp.) BZ vw` QÎvK Øviv G ivm n q _v K iv Mi we vi t exr I gvwui gva g G ivmwu Qovq gvwui Av`ª Zv ekx n j QÎv Ki Avµg bi gvîv e o hvq iv Mi j Yt Rwg Z f~æv Mv Qi msl v K g hviqv ecb Kiv ex R cpb aiv Pviv MRv bvi c~ e B ex Ri AsKzi g i hviqv Pviv Sj m hviqv Mvov I wkko cpb aiv wkko ev`vgx _ K Kv jv is aviy K i MRv bv Pviv X j c o I g i hvq Dw ` evz v 22

iv Mi cöwzkvit wpî: f~ævi g~j cpv I Pviv Sjmv bv iv Mi j Y Ges ivm m wókvix QÎvK mȳ, mej I ivmgy³ exr ecb Ki Z n e Kv e ÛvwRg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-a Uvw b) A_ev Kv e vw b + w_ivg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb- cövf v 200 Wwe Dwc) cöwz KwR ex R 2.5 MÖvg nv i wgwk q kvab Ki Z n e dmj DVvi ci cöli iš `ª (gvp -GwcÖj gv m) Rwg Pvl K i d j ivl Z n e DËgi c Rwg Pvl I cwiwgz i m exr ecb Ki Z n e, A_ vr gvwu Z AwaK im ivlv hv e bv ivm `Lv w` j Kv e ÛvwRg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-a Uvw b) cöwz wjuvi cvwb Z 2 Mªvg nv i wgwk q 7 w`b ci ci 2-3 evi Pvivi Mvovq cö Ki Z n e 2 iv Mi bvgt cvzv Sjmv bv (Leaf blight) ivm iv Mi KviYt njwgb _vm cvwiqvg UviwmKvg (Helminthosporium turcicum Syn. Bipolaris turcicum) bvgk QÎvK Øviv G ivm n q _v K Dw ` evz v 23

iv Mi we vi t G iv Mi Rxevby Mv Qi Avµvš As k A bk w`b eu P _v K Rxevbyi exrkyv ev KwbwWqv evzv mi mvnv h A bk `~i ch š mȳ Mv Q Qov Z cv i evzv mi Av`ª Zv ekx n j Ges 18-27 wwwmö mt ZvcgvÎvq G iv Mi Avµgb e o hvq iv Mi j Yt Mv Qi bx Pi w` Ki cvzvq j v ev ww vkvi `vm `Lv hviqv c i Avµvš `vm jv AvKv i eo niqv ciezx Z Mv Qi Dc ii As k we vi jvf Kiv `vm jv wkiv eivei evo Z _vkv Ges a~mi ey aviy Kiv iv Mi cö Kvc ekx n j Mv Qi cvzv AvMvg ïwk q hviqv I MvQ gviv hviqv hv A bk mgq Livq Avµvš n q Q e j g b niqv wpî: f~ævi cvzv Sjmv bv iv Mi j Y I QÎvK Dw ` evz v 24

iv Mi cöwzkvit ivm cöwz ivax RvZ Pvl Ki Z n e dmj msmö ni ci cvzv, KvÛ BZ vw` cy o dj Z n e Kv e ÛvwRg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-a Uvw b) A_ev Kv e vw b + w_ivg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb- cövf v 200 Wwe Dwc) cöwz KwR ex R 2.5 MÖvg nv i wgwk q kvab Ki Z n e cwi Qbœ Pvlvev` Ges cwiwgz mvi I mp cö`vb Ki Z n e ivm `Lv w` j Avµvš dm j cövwc Kvbv Rvj MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-wuë 250 Bwm) 1 wjuvi cvwb Z 0.5 wgwj A_ev Kv e ÛvwRg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-a Uvw b) 1 wjuvi cvwb Z 2 Mªvg nv i wgwk q 10 w`b ci ci 3 evi cö Ki Z n e 3 iv Mi bvgt WvDwb wgjwwd (Downy mildew) ivm iv Mi KviYt c iv bv iv úviv mimvb (Peronosclerospora sorghi) bvgk QÎvK Øviv G ivm n q _v K iv Mi we vi t gvwu, cvlk I Avµvš exr Øviv Qovq iv Mi j Y t Avµvš MvQ Le vk wz, `~e j I weey niqv Avµvš cvzvq j v j v mv`v U `vm cov c i Mv Qi cvzv wkqzuv njỳ e Y i n q hviqv Avµvš cvzvi bx P mv`v QÎvK Ges QÎv Ki exrkbv Lvwj Pv LB `Lv hviqv cyy eq MvQ Avµvš n j gvpvi AvKvi QvU niqv A_ev A bk mgq gvpv cy ivcywi bv niqv iv Mi cöwzkvit ivmgy³ mȳ exr ecb Ki Z n e guv jw j + g vb Kv Re MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-wi fvwgj Mvì) cöwz KwR ex R 2.5 Mªvg nv i wgwk q exr kvab Ki Z n e Avµvš MvQ `Lv gvî Zy j cy o dj Z n e Rwg _ K AwZwi³ cvwb wb vk bi e e v Ki Z n e Dw ` evz v 25

