Bengali_TP_4_02_23 Dec.qxd

Prepis

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2 ICIMOD Bwm gvw (ICIMOD) wn `ykzk wngvjq AÂ ji 8wU ^vaxb ` ki Ñ AvdMvwb vb, evsjv `k, fyuvb, Pxb, fviz, gvqvbgvi, bcvj Ges cvwk vb bi - mvwe K Dbœqb Kg Kv Ê wb ew`z m UviwU bcv ji KvVgvÛy Z AewöZ ICIMOD-Gi g~j j n Q, A_ bwzk Ges cwi ekmzfv e cve Z AÂ ji mylg cöwz ek Z_v RbM Yi Rxeb-hvÎvi gvb Dbœqb UwKs c q U UwKs c q U n Q ICIMOD bzzb cökvkbv Kvh μg hvi g a welqwfwëk, wezwk Z ev mgm veûj MU Dcövcbv Aš fy ³ h me wel q GLbI Kvb HKgZ cöwzwôz nq wb ïay gvî wpš v I Av jvpbvi m~îcv Zi Rb B G `i AeZviYv G `i welqe mg~n cöwzwôz wee wz bq

3 cve Z PÆMÖv g eb I f~wgi AwaKvi ivrv `evkxl ivq ivrv `evkxl ivq B U vib vkbvj m Uvi di BbwU MÖ UW gvd Ub W fjc g U (ICIMOD) KvVgvÛy, bcvj

4 This book was originally published in English in 2003 as Land and Forest Rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. ISBN ^Z 2004 B Uvib vkbvj m Uvi di BbwU MÖ UW gvd Ub W fjcg v U (ICIMOD) me ^Z msiw Z cökvkk B Uvib vkbvj m Uvi di BbwU MÖ UW gvd Ub W fjcg v U (ICIMOD) wr.wc.i. e KvVgvÛy, bcvj AvBGmweGb ISBN m úv`bv wug G. weqvwu&ªm kªôv (m úv`k) cb wk UK (civgk K m úv`k) ag Avi. gnr Y (cövwewak mnnwm) The views and interpretations in this paper are those of the author. They are not attributable to the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

5 f~wgkv evsjv ` ki cve Z PÆMÖvg AÂ ji f~wg I eb AwaKvi wb q Pjgvb wez K i mv _ RxweKv, cövk wzk m ú` Ges cvnvwo AÂ ji msnv Zi GKwU wbweo hvmm~î cöwzwôz n q Q msnv Zi `yf vm RbK wpî, Gi cök wz ev djvdj Ges wn `ykzk wngvjq AÂ ji Avw`evmx RbM Yi GK `k Ki `y f v Mi cövq cy ivwub AewY Z i q M Q 1997 mv ji cve Z kvwš Pzw³ AZx Zi GB welqwu K bzzb K i Dcjwä K i mgzvi bxwz I mvgvwrk b vqwfwëk bzzb Aa vq m wói my hvm K i w` q Q ms wz, mvg Ges mykvm bi i Z Abyaveb K i Bwm gvw (ICIMOD) GZ` AÂ ji cvnvwo RbM Yi mgzv I KZ Z cöwzôvi j mvgvwrk wbivcëv I msnvz wbim bi welqwu K Zv `i fwel r KŠkjMZ cwikíbvi g~j K `ªwe `y Z i L Q cö vwez Kg m~wpi g a i q Q: wj½ ˆelg `~ixkiy, cövwš K RbM Yi AwaKvi I AwaMg Zv, mvs wzk ewpî I HwZn Ges <None>jvKR Áv bi f~wgkv wbiƒcy Avgiv Av vkxj h, G me Kg Kv i gva g Avgiv cvnvwo m cö`v qi kvwš, mgzv I vwqz kxj cwi ek wewbg v Y Avgv `i cövwzôvwbk D Ïk mva b Zvrch c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cvie GB M elyvcîwu cökvwkz n Q Avš R vwzk ce Z e l Ges Zv cvnvo AÂ ji μgea gvb msnvz I Zvi μg-wec¾bk w`k K Zz j aivi Î GK mg qvwpz c` c Avgiv Avkv KiwQ, Avgv `i GB mvgvb cª Póv GB Bmy wui i Z Abyave b I fwel r iƒc ilv cöyq b mvnvh Ki e Ges Gi gva g evsjv ` ki cve Z PÆMÖvg AÂ j kvwš I vwqz kxj Dbœqb m~wpz n e Anupam Bhatia

6 mvi ms c ez gvb Av jvp c Î cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg Ges eb AwaKvi msμvš enyavwef³ fvl I cöwz hvmx `vwemg~ ni Dci myzx è Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q G Z Zz j aiv n q Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi RbMY I cövk wzk m ú `i Dci mk msnv Zi weiƒc cöfv ei HwZnvwmK cuf~wg Zz j aiv n q Q GZ` AÂ ji f~wg I e bi AwaKvi K wn i m ó msnv Zi ^iƒc Ges mb mv _ 1997 mv ji m úvw`z cve Z kvwš Pzw³i AvIZvq hme m vebvi Øvi D b vp bi Póv Kiv n q Q m jv jlk GB g g mgvwß U b Qb h, eb Ges cövk wzk m ú` msμvš mgwš^z bxwzb cv i cve Z PÆMÖv g mgzvwfwëk I cwi ekevüe m ú` e eövcbv cöwμqv wbwðz Ki Z

7 kãcwä Ryg Lvm Rwg gšrv wirvf eb iw Z eb msiw Z eb UsM v A- kªyxfy³ ebvâj c~e wngvjq A j vbxqfv e e eüz we kl ai bi Pvlvev` c wzi bvg G c wz slash and burn cultivation (KvUv- cvov Pvl c wz) A_ev shifting cultivation ( vbvš vi Pvl c wz) bv gi AwfwnZ `w Y-c~e Gwkqvq Ryg Pv li Ab Zg iƒc f` n Q rotational agriculture (ch vqμwgk K wl ev cvjv Pvl) Ryg c wz Z MvQcvjv K cö_ g K U cywo q djv nq we kl ai Yi fvzv `v ev aviv jv evu ki KvwV (dibble stick) w` q QvU MZ Ly o wewfbœ cörvwzi avb, kvk-merx I d ji exr ecb Kiv nq Gfv e, Xvjy Rwg Z jv½j I gvwu Kvcv bv Pvl c wz Øviv h f~wg q nq Zv Gov bv hvq G Z e wói cvwb c qb dmj e o D V, Kvb mp `qv nq bv Kv bv e w³ ev ms vi bv g eivï `qv nq wb Ggb mikvwi f~wg f~wg cökvm bi Kv Q G ai bi Rwg ivóªxq Rwg wn m eb MY n q _v K msiw Z ebvâ ji evb i I gšrv GjvKvaxb MÖvgxY mvaviy eb Rjv cökvm bi wbqš Yvaxb eb GjvKv hv protected forest bv gi AwfwnZ GjvKvi ebr m ú` ebwefv Mi AvswkK wbqš Yvaxb msiw Z e bi b vq cö ekvwakvi wbwl bq Z e wbwl NvwlZ bv Ggb ebr m ú` mvavi Yi e envi hvm ebwefv Mi gvwjkvbv I e e vcbvi Aaxb eb hv reserved forest bvg I AwfwnZ we klfv e AbygwZ cö`vb Kiv bv n j G ikg e b me ai bi cö ek ev f~wg I cövk wzk m ú` e envi m ú~y wbwl K wl-ebwe` vi D vebg~jk iƒc hv g~jz Ryg Pvl c wzi Dci wfwë K i M o D V Q G ai bi Pvlvev ` K lkiv m RbK Z ebevmv b e ivc Yi cö_g K qk eqi FZzwfwËK kvkmewr ev km Pvlvev` Ki Z cv i (Kiriinya 1994) ciez xkv j K lkiv ebevmvb GjvKv Q o Ab Î P j hvq Ges m RbK Z ebevmvbwuebwefv Mi AvIZvq P j Av m AvswkK e Av Qvw`Z f~wg hvi wbqš Y Rjv cökvm bi nv Z b hv unclassed state forest wn m e AwfwnZ Avw`evmx RbMY GB me f~wg K Zv `i mvaviy I mgwómz gvwjkvbvi eb I Rygf~wg e j we epbv K i