Avµvš Mv Q guv jw j + g vb Kv Re MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-wi Wvwgj Mvì) cöwz wjuvi cvwb Z 2 Mªvg nv i wgwk q 7-10 w`b ci ci 2-3 evi cö Ki Z n e wpî: f~ævi WvDwb wgjwwd iv Mi j Y I QÎvK 4 iv Mi bvgt cvzvq `vm ev Kvifyjvwiqv wjd úu (Curvularia leaf spot) ivm iv Mi KviYt Kvifyjvwiqv jybvuv I Kvifyjvwiqv g vkzdj vý (Curvularia lunata and C. maculans) bvgk QÎvK Øviv G ivm n q _v K iv Mi we vit ewk Av`ª Zv I ZvcgvÎvq Avµgb ev o Rxevby gvwu Z Ges Avµvš Mv Q _v K, evzvm I cvwbi gva g Qovq Dw ` evz v 26

iv Mi j Yt wpî: f~ævi Kvifyjvwiqv wjk úu iv Mi j Y I QÎvK cö_ g fyævi cvzvq QvU QvU Mvj A_ev ww vk wzi njỳ vf `vm cov ciezx Z G `vm jv ev`vgx is aviy Kiv Ges AvKv i eo n q KL bv KL bv cövq 1 mwg ch š niqv iv Mi cöwzkvit ivmgy³ exr msmªn Ki Z n e dm ji cwiz ³ Ask cywo q dj Z n e AvMvg exr ecb iv Mi cö Kvc Kgvq ivm `Lv w` j Avµvš dm j cövwc Kvbv Rvj MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-wuë 250 Bwm) cöwz wjuvi cvwb Z 0.5 wgwj nv i wgwk q 7-10 w`b ci ci 3 evi cö Ki Z n e Dw ` evz v 27

5 iv Mi bvgt KvÛ cpv (Stalk rot) ivm iv Mi KviYt wdd Rwiqvg (Fusarium), ww cøvwwqv (Diplodia), wcw_qvg (Pythium), AviDBwbqv (Erwinia), wmi Wv gvbvm (Pseudomonas) BZ vw` Øviv G ivm n q _v K iv Mi we vit Lwid gšmy g G ivm ekx n q _v K Rwg Z bvb Uªv R bi cwigvb ekx I cuv ki cwigvb Kg n j QÎvK RwbZ KvÛ cpv ivm ekx nq wkjv e wó ev wkko Z n j Avµgb ev o iv Mi j Yt Kv Ûi bx Pi w` K big I cvwb frv `vm cov wkjv e wó ev wkko Z n j Avµgb e o hviqv Avµg b Mv Qi KvÛ c P hvq Ges MvQ gvwu Z f ½ cov Dw ` evz v 28

iv Mi cöwzkvit mȳ I mej exr ecb Ki Z n e dmj KvUvi ci AveR bv cywo q dj Z n e km ch vq Abymib Ki Z n e Kv e ÛvwRg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-a Uvw b) A_ev Kv e vw b + w_ivg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb- cövf v 200 WweøDwc) cöwz KwR ex R 2.5 MÖvg nv i wgwk q kvab Ki Z n e mylg gvîvq mvi e envi Ki Z n e, we kl K i bvb Uªv Rb I cuvk mvi cwiwgz gvîvq cö qvm Ki Z n e wkko ev KvÛ AvµgbKvix cvkv `gb Ki Z n e WvB d bv KvbvRj MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb- vi 250 Bwm) cöwz wjuvi cvwb Z 0.5 wgwj nv i wgwk q 7-10 w`b ci ci 2-3 evi úª Ki Z n e 6 iv Mi bvgt gvpv I `vbv cpv (Ear rot/cob and grain rot) ivm iv Mi KviYt ww c vwwqv (Diplodia Sp), wddrvwiqvg (Fusarium Sp), wr e ijv (Gibberella Sp), cwbwmwjqvg (Penicillium Sp), GmcviwRjvm (Aspergillus Sp) BZ vw` QÎvK Øviv G ivm n q _v K iv Mi we vit Mv Q gvpv Avmv _ K cvkv ch š e wócvz ekx n j G iv Mi Avµgb ekx nq cvkv ev cvwli Avµg b ev KvÛ cpv iv M MvQ gvwu Z c o M j G ivm e vckzv jvf K i G iv Mi Rxevby exr A_ev Avµvš Mv Qi cwiz ³ As k eu P _v K GKB Rwg Z evi evi f~ævi Pvl Ki j G ivm `ª Z we vi jvf K i iv Mi j Yt cöv_wgk Ae vq Avµvš n j cy iv gvpv I `vbv c P hviqv Avµvš gvpvi Lvmv I `vbv weey n q hviqv m vfvwekfv e `vbv cyó bv niqv, `vbv KzP K A_ev d U hviqv A bk mgq gvpv Z wewfbœ `vbvi gv S ev Dc i QÎv Ki Dcw wz Lvwj Pv LB `Lv hviqv iv Mi cöwzkvit `vbv ev Nvm RvZxq km ev` w` q km ch vq Aej ^b Ki Z n e Dw ` evz v 29

Mv Qi cwiz ³ Ask cywo q dj Z n e Kv e ÛvwRg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-a Uvw b) A_ev Kv e vw b + w_ivg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb- cövf v 200 Wwe Dwc) cöwz KwR ex R 2.5 MÖvg nv i wgwk q kvab Ki Z n e cvkv I cvlxi Avµgb n Z `vbv i v Ki Z n e cwic niqvi mv _ mv _ `ix bv K i gvpv msmön Ki Z n e cövwc Kvbv Rvj MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-wuë 250 Bwm) cöwz wjuvi cvwb Z 0.5 wgwj nv i wgwk q Mv Q 7-10 w`b ci ci 2-3 evi cö Ki Z n e Dw ` evz v 30

7 iv Mi bvgt f~ævi cvzvi fvbivm (Virus disease) ivm iv Mi KviYt fvbivm Øviv G ivm n q _v K iv Mi we vit fvbivm ivm cvkv (KY c v U ncvi), mimg I Rsjx Nvm Øviv Qovq iv Mi j Yt Mv Qi cvzvq j ^vjw ^ wkiv eivei mi ev PIov njỳ `vm `Lv hviqv Avµvš MvQ Le vk wzi niqv, Mv Q Lv` Drcv`b e enz niqv gvpv QvU AvKv ii niqv Ges djb n«vm cviqv iv Mi cöwzkvit Avµvš MvQ DwV q cy o dj Z n e Rwg AvMvQv gy³ ivl Z n e `vbv ev Nvm RvZxq km ev` w` q km ch vq Aej b Ki Z n e KY c v U ncvi G ivm Qovq ZvB G cvkv `g bi BwgWv K vwcªw MÖ ci KxUbvkK ( hgb-a vwgvqvi/bwguvd) cöwz wjuvi cvwb Z 0.5 wgwj A_ev g vjvw_qb 50 Bwm cöwz wjuvi cvwb Z 1.5 wgwj nv i wgwk q 7 w`b ci ci 2-3 evi úö Ki Z n e Dw ` evz v 31

8 iv Mi bvgt `vg cpv (Storage disease) ivm iv Mi KviYt A vmcviwrjvm (Aspergillus sp.), cwbwmwjqvg (Penicillium sp.) Ges ivb Rvcvm (Rhizopus sp.) bvgk QÎvK Øviv G ivm n q _v K iv Mi we vit ex R Av`ª Zv ekx _vk j `vbv cpv ivm ekx nq iv Mi j Yt gvpv ev `vbv fvjfv e bv ïwk q `v g ivl j `vbv c P hviqv I weey niqv, `ym Ü ei niqv I AsKz iv`mg gzv K g hviqv `vbvq wel Zix nq hv gvbyl I cïi Rb wzki niqv `v g cpb ewk n j QÎv Ki Dcw wz Lvwj Pv L `Lv hviqv iv Mi cöwzkvit f~æv cvk j gvpv ZvovZvwo msmön Ki Z n e `vbv Qov bvi mgq hb f ½ bv hvq mw` K Lqvj ivl Z n e `vbv ïwk q 12% Av`ª Zvq `vgrvz Ki Z n e `v g cvkvi Avµgb iva Ki Z n e `v g ZvcgvÎv hb bv ev o m Rb evqy PjvP ji e e v Ki Z n e `vbvq Rjxq Ask Kg ivlvi Rb el vkv j gv S gv S iv ` ïkv Z n e Kv e ÛvwRg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb-a Uvw b) A_ev Kv e vw b + w_ivg MÖ ci QÎvKbvkK ( hgb- cövf v 200 Wwe Dwc) cöwz KwR ex R 2.5 MÖvg nv i wgwk q kvab Ki Z n e Dw ` evz v 32