8 cve Z PÆMÖv gi Ae vb gvbwpî

9 cve Z PÆMÖv gi Rjvmg~n gvbwpî

10 m~wpcî f~wgkv mvi ms c kãcwä cve Z PÆMÖv gi Ae vb (gvbwpî) cve Z PÆMÖv gi Rjvmg~n (gvbwpî) GK : m~pbv 1 `yb : cve Z PÆMÖv gi cökvmwbk e eövi HwZnvwmK cuf~wg 5 - cövk-jcwb ewkk cve Z PÆMÖvg 5 - Dcwb ekxkiy cöwμqv 5 wzb : cve Z PÆMÖv gi RvwZ Mvôx 9 - b ZvwZ K I RbmsL vzvwë K DcvË 9 - cve Z PÆMÖv gi RvwZ Mvôx `i Av_ -mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Aeöv 11 Pvi : cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg Ges ebvâj 15 - fšz fš MvwjK cök wz I Rjevqy 15 - Rjevqy 16 - ebvâj e ZxZ Ab vb f~wg 17 - mikvi wbqwš Z eb 22 cuvp : AvBbx I cökvmwbk e eöv 25 - cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg AvBb Ges f~wg cökvmb 25 - cö_vmz AvBb 27 - eb GjvKv cökvmb 29 Qq : f~wg msnvz 31 - cyi bv msiw Z ebvâj 32 - bzzb msiw Z ebvâj i `k Ki ev½vjx emwz vcb Kg m~wpi gva g vbvš i I DrLvZ 37 - wkíwfwëk BRviv 38 - cövk wzk M vm I Zj AbymÜvb 39 mvz : msnvz Aemvb: cve Z Pzw³ 1997-Gi AvIZvq I AvIZvewnf~ Z cš vq 41 - A-evwm `v `i BRviv evwzjkiy 41 - f~wg Kwgkb Øviv we iva wb úwë 42 - ebvâj 43 - cve Z Rjv cwil `i AvIZvaxb fwel r f~wg cökvmb 45 - emikvwikiy 46 AvU : Dcmsnvi 49 Z_ m~î 51

11 ivrv `evkxl ivq Kv Ri dvu K DmyD (wîcyiv) gv I wkï isls msiwz eb, iv½vgvwu

12 GK m~pbv ce Z Niv AiY gq cve Z PÆMÖvg evsjv ` ki `w Y-c~e Kv Y Aew Z Gi DËi I DËi-c~e mxgv š fviz (wîcyiv I wg Rvivg ivr mg~n) Ges c~e mxgv š gvqvbgvi (AvivKvb I Pxb ivr ev cö `k) G AÂj wn `ykzk-wngvjq cve Z A ji Ask we kl; Avi ZvB G GjvKv evsjv ` ki mgzj eøxc GjvKv _ K G Kev ib wfbœ cök wzi evsjv ` ki gvu f~wgi 9 fvm Ges gvu ebf~wgi A a Ki wkqy ewk G A j Aew Z (SAWTEE 2002) GB A j GMviwU Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôx evm K i mv cöwzk mg q D j-l hvm cwigvy evovwj mgzj _ K G m GB A j emwz vcb K i Q 1 Jcwb ewkk kvmbkvj _ KB GLv b Aw izv 1970-Gi `kk _ K evsjv `k mikv ii wei mk cöwz iva G A j e vck mvgwikxkiy, AmsL g Zz Ges RbmsL vi e vck vbvš ii Rb `q (IISH 2001) NUbvi bvukxq gvo bq hlb AvIqvgx jxm mikvi 1997 mv ji 2 ww m ^i cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx ev cvnvox RbM Yi mk msmvb kvwš evwnbxi mv _ kvwš Pzw³ ^v i K i kvwš vc bi k Z i cvkvcvwk Pzw³ Z Avw`evmx `i f~wg, ms wz, fvlv Avi a g i AwaKv ii ^xk wz`v bi K_v ejv n q Q evsjv ` k e vckfv e cöpwjz aviyv GB h, f~wg msμvš we ivab cve Z PÆMÖv gi ivr bwzk Aw izv Avi msnvz K `xn vwqz K i Q Pzw³ Z cve Z PÆMÖv gi ^kvmb c wzi kw³kvjx Kivi cvkvcvwk Ri wi wkqy f~wg we iv ai Bmy i cöwzi Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q G m ei g a i q Q f~wg msμvš we iva wb úwëi Rb f~wg Kwgkb MVb, c~bm wvz I AwaK gzvcövß cve Z Rjv cwil `i Kv Q f~wgi cökvmwbk KZ Z b KiY, A- vbxq `i Kv Q eivïk Z f~wgi BRviv evwzjkiy, Avw`evmx ev ÒDcRvZxqÓ MÖvgevmx `i g a f~wgi eèb Ges cö_vmz f~wg AwaKv ii myi vkiy Pvi eqi AwZμg n Z Pj ji welq jvi AwaKvskB AgxgvswmZ i q M Q ( Roy 2000a) ivrbxwzwe` I wk vwe`iv Awfbœ gz cvly K ib h, cve Z PÆMÖv g `xn gqvw` kvwš vc bi Rb f~wg msμvš we iva jvi wb úwë cö qvrb (CHT Commission 1 evsjv ` ki gzj A ji ÔAvw`evmxÕ Rb Mvôx I cve Z PÆMÖv gi ÔcvnvoxÕ Rb Mvôx `i ejvq Bs irx Z indigenous k ãi cö qv Mi e vcv i wfbœ gz i q Q wkqy wkqy evsjv `kx AvB b ( hgb m mi 12 bs AvBb Ges cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmbwewa 1900 Gi 4 bs wewa Z) indigenous kãwu e eüz n q Q c vš i B`vwbsKv ji AvB b evsjv `k mikvi ÔDcRvwZÕ kãwu AwaK cq ` K i e j `Lv hvq GB cöe Ü evsjvq Avw`evmx I Bs irx Z indigenous kãøq e eüz n q Q h nzz kãøq mswk-ô Rb Mvôx mgyn Øviv AwaK MªnY hvm A b Ki Kv Q ÔcvnvoxÕ kãwui MªnY hvm A b K ÔDcRvZxÕ ev tribe kã jv K ey ev`x I Am vb Rb vq e j g b K ib 1