R bwu i K vm I mœ vcwªvmb gvnv ` wmwïk nvmvb Dw `weávb wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq wk vel t 2017-2018 dvûv g Uvj R bwu i K v m g vg g Û ji 1g m~ Îi e wzµg covw Q jb cö Z K Rx ei ˆewkó wbqš Y K i Rxb hv K g Ûj d v±i e jwq jb g Û ji 1g m~î e L v Ki j hv `uvovq Zv n jv Kvb j ^v Ges Kvb Lv Uv Rx ei µm Ki j hw` GLv b j ^v ˆewkó cökvkkvix RxbwU cöku nq Ges Lv Uv ˆewkó cökvkkvix RxbwU cö Qbœ nq Zvn j cö_g cör b i mkj eskai j ^v n e, wøzxq cör b i PviwU eskai n j wzbwu j ^v Ges GKwU Lv Uv n e B Uv gww qu Rxe ev gvsvwi Rxe niqv m e bv wkš g Û ji m~ Îi e wzµg n jv Rx bi Am ú~y cökuzv cöku Rxb m ú~y fv e cö Q bœi Dci cöfve we vi Ki Z bv cvi j B Uvi gww qu Rxe Avwef~ Z n e ev gvsvwi AvKv ii Rxe `Lv hv e wzwb Gi D`vniY wn m e mœ vcwªvmb Gi K_v e jwq jb mœ vcwªvmb dz ji Î mv`v Ges AvB fvwi (njỳ vf mv`v/wn ey ) µm Ki j `Lv hvq ciezx cör b g v R Uv e Y i dz ji MvQ cviqv hvq Av iv Mfxifv e `L j GUv nq G š vmvqvwbb bvgk guv evjvbu Gi Dcw wzi Rb mœ vcwªvmb (Antirrhinum majus) bvguv cwiwpz wkš GLv b ïb ev Avkv Kwiwb BD iv ci bwuf GB Dw `wu cªvq GK wguvi ch š n Z cv i Z e mvaviyz GZ eo n Z `Lv hvq bv el Rxwe Dw ` mviv eqib dzj `Lv hvq GB dz ji `yb cv k Pvc w` j Gi gyluv evb ii w` K ei n q Av m hv `L Z wkqzuv e vo ev WªvM bi gz jv M ZvB Gi bvg mœ vcwªvmb jvj, Mvjvwc, mv`v, njỳ, AvB fvix, g v R Uv Ges GB jv e Y i Av iv A bk wg dzj nq GB mœ vcwªvm bi GB Dw `i ey wba viykvix Rxb jvi Am ú~y cökuzv `Lv `q e jb GZ ey Zix nq ev g v gi K_v jv ï b ax i ax i cwi vi n jv GB Dw `i wkqz we kl ˆewk ó i Rb m mevi P q Avjv`v GB mœ vcwªvmb ïay i cb bq, bi Ab `i P q GK avc GwM q AvR GB dz ji MvQUv h KZ KZ M elyvi wkkvi Zvi wn me bb R bwu W fjc g U, ev qv KwgK vj Gi Rb cªvq GK kzvãx a i GB mœ vcwªvmb n jv M elyvi wmwbwcm ïb Z Avðh RbK g b n ji GB Dw `i wekwui gz Dw ` evzv 33