13 1991: 58; Mohsin 1998: 114) GKwU f½yi kvwš -Ae v we` gvb _vk ji cvnvwo I evovwj `i g a Kvi msnvz Avi D ËRbv GLbI we ùvi Yvb yl 2 wewfbœ AvBb, cö_v, eûwea e envi Avi e e vcbv c wzi Dci wfwë K i ebf~wgmn wewfbœ cökvi f~wgi Dci AwaKvi wb q GLbI Avw`evmx Avi Abvw`evmxi g a Zxeª gzwe iva i q Q Abvw`evmx `i g a i q Q eb wefv Mi Kg KZ v, Rjv I Dc Rjv ch v qi f~wg cökvm bikz c mn mikvwi Kg KZ ve ` Ges emwz vcbkvix evovwj RbMY Dciš cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx m cö`vqi mgrvzxq MvÎfy³ bq Zviv G m Q 11wU ^Zš Rb Mvôx ev RvwZ _ K h jv cö Z KB GKvwaK MvÎ ev Mvôx Z wef³ Ges hv `i i q Q wfbœzi Pvl-c wz Ges cövk wzk m ú`-e e vcbv c wz GB Pvlvev` I m ú` e e vcbv c wz mg~ nim~² wgj-mowgjmg~n evb ii Kv ivi Kv Q evamg bq cve Z Pzw³ ^v ii ciez x mg q wewfbœ cökv ii f~wg K ebf~wg wn m e kªyxfy³ Kivq cwiw wzi Pig AebwZ N U Q ÔebÕ wnmv e kªyxf~³ wewfbœ cökv ii f~wgi e vcv i we ivagq Ae vi Pzw³ ^v ii ciez x mgq Av iv AebwZ N U Q Pzw³-DËi Kv ji eûj wezwk Z welq jvi g a i q Q eb wefv Mi wbqš Yvaxb msiw Z eb GjvKvi AvqZb e w (Roy 2000e: ) Ges Gkxq Dbœqb e vs Ki mvnvh cyó cö vwez mvgvwrk ebvqb Kg m~wp, hv Kv iv Kv iv g Z AZ š ivóª Kw `ªK (Roy & Halim 2001a) mv cöwzk NUbvcÖev n GUv cözxqgvb nq bv h A`~i fwel Z eb msμvš mgm v jvi hšw³k mgvavb n e ebqvov Ab vb kªyxi f~wgi Ae v AviI RwUj GwUi fv jv I Lvivc `y Uv w`kb i q Q hlb mwz Kvi A _ B f~wg e e vcbvi KZ Z cve Z Rjv cwil `i nv Z b n e ZLb mswk-ó cwil `i RbcÖwZwbwaiv wbr wbr Rjvi f~wgi cökvm b Rbg~Lx f~wgkv ivl Z cvi eb e j Avkv Kiv hvq Abyiƒcfv e Avw`evmx `i e`ljk Z RwgRgv cök Z gvwjk `i nv Z dir cö`v bi Î we klfv e MwVZ f~wg Kwgk bi Aš Z wkqyuv n ji f~wgkv _vk e cve Z Rjv cwil` ms kvabx AvBb 1998 Ges cve Z PÆMÖvg f~wg Kwgkb AvBb 2001 Gi gva g cve Z Rjv cwil` I Kwgk bi Kv Ri AvBbMZ wfwë iwpz n ji cve Z Rjv cwil` Ges f~wg Kwgkb GB evcv i GLbI Zv `i Kg ZrciZv ïi K i wb Dfq cöwzôvb KB AZ š RwUj welqmg~ ni gvkv ejv Ki Z n e - we kl K i f~wg msμvš wel q cö_vmz AvB bi mv _ wjwlz AvB bi we iva wj Kv RB ïaygvî AvBwb ` wó KvY _ K G me Bmy gvkv ejvi Rb h _ó bq Av jvp cöe Ü cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg I eb Ges GZ`&m úk xq `vwe`vi wewfbœ c i ` wó KvY Ges Gme `vwei wewfbœ fvl m ú K h_vmva Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Avw`evmx 2 mvgwqkkv j cve Z PÆMÖv g Avw`evmx I ev½vjx m cö`v qi g a D ËRbvKi m ú K i NUbvi Rb `Lyb- 17 I 18B g 2000 Bs Zvwi Li RvZxq msev`cî `wbk cö_g Av jv I Daily Star 2

14 RbM Yi cö_vwfwëk AwaKv ii welqwu wb q GKwU msw ß Av jvpbv mwbœ ewkz n q Q i Z c~y cö vcu wn m e G jvi wkqy wkqy wjwlz AvBb wn m e cövwzôvwbk gh v`v c q Q Gi d j Avw`evmx RbM Yi AwaKvi Avi Ab `i AwaKv ii g a KL bv KL bv AvBwb cv_ K wbiƒcy Kiv hvq Aek Kv bv Kv bv Î Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôx I Ab vb `i f~wg AwaKv ii g a Kvi cv_ K gv UI az e bq hgb e w³mzfv e iwrw ªK Z evwywr K f~wgi Î ZvB mswk-ózv bv _vk j Av jvpbvi Kv_vI Avw`evmx RbMY Ges evsjvfvlx RbMY ev Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôx I ev½vjx `i g a GB cöe Ü Kvb cv_ K Kiv nq wb 3