cörb b m g nvbweªw Av Q eûgyî iv M, wjfv ii mgm vq vwf iv M GgbwK wudgvi wpwkrmvq Gi f~wgkv i q Q Gi Gw UgvB µvweqvj cövcvwu cögvwbz Gw UIw W U Gi Dcw wz Av Q e j Rvbv hvq I, ejv nqwb, cwi divj bvf vm wmw g mœ vcwªvmb Gi Kvh KwiZv cwijw Z n q Q mœ vcwªvmb Gi K_v gv_vq Nyivi Kvi Y g v gi K vm h KLb kl n q MwQ jv eys ZB cvwiwb Z e hvq nvk bv Kb w`b k l GZwKQz bv b _vkv m Ë I AvR Rvwb bv e j ïaygvî e Y i e env ii R b B evmv b GB mœ vcwªvmb Gi RvqMv g j Dw ` evzv 34

em š i evzv wb q cjvk dzj gvnv ` wmwïk nvmvb Dw `weávb wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq wk vel t 2017-2018 QvU ejvq GKw`b fvb qi mv _ wwqv g wm qwqjvg wwqv gi M Ui cv kb GK Pgr Kvi dyj ` LwQjvg, bvg RvbZvg bv Z e Lye fv jv j MwQ jv dzj jv ZvB wkqz Kzwo q evmvq wb q wm qwqjvg Av v ` L e jwq jv cjvk, Kv_v _ K wb q Avmjv GB Zv cjv ki mv _ cö_g cwipq mk ji GK cwiwpz dzj cjvk eávwbk bvg: Butea monosperma GB kx Zi me P q AvKl Yxq iƒc cjv ki em š i evz v evnk dzj jv hlb Mv Q _v K MvQ ` L g b nq hb m Sv K Sv K AmsL MwjZ mvbvi AjsKvi c i Av Q wb R K mvwr q Zz j Q Aciƒc mv S ïay ZvB bq, m Zvi AjsKvi mevi gv S wewj q w` Q wbwø avq GB mb cjvk hv K wn i iwpz n q Q mnmª Kve, Mí, Dcb vm GB mb cjvk h wkbv mv x n q Av Q AMwYZ BwZnv mi nq Zv mb BwZnv mi R jš AwMœi ewntcökvk K i e jb AvR Zvi GB iƒc Dw ` evzv 35

cjvk Gi B KvbwgK f vjyi Kg bq cjv ki eûwea e envi i q Q cjvk Gi cvzv _ K ïi K i KvÛ, evkj GgbwK Gi _ K wbm Z AvVvI e eüz nq cjvk dzj _ K WvB ˆZix Kiv nq cjv ki KvÛ _ K fvj gv bi QvB cviqv hvq cvk ezx `k fvi Z M j nqz GB cjv ki cvzvq Lvevi L Z cviqvi NUbvI NU Z cv i G Qvov, Gi gv S U vwbb, iwrb Gi gz g~j evb c`v_ Av Q GB deª qvwi gvm hb cjv ki gvm _ i _ i _vk cjvk, N i N i nvk cjv ki AvMgb Dw ` evzv 36

mvk wk v mdi-2018 Dw `weávb wefvm, Rvnv½xibMi wek we` vjq MZ 26 k b f ^i, 2018 n Z 9 w`b e vwc 3q ce mœvzk (m vb) kªyxi QvÎ-QvÎx `i wb q fviz I fzuv b wk v md ii Av qvrb K ib 5 Rb wk K Ges 45 Rb QvÎ-QvÎxi G wk v md i bz Z `b Aa vck W. gvt byû Avjg G wk v md i Zviv fvi Zi wkwj wo, `vwr wjs, RjcvB wo, wbdrjcvb wo, RqMuvI I fzuv bi dzjmwjs, w_ úy I cv ivi f~cök wz, cövk wzk ebvâjmn wewfbœ `k bxq vb cwi`k b K i BwZc~ e AÎ wefvm 2002 mv j fvi Zi wewfbœ A j wk v md i Mgb K iwqj fyuvb evsjv `k nvbkwgkbv ii Avgš bµ g mšrb mv vz fzuvb md i QvÎ-QvÎx I wk Ke ` Dw ` evz v 37