15 4

16 `yb cve Z PÆMÖv gi cökvmwbk e eövi HwZnvwmK cuf~wg cövk&-jcwb ewkk cve Z PÆMÖvg eøxc mg evsjv ` ki fš MvwjK mxgv ilvi cëb ev ïi n q Q ce Z-mg cve Z PÆMÖvg A jb cvnvo Avi mgz ji gv S fš MvwjK ewkó vewji h ˆecixZ Zv GZ`&A ji wewfbœ ivr bwzk Kg Kv i g a B cöwzdwjz (Brauns & Loffler 1990: 27) cve Z PÆMÖvgB evsjv ` ki GKgvÎ GjvKv hv ZZw`b ch š evsjvi mikv ii mivmwi ZË veav b kvwmz nq wb hzw`b ch š bv e½ `k (c i c~e cvwk vb, ez gvb evsjv `k) wb RB weªwuk mvgªvr f~³ nq weªwuk Jcwb ekxki Yi Av M cve Z PÆMÖv gi AwaKvsk GjvKv wqj PvKgv ivrv (RvwZ Z PvKgv) I evgvs ivrv ( RvwZ Z gvigv)-i Aax b (Hutchinson 1978: 12) Aewkó AÂj jv Ab vb Avw`evmx MvÎfy³ QvU QvU ivrvi kvmbvaxb wqj (Van Schendel et al. 2000: 25,29,32) Dcwb ekxkiy cöwμqv `yõkz KiI ewk mgqkvj a i wewfbœ ch v q cve Z PÆMÖv g Dcwb ek vcb cöwμqv m úbœ nq ZrKvjxb cve Z PÆMÖv gi AwaKZi cöfvekvjx ivrv `i PÆMÖv gi gvnj kvmk K ^ QvcÖ Yvw`Z (I AwbqwgZ) brivbv cö`v bi NUbv KB GB Dcwb ekxki Yi m~pbv e j a i bqv h Z cv i (Roy B.M., _ K Ishaq 1975: 34,35 G DØ Z) 1760 mv ji w` K evsjvi kvmbfvi gynj `i KvQ _ K weªwuk B BwÛqv Kv úvwb AwaMÖn Yi cii c~ e ewy Z ivrviv Kv úvwb K brivbv w` Z ïi K ib, Z e Zv wqj Av Mi gzb AwbqwgZ ZLb GZ`& A ji cökvm bi KZ Z wqj Avw`evmx RbM Yi nv ZB HwZnvwmK `wjjcî _ K Rvbv hvq, cve Z Avw`evmx `i Dci gvnj kvmk wksev B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi mivmwi cöfve ev KZ Z KvbwUB wqj bv (Serajuddin 1971: 57) 1700-Gi w` K PvKgv I evgvs ivrvi iv R evovwj avb-pvlxiv emwz vcb K i (G mkj Rwg ez gv b PÆMÖvg Rjv f~³) Ges Awb Qvm Ë I Zviv H ivrv `i Ki w` Z Ges cökvmwbk KZ Z g b wb Z _v K B BwÛqv Kv úvwb evsjvi cökvmwbk `vwqz fvi MÖnY Ki j ZLb _ KB GB me emwz vcbkvix hlbb mgm vq co Q ZLbB weªwuk `i Kv Q 5

17 wbivcëv mnvqzv P q Q Ges cve Z ivrv `i wbcxo bi wei Awf hvm K i Q Gi `k Ki g a B evovwj Pvlxiv B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi gšb m wz Z PvKgv `i weivu f~wg `Lj K i Ges Kv úvwbi kvm bi Aax b _vkvi B Qv e ³ K i (Van Schendel 1992:101) Kv úvwbi KZ Z vaxb GjvKvq evovwj emwz vcbkvixiv Kv úvbxi cövwzôvwbk AvB bi ewnf~ Z Avw`evmx Ryg Pvlx `i Zzjbvq AwaK ivr ^ cö`v b Zrci wqj hv Z cö vwez wepvi wefvmxq cwiez b weªwuk `i c hvq cvkvcvwk Kv úvbxi AbyK j cve Z PÆMÖv gi ivrv `i cö `q LvRbv Av`v qi fvi BRviv `Iqv nq Z Zxq c g~jz evovwj e emvqx `i Zv cvnvwo A_ bxwzi Î cxov`vqk e j cözxqgvb nq Ges PvKgv ivrv LvRbv cö`v b A ^xk wz Ávcb K i `gb-cxo bi Awf hvm Ges LvRbv cö`v bi Am wz K ARynvZ wn m e wb q weªwukiv PvKgv ivrv K ekxf~z Ki Z mbvevwnbx gvzv qb K i (Serajuddin 1971: 43,57) cövq GK `k Ki hy i ci ZrKvjxb PvKgv ivrv Rvb ek&m& Lvb weªwuk `i mv _ kvwš Pzw³ Z DcbxZ nb Ges Gi gva g weªwuk `i AvwacZ Kv q gi cvkvcvwk PvKgv, evgvs I Ab vb Avw`evmx ivrv kvwmz AÂjmn cve Z PÆMÖvg weªwuk `i AaxbZvfy³ niqvi wfz iwpz nq (Roy 1994: 53) 1829 mvj ch š weªwuk B BwÛqv Kv úvwb cve Z Avw`evmx `i K Kej Dc aškb cö`vbkvix wn m e MY Ki Zv Ges ÔweªwUk cörvõ wn m e bq Zviv GI ^xkvi K iwqj h Zv `i [Avw`evmx `i] Af š ixy wel q n ci Kvb AwaKvi Zv `i [ Kv úvbxi] bb (Ishaq 1975: 28) GB bxwz ewk w`b Ae vnz wqj bv wzb `kk ci 1860 mv j cve Z GjvKv AvbyôvwbKfv e weªwuk Dcwb ekfy³ nq Ges weªwukiv cve Z PÆMÖvg Rjv MVb K i Zv ciez xkv j gnkzgv ch v q bvwg q Avbv nq GZ`&AÂ ji ch vqμwgk wkš mivmwi Dcwb ekxki Yi welqwu weªwuk kvmk nvwpbm bi fvlvq wb æv³fv e ewy Z n q Q Òkw³kvjx I myw Z mikvi-gi wbku Ae v bi Kvi Y ^vfvwekfv eb μgvš^ q ivrv ev cöavb weªwuk cöfve-ej qi Aax b P j Av m Ges 18 kz Ki kl w` K cöwzwu cöfvekvjx ivrv cvnvwo Awaevmx I mgz ji jvk `i g a Aeva evwyr Kivi my hvm`v bi wewbg q PÆMÖv gi Kv j±i K wbw` ó A ¼i brivbv ev evwl K wfwë Z Dc XŠKb cö`vb Ki Z _v K GB brivbvi A¼ cö_g w` K Kg- ewk n ji ciez xkv j wbw` ó I wba vwiz A ¼ w i nq μgvš^ q Zv brivbvi e` j mikvwi K ii iƒc bq (Ishaq 1975: 28)Ó 6

18 1860 Ges 1937 mv ji g a weªwuk evsjv mikvi cve Z ivrv I Ab vb cvnvox vbxq mikvi e e v K GKwU cökvmwbk e e vi AvIZvq wb q Av m Zv μgvš^ q gzvi g~j K `ªwe `y Z wb q Av m weªwuk-wbhy³ Rjv Kg KZ v K Avi G K G K Le K i vbxq cöwzôv bi gzv GB cwiez b mnrzi n qwqj g~jz `ywu wewai e j: 1860 Gi 22 bs AvBb Ges 1900 mv ji 1 bs AvB bi e `Šj Z 1900 mv ji AvBbwU Ôcve Z PÆMÖvg g vby qjõ A_ev cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewa 1900 bv gi cwiwpz 1900 mv ji kvmbwewa cªyq Yi gva g 1860 mv ji AvBb K iva Kiv nq ^vaxbzvi avivevwnkzvq cve Z PÆMÖvg cö_ g c~e cvwk v bi Aš fy ³ Ask nq ciez xkv j 1971-G Zv bzzb evsjv `k iv óªi Ask nq 7

19 8

20 wzb cve Z PÆMÖv gi Awaevmx b ZvwZ K I RbmsL vzvwë K DcvË cve Z PÆMÖv gi RbmsL vi ewki fvmb 11wU Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôxmg~n Giv nj: eg, PvK, PvKgv, Lywg, wlqvs, jymvb, gvigv, gªv, cvslyqv, Z½ v Ges wîcyiv G Rb B GZ`&AÂj ÒDcRvZxq Aay wlz GjvKvÓ e j AvBb Øviv ^xk Z (cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` AvBb, 1998) 1964 mvj ch š GZ`&AÂj mvsweavwbkfv eb c _K cökvmwbk I ivr bwzk ÔDcRvZxq AÂj wn m e ^xk Z wqj 3 cöwzwu Avw`evmx ev ÔcvnvwoÕ RvwZ Mvôxi i q Q ^Zš fvlv, ixwz I ms wz 1991 mv ji mikvwi Av`gïgvwi Abymv i cve Z PÆMÖv gi gvu RbmsL vi kzkiv 51 fvmb Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx HwZn evnx cvkvk wb q ag xq Drm e hvm`vbkvix ZsP½ v igbx, iv½vgvwu ivrv `evkxl ivq 3 fviz kvmb AvBb, 1919-G cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKvi mvsweavwbk cökvmwbk gh v`v backward tract ev AbMÖmi GjvKv wnmv e wpwýz wqj fviz kvmb AvBb, 1935 GjvKvi gh v`v wholly excluded area ev m ú~y ewnf yz GjvKvq cwiyz Kiv nq Ges cvwk v bi 1956 m bi msweav bi GB GKB gh v`v ^xk Z _v K 1962 m bi cvwk vwb msweav b GjvKvi mvsweavwbk gh v`v cybivq cwiez b K i tribal area ev DcRvZxq GjvKvq iƒcvš wiz Kiv nq Z e, msweavb (cö_g ms kvabx) AvBb, 1963 Gi gva g ZrKvjxb msweav bi DcRvZxq GjvKvi Zdkxj _ K cve Z PÆMÖv gi bvg ev` `Iqv nq 9

21 evovwj RbMY GZ`&A j vqxfv e emev mi Rb Avm Z _v K 19 kz Ki cö_g fv M ZLb _ KB we kl K i ivóªxq c ô cvlkzvq 1979 _ K 1980-i `k K Zv `i msl v evo Z _v K mviwy 1-G 1991 mv ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx cve Z PÆMÖv g RvwZMZ RbmsL v Ges mviwy 2-G 1872 _ K 1991 ch š Avw`evmx I Abvw`evmx RbmsL vi AbycvZ Zz j aiv nj mviwy 2 my úófv e GB A j Abvw`evmx RbmsL v ( ewkifvmb evovwj) e w i wpî Zz j a i Q mviwy-1 : cve Z PÆMÖv g RvwZwfwËK RbmsL vi web vm (1991 mv ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx) cve Z PÆMÖv g gvu RbmsL v cve Z PÆMÖv gi gvu RbmsL vi kzkiv Ask cve Z PÆMÖv gi gvu Avw`evmxi kzkiv Ask eg 6, PvK 1, PvKgv 2,39, wlqvs 1, Lywg 1, jymvb gvigv 1,42, gªv 22, CvsLyqv 3, Z½ v 19, Wîcyiv 61, gvu Avw`evmx 4,99, EvOvwj 4,73, Ab vb gvu 9,74, m~î: iv½vgvwu cve Z Rjv cwil `i Z_ vejx Abymv i 1991 mv ji Av`gïgvixi Z _ i ms kvwaz cwimsl vb mviwy-2 : cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx I Abvw`evmx RbM Yi Zzjbvg~jK wpî ( ) ïgvwikvj Avw`evmx 61,957 1,16,000 2,61,538 4,41,776 5,01,144 (98%) (93%) (91%) (59%) (51%) Abvw`evmx 1,097 8,762 26,150 3,04,873 47,3,301 (2%) (7%) (9%) (41%) (49%) gvu 63,054 1,24, ,688 7,46,649 9,74,445 m~î: mvniviqv` x (1995: 38) 10

22 mviwy 1-G Dc vwcz Z_ mzk Zvi mv _ we epbv Kiv DwPZ wewfbœ Avw`evmx bz e `i g Z, 1991 mv ji Av`gïgvwi Z Dc vwcz Avw`evmx RbM Yi msl v cök Z msl vi Zzjbvq A bk Kg K i `Lv bv n q Q 2000 mv j m úvw`z Gkxq Dbœqb e vs Ki Rwi ci GKB wm vš Uvbv n q Q ZrKvjxb mg q kiyv_ x wn m e fvi Z AvkªqjvfKvix PvKgv, gvigv Ges wîcyiv `i MYbvq Aš fy ³ Kiv nq wb e j aviyv Kiv nq wewfbœ m cö`vq we kl K i gªv Ges Z½ v bzviv g b K ib, Zv `i cök Z msl v Av`gïgvwi Z ewy Z msl vii wø YiI ekx n e 4 wbe vpb Z_ eb Abyhvqx G aviyv mz e j cözxqgvb nq fš MvwjK Aeövi web v mi Dci wfwë K i HwZn MZfv e emevmkvix cvnvwo `i `y Uv fv M wefw³ Kiv P j ce Z P~ovq emevmkvix eg, Lywg, jymvb, gªv Ges cvslyqv Ges DcZ Kvq emevmkvix PvK, PvKgv, wlqvs, gvigv, Z½ v Ges wîcyiv (Sopher 1964: 112,114) Aek GwU GKwU mvaviy cöeyzv D`vniY ^iƒc PvKgv, gvigv Ges wîcyiv `i wkqy Ask GLb DuPz cve Z GjvKv I DuPz RvqMv Z emevm K i, Ab w` K cvslyqviv b`x ZxieZ x wbæd PZvq evm K i cve Z PÆMÖv gi Awaevmx `i Av_ -mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Aeöv Avw`evmx RbMY HwZn MZfv eb RxweKv wbe v ni Rb Ryg Pvl Ges mb m ½ wkkvi, gvq aiv, cï cvjb, kvk mewr I djvw` BZ vw`i Dci wbf ikxj Ryg Pvl K Bs irx Z swidden cultivation, shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn cultivation wn m e cwiwpz evsjv `k I DËi-c~e fvi Z GwU RygPvl bv g cwiwpz RygPvl cöwμqvq kx Zi g a ev klfv M e nr MvQ Qvov mg Dw ` cwi vi K i djv nq em š KwZ Z Svc-Svo K Av b jvwm q cvov bv nq Drcbœ QvB mvi wn m e KvR K i gšmygx e wói ïi ZB f~wg Z QvU QvU MZ K i Zzjv, avb, jvd, evsmx-zigyr Ges Ab vb dj I mewri exr Zvi g a GK Î ecb Kiv nq exr f ` km msmö ni mgq nq wfbœ wfbœ f~wg msi Yi ^v _ we kl K i Xvjy f~wg Z ïay QvU QvU MZ Kiv nq, KLbB gvv Kvcv Z `qv nq bv Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I `w Y Av gwikvi eû MÖx g jxq I Dc-MÖx g jxq ` k Ryg Pv li cöpjb i q Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi Awaevmx `i Ryg Pvl wbf ikxjzvi Kvi Y GZ`&A ji mg Avw`evmx K Ry bv gi AwfwnZ Kiv n q _v K Avevi GZ`&A ji Awaevmxiv evsjv ` ki mgz ji Zzjbvq cvnvwo GjvKvq emevm K i e j Zv `i cvnvwo bv gi AwfwnZ Kiv nq (Roy 1996) 4 GB gzvgzwu 2000 _ K 2001 Bs Zvwi Li g a evsjv `k ZsP½ v Kj vy cwil `i mvaviy m úv`k my`ë wekvk ZsP½ v I Mro Social Council Gi mfvcwz, ivsjvb gyi"s Gi mv _ GKvwaK mvvrkv ii wfwë Z cviqv hvq 11