fvi Zi DËie½ wek we` vj q Rvnv½xibMi wek we` vj qi Dw `weávb wefv Mi QvÎ-QvÎx I wk Ke `i mdi wk v md ii Ask wn m e Dw `weávb wefvm, Rvnv½xibMi wek we` vj qi 45 Rb QvÎ-QvÎx I 5 Rb wk Ki GKwU cöwzwbwa `j MZ 4Vv ww m ^i fvi Zi RjcvB wo Rjvq Aew Z DËie½ wek we` vj qi Dw `weávb wefvm, wu mv qý I ev qvbbdi gwu wefvm cwi`k b K i D³ wefvm wji wk v I M elyv Kvh µg m ú K `jwu AewnZ nb Ges fwel Z D³ wek we` vj qi Dw `weávb wefv Mi mv _ MoU Kivi e cv i Av jvpbv K ib QvÎ-QvÎx I wk Kiv D³ wek we` vj qi DNA j ve, wmm UwgwU j ve, Rvg c vrg m Uvi, wu Mv W b I wek we` vj qi wbr ^ ebvâj cwi`k b K i wewfbœ wel q ev e Ávb jvf K ib fvi Zi DËie½ wek we` vjq cwi`k b wk Ke ` evuvwbk vj mvmvbwu KZ K Aa vck W. gvt Aveyj nvmvb Uªv dv Ûi e wë jvf Rvnv½xibMi wek^we` vjq Dw `weávb wefv Mi 2017 mv ji œvzk (m vb) Pzovš cix vq m e v P 3.89 CGPA c q cö_g vb AwaKvi Kivq gvqvt kvwn`v LvZzb Aa vck W. gvt Aveyj nvmvb Uªv dv Ûi e wë jvf K i e wë eve` 5000/- (cuvp nvrvi) UvKvi PK wefvmxq Abyôv bi gva g n vš i K ib fvicövß wefvmxq mfvcwz Aa vck W. gvt byû Avjg I Ab vb wk Ke ` Dw ` evz v 38

Òevsjv `k GKv Wwg Ae GwMÖKvjPviÓ KZ K Mvì g Wj cövwß cö dmi W. gvnv ` Kvgvj nvmvbb Bbw wudu Ae d iw ª GÛ Gbfvqib g Uvj mv q Ým W. gvnv ` Kvgvj nvmvbb PÆMÖvg wek we` vj qi Dw ` weávb wefvm n Z 1980-1981 mk b h_vµ g we.gmwm. (m vb) Ges Gg.Gmwm. cö_g köyx Z cö_g n q wwmöx jvf K ib 1984 m b evsjv `k eb M elyv Bbw wud Ui wmjwfkvjpvi wimvp wefv M M elyv Kg KZ v wnmv e Kg Rxeb ïi K ib 1989-1992 mv j KgbI qj_ jvikxc wb q hy³iv R i GevwW b wek we` vj qi d iw ª wefv M wcgbp.ww. K ib 1993 mv j Bbw wudu Ae d iw ª Z mnkvix Aa vck wnmv e hvm`vb K i 2001 mv j GKB Bbw wud U cö dmi wnmv e c `vbœwz jvf K ib 2002-2003 m b Avev iv KgbI qj_ cv W ±vivj d jvkxc wb q hy³ivr Mgb K ib B Zvg a W. nvmvb bi 152 wu M elyv cöeü `kx/we `kx Rvb v j cökvwkz nq GQvov cövq 44 wu cöeü Kbdv iý cöwmwws/eb Aa vq Ges 12 wu eb hym fv e/gkkfv e cökvwkz nq e M elyv, msi Y I D veb wel q G ch š 4 Rb wcgbp.ww., 63 Rb Gg.Gm./Gg.Gmwm. I 102 Rb m vb köyxi QvÎ/QvÎx `i w_wmm/cö R± ccv ii ZË veavqk (mycvifvbrvi) wnmv e eb weáv bi wewfbœ wel q M elyv KvR m úbœ K ib e M elyv, msi Y I D veb msµvš Kv Ri ^xk wz ^iƒc 2014 mv j ÔÔe ivc b cöavbgš xi RvZxq cyi vió jvf K ib ebweáv bi wewfbœ kvlvq RvZxqfv e Ae`v bi Rb 2018 mv j Òevsjv `k GKv Wwg Ae GwMÖKvjPviÓ KZ K Mvì g Wj jvf K ib W. nvmvbb ez gv b evsjv ` ki wecbœcövq e cörvwz AbymÜvb, dj/exr msmön Ges Pviv D Ëvj bi gva g PÆMÖvg wek we` vjq K v úv m msi Yi Kv R wb qvwrz Av Qb evsjv `k K wl M elyv KvDwÝ ji mnvqzvq W. nvmvbb ez gv b wecbœ cörvwz I e exr msi YMvi MV bi Kv R wb qvwrz Av Qb Dw ` evz v 39