23 wdwjc MvBb byzb Avev`K Z Ryg Z, LvMovQwo ivrv `evkxl ivq isls wirv f weaev ZsP½ v gwnjvi Ryg Zi cvkv gwip 12

24 Avw`evmx `i GKUv μgea gvb Ask GLb cöpwjz A_ bwzk Kg Kv h_v mp Ges hvwš K I Ahvwš K Kl YwfwËK K wlkvr, evrviwfwëk dj I e Pvl, e emv-evwyr, evwywr K D Ï k gvq aiv Ges bvbv ckvmn mikvwi- emikvwi PvKwi Z Ask wb Q RbmsL v e w i D P nvi, mikvwi eb Kg m~wp I KvßvB euv ai Kvi Y f~wgi AwaMg Zv n«vm, wk vmz AMÖmiZv Ges mgzj-gi evrvi A_ bxwzi mv _ μgea gvb m ú ³Zv Ges djz wek A_ bwzk e e vi Kvi Y Avw`evmx `i g a I e vck ckvmz cwiez b mvwaz n Q mv cöwzk Kv j GLv b evrvi-awfgylx ckv Ges Lvgvi _ K evwoi Awfgy L DmyB(wÎcyiv) K lk, isls KvBb eûgvwîk ckvi GK kw³kvjx n` GjvKv, iv½vgvwu aviv cwijw Z n Q Ges A`~i fwel ZI GB cöeyzv AviI e w cv e e j aviyv Kiv n Q (Roy 2000c: 101,105) cvnvwo `i cvkvcvwk wecyj msl K evovwj AwaevmxI GB AÂ j evm K i 1991 mv ji wnmve Abyhvqx evovwjiv cve Z PÆMÖv gi gvu RbmsL vi kzkiv 49 fvm Zviv g~jz b`x-zxiez x GjvKvmg~ nb evm K i Ges DuPz I cvnvwo GjvKv Gwo q P j mvgvwrk I A_ bwzkfv e evovwj `i wzbwu mywbw` ó fv M fvm Kiv h Z cv i, hw`i Kvb Kvb Î GB wefvrb cy ivcywi cö hvr bvi n Z cv i Dwbk kz Ki Awfevmxiv g~jz avbpvlx A_ev grm Rxex Ges wkqy wkqy Î z`ª e emvqx A_ bwzk `yie vi Kvi Y MZ kz K Awfevmxiv e emv I w`b grywi Z wb qvwrz mv ji w` K mikvwi mnvqzvq AvMZ emwz vcbkvixiv g~jz jvoj Pvlx, grm Rxex Ges w`bgryi ez gv b cve Z PÆMÖv g mujvi ev emwz vcbkvix ej Z ïaygvî mv j mikvwi mnvqzvq Awfevmx evovwj `i KB evsvq ivrv `evkxl ivq 13

25 GZ`&A ji wbpz GjvKv jv Z emevmiz evovwj I cvnvwo DfqB K wlrxex Ges gvq aivi cvkvcvwk hlv bb m e mlv b avb Pv l wb qvwrz wbgœvâ ji DuPz f~wg jv Z jvoj Pv li cvkvcvwk Ryg Pvl, e evmvb I D` vb Pvl Kiv nq DuPz GjvKv Z g~jz Ryg PvlB P j, hw`iev ez gv b evrvi Pvwn`vwfwËK e Pvl μ gb evo Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi mkj Avw`evmx m cö`vqb wkkvi, djg~j msmön, duv`cvzv I cïcvj bi mv _ m ú ³ Aek Kej DuPz I cvnvwo GjvKvq Mqvj (bos frontalis) Pvl Ae vnz i q Q (Roy 2000c: 81-87) Dchy³ Pvl Rwg Z AwaMg Zv, ^v mev, wk v I Ab vb m úªmviy Kvh μ gi Î DuPz A j emevmiz Avw`evmx m cö`vq, DcZ Kv GjvKvq emevmiz Avw`evmx `i Zzjbvq AwaK cövwš K Ae vq Drcbœ K wlc Y i evrvirvzki Y Ges evrvi _ K `ªe mvgmöx μ qi ÎI Zviv AwaKZi mgm vi m ylxb nq wk v e e vi we v ii Kvi Y ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk GwjU kªyxi D e N U Q Zviv RxweKv wbe v ni Rb PvKwii Dci wbf ikxj Ges g~jz kni I kn ii Dc K `ª emevm K i GB kªyxi Avw`evmx `i g a mbvzb ixwz-bxwzi cöfve Zzjbvg~jKfv e KgB cwijw Z nq MÖvg A j Avw`evmx `i Dci MÖv gi Kve vix I eq gyi eÿx kªyxi jvkr bi h _ó cöfve cwijw Z n ji kni I evrvi GjvKvq ez gv b Zv `i cöfve h _ó mxwgz cve Z PÆMÖv gi AwaKvsk Avw`evmxB eš ag vej ^x Zvic ib i q Q h_vμ g wn `y I wlª vb ag vej ^xiv Aek G `i AwaKvskB Avw`evmx `i wbr wbr cövpxb ag Ges wek v mi wewfbœ AvPvi-Abyôvb K GLbI jvjb K i Avw`evmx Mvôxi bvixiv mgz ji bvix `i _ K mvgvwrkfv e AwaK MwZkxj n ji mvwe Kfv e mgz ji bvix `i P q Kg cövwš K Ae vq bq MÖvgxY Avw`evmx bvix `i `vwqz K g i ZvwjKv mywekvj Zvi g a i q Q mš vb cöwzcvjb, cvwb msmön, R vjvbx KvV AvniY eb webvk I Ab vb cövk wzk cwiez bi Kvi Y cövqk A bk `~i _ K Gme AvniY Ki Z nq wkqy gvigv bvix Qvov Ab vb Avw`evmx bvix wbr DËivaxKvix AvBb Abymv i A vei m ú `i DËivwaKvix bq mbvzbx e e vq Ges AvÂwjK I Ab vb vbxq cwil` e e vq bvix `i AskMÖnY G Kev ib AcÖwZwbwaZ kxj ïaygvî BDwbqb cwil` I cšimfvq wkqy Avmb AvBb Øviv Zv `i Rb msiw Z ZvB evovwj I cvnvwo bvix Df qi ÎB mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk Ges ivr bwzk gzvnxbzvi welq jv AZ š i Z i m ½ `Lvi welq (Halim 2002) 14

26 Pvi cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg Ges ebvâj fšz fš MvwjK cök wz I Rjevqy bvgkiy _ KB aviyv Kiv hvq h, Chittagong Hill Tracts ev cve Z PÆMÖvg QvU QvU AmgZj Ges eb-av Qvw`Z cvnv oi mgš^ q MwVZ hvi gvslv b i q Q AcÖZzj mgzjf~wg GB bvgki Yi cöpj bi cq b weªwuk `i g~j D Ïk wqj `w Y Gwkqvi wewfbœ Ask Ges evg vi (gvqvbgv ii) QvU cvnvo jvi m ½ wngvj qi DPz cve Z A ji cv_ K wbiƒcy Kiv cve Z PÆMÖv gi cez kªyx, gvqvbgv ii AvivKvb B qvgv Ges DËic~e fvi Zi wbkuez x cvnvo kªyx jv mb ce Zgvjvi Ask hv wngvj qi mv _ m úk hy³ cve Z PÆMÖvg cvnvo kªyx Rv ji g Z Qwo q Av Q KY dzjx, P½x, gvzvgyûix, mv½y Ges dbx b`x Ges G `i kvlv-cökvlv K wn i DËi-`w Y gyl K i G `i gvslv b i q Q cve Z vâ j GKwU mg eb wdwjc MvBb 15

27 mskxy mgzjf~wg Ges GZ`&AÂ ji wbæf~wg g~j ce Z kªyx jv mgy`ªc ô _ K cövq 300 wguvi DuPz m e v P k ½ K `ªxf~Z i q Q DËi-`w Y Ges `w Y-c~e mxgvš ez x GjvKvq Ges hv D PZvi w`k _ K me kx l 1230 wguv i cuš Q Q (`w Y KIμvWvs k ½) GQvov cve Z PÆMÖv gi AwaKvsk mgy`ªc ô _ K 60 wguv ii ewk DuPz bq (Ishaq 1975:1-4) cve Z PÆMÖv gi 80 kzvsk GjvKvB Lvov Xvj wewkó cvnvwo ev cve Z f~wg G jv Zzjbvg~jK mv cöwzk mg qi, Ges G jvi eqm AvovB KvwU eqi (ADB 2001b: 6) cve Z PÆMÖvg AÂ ji mvaviy ewkó ey bv Ki Z GK weªwuk Rjv Kg KZ v e jb, cve Z PÆMÖv g i q Q: Svu K Svuv K cvnvo, wmwilvz Avi Lvov cö i-p~ov hvi Pviavi wn i Av Q Nb e, R½j Ges jzv-cvzv QvU cvnvo jvi ga ez x vb jv R½j, wbpz f~wg Ges Rjvkq I mu vz mu Z Rwg Z AvKxY Zv GZB D U I wewpî cök wzi h GK K_vq G `i ey bv `qv Am e weivb R½ ji wpî GLv b Abycw Z wkš ce Z kªyxi m e v P P~ov _ K mxgvnxb Ai Y i mgy`ª `L Z hgb RgKv jv Zgwb g bvgy»ki GLvb _ K `L j wbpz R½j jv K ` L g b nq hb meyr mgzjf~wg wkš ev e G ` ki fzi w` q hviqv GZ KwVb h Zv KíbvB Kiv hvq bv (Ishaq 1975: 1) Rjevqy mvaviyfv e G AÂ ji Rjevqy wkqy Î i Z c~y e wzμg Qvov mgzjf~wgi gzb DPz f~wg jvi AwaKvskB Kzqvkv ii (fog belt) Dc i Aew Z d j kxzkv j (ww m ^i- deª qvwi) mgz ji Zzjbvq evzvm _v K ky Zi Ges Pig MÖx ( g-avmó) _v K DòZi kxzkv j ZvcgvÎv K wpr 15 m.-gi wb P bv g Ges MÖx Kv j ZvcgvÎv K wpr 35 m.- Gi Dc i I V Gi evb ii cve Z PÆMÖv g Ab vb AÂ ji P q AviI Pig ZvcgvÎv cwijw Z nq GB ZviZg NU Z cv i Kej GKwU w` bb e Av Qvw`Z wbpz cvnvo jvi ZvcgvÎv evsjv ` ki Ab vb AÂ ji Zzjbvq A bk Kg, we kl K i kxz I el v gšmy g (RyjvB- AvM ) klz, ` ki m e v P e wócvz ik W i A bk jvb cve Z PÆMÖv g AÂ ji wb Pi mviwy 3-G Kvj c e iv½vgvwu Rjvi iv½vgvwu I KvßvB GjvKvi Mo gvwmk I evwl K e wócv Zi cwigvy Zz j aiv n q Q Ges mviwy 4-G 1990 mv ji ZvcgvÎv I ev úxfe bi nvi D j-l Kiv n q Q 16

28 mviwy-3 : iv½vgvwu I KvßvB GjvKvq Mo gvwmk Ges evwl K e wócvz (wg.wg.) Rvby deª gvp GwcÖj g Ryb RyjvB AvM m Þ. A ±v. b f. WW m. evwl K Mo iv½vgvwu ,305 KvßvB ,889 m~î: AvenvIqv `ßi (1981) _ K ADB 2001b: 9-G D Z mviwy-4 : iv½vgvwu I KvßvB GjvKvi gvwmk m e v P I me wbæ ZvcgvÎv I Mo ev úxfeb nvi 1990 Rvby deª gvp GwcÖj g Ryb RyjvB AvM m Þ. A ±v. b f. ww m. M e v P ZvcgvÎv Me wbæ ZvcgvÎv ev úxfeb (wg.wg.) m~î: AvenvIqv `ßi (1991) _ K ADB 2001b: 9-G D Z ebvâj e ZxZ Ab vb f~wg cve Z PÆMÖv g mikvwi- emikvwi gvwjkvbvaxb Dfq ai bi f~wgb i q Q emikvwi Rwgi g a i q Q e w³i bv g iwrw ªK Z emzf~wg, evmvb, ebvqb I Pvlvev `i Rwg Ges kn i I evrv i evwywr K c-umg~n h me Rwg mp-wbf i wbweo K wl Kv Ri Rb e eüz nq m wj plough land ev K wl Rwg bv g cwiwpz Z e h me Rwg eq ii wbw` ó mg q KY dzjx n«`i fzi wbgw¾z _v K Zv `i ejv nq fringe land ev R jfvmv Rwg Ki Av`v qi ikw c Î plough land ev K wl Rwg K cö_g kªyx wn m e AvL vwqz I ikw fy³ Kiv n q Q mb AbyqvqxB G `i LvRbv avh Kiv nq cve Z AÂ j jv½j I m Pi gva g Pvl hvm gvu Rwgi cwigvy ` ki Ab vb AÂ ji Zzjbvq A bk Kg (mviwy- 5) Ab vb f~wg hgb cvnv oi cv` `k Ges cvnvox Rwg grove land bv g cwiwpz hme grove land mvgvb ms v ii gva g wbweo Pvlvev `i Dchy³ Zv `i K bumpy land e j Ges Giv wøzxq kªyxfy³ Ab w` K A c vk Z Lvov grove land Z Zxq kªyxi gh v`v `qv n q Q cve Z PÆMÖv g D` vb I Ryg Pvl hvm Rwgi Kvb mikvwi cwimsl vb bb emikvwi gvwjkvbvaxb Rwg jv nq wpi vqx eivïk Z A_ev wbw` ó gqv `i Rb BRvivK Z n q _v K Kg `ym g MÖvgxY GjvKvi A bk Awaevmx (cvnvwo-evovwj DfqB) Lvm Rwg fvm K i Z e Zv hw` R j fvmv Rwg (fringe land) n q _v K Z e Zv mvaviyz BRviv eivï n q _v K Lye Aí msl K K l Ki 5 _ K 10 GKi ch š Kl Y Rwg (plough land), R j fvmv Rwg (fringe land) A_ev cvnvox Rwg (grove land) i q Q AwaKvsk Avw`evmx RbMY GLbI Kvb wbewüz Rwgi AwaKvi fvm K i bv AwaKvsk evwywr K 17

29 ivrv `evkxl ivq e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb avb Rwg I cq b mgwóz gšrv wirvf eb (evuk Svo) mviwy-5 : K wl Rwgi e envi - cve Z PÆMÖvg Ges evsjv `k cve Z PÆMÖvg % evsjv `k % gvu f~wg (em wk.wg.) 13, , Pvl hvm f~wg 1 dmwj ( n.) 57, ,294, Pvl hvm f~wg, 2 dmwj ( n.) 22, ,898, Pvl hvm f~wg 3 dmwj ( n.) 6, , m~î: mvniviqv` x (1995) ev wkí Kw `ªK BRviv eivïk Z c-u ( hgb ivevi Pv li Rwg) hvi AvqZb 50 _ K 100 GKi ev Z ZvwaK m wji gvwjkvbv cve Z PÆMÖv gi evb i Aew Z wewfbœ kn i emevmkvix Awaevmx Ges Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbvaxb kni Ges evrvi GjvKv _ K `~ i DuPz f~wg Z Aew Z Lye Aí cwigvy f~wgb h jv emikvwi gvwjkvbvaxb Gme GjvKvi Avw`evmxiv AwaKvskB cöavb ckv wn m e Ryg Pv li Dci wbf ikxj Ryg Ges eb GjvKvmg~n cö_vmz AvBb Abyhvqx nwg vb Ges Zv `i Aaxb MÖvg-cÖavb ev ÔKvievwiÕ Øviv wbqwš Z nq 5 AwaKvsk RwgB wbweo Pvlvev `i ( mpwfwëk) Dc hvmx bq, KviY Rwg jv Zzjbvg~jKfv e Abye i, Lvov Xvj wewkó Ges 18

30 cvwb mlv b `y cövc GQvov kni I evrvi K `ª _ K `~iez x niqvq Gme f~wg Z kvk mewr Pvl, ebvqb ev euvk evmvb ˆZwii g Zv evrvi-awfgylx Pvlvev` A_ bwzkfv e jvfrbk bq e vck A _ mikvwi f~wg m jvb h jv Kvb GKK e w³ ev evwywr K cöwzôv bi bv g iwrw ªK Z bq f~wg cökvmb Gme f~wg K ivóªxq m úwë e j MY K i hv Rjv cökvmb emikvwi e w³ K BRviv cö`vb Ki Z cv i mgz j Aew Z Rjv wj Z GB me f~wg mvaviyz 1 bs LwZqv b iwrw ªfy³ _v K Ges Zv iv óªi gvwjkvbv evsvq Z e G me Lvm f~wgi g a cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewa 1900-Gi AvIZvq nwg vb KZ K wbqwš Z I iw Z gšrv wirvf Ges mvavi Yi e envh Rygf~wgI i q Q 6 gvwui cökvi f `i (mviwy-6) Dci wfwë K ii cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg K kªyxkiy Kiv n q Q d i vj bv g GKwU KvbvWxq Kv úvwb KZ K wbhy³ g wëkv weávbxiv 1964 Ges jv½j wb q Avev`K Z mgzj Rwg I cq b gšrv wirvf eb ivrv `evkxl ivq 5 mbvzbx cökvmb e eövq MÖv gi cöavb K Kve vix ejv nq Kve vix `i g~j `vwqz n jv MÖv gi we ivamg~n wb úwë Kiv 6 41-K bs wewa, cve Z kvmbwewa 1900 AwaKš `ªóe Roy & Halim 2001b 19

31 1966 mv j cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wgmg~n K 5wU fv M fvm K ib me P q De i gvwu K ÔKÕ kªyx Ges me P q Abye i K ÔNÕ kªyxfy³ Kiv n q Q (mviwy-8) AZGe d i v ji ey bvg Z ivr ^ LwZqvbfy³ cö_g kªyxi Rwg ÔKÕ kªyxfy³ m Zzjbvq wøzxq kªyxi Rwg ÔLÕ kªyxfy³ Z Zxq I PZz_ kªyx h_vμ g ÔMÕ Ges ÔNÕ kªyxi mv _ Zzjbv hvm d i vj KZ K ewy Z cve Z Rwgi kªyx web vm I GZ`& A ji g wëkvi PwiÎ I kªyxwefvm mviwy 6-8-G mvi msw ß AvKv i ewy Z nj cve Z PÆMÖv g K wl Ges ebvqb Kg m~wp Z d i v ji Z_ -DcvË Ges Zuvi wkqy mycvwik e vckfv e e eüz n q Q 1960 mv ji kl _ K 1990 mvj ch š cvwk vb I evsjv `k Dfq ` ki mikvi KZ K GB Z_ -DcvË GLbI cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg e envi msμvš mvgwók cwikíbvq i Z i mv _ we ewpz nq, hw`iev G jv we epbvi c~ e wewea Kvi Y mzk Zv Aej ^ bi cö qvrb i q Q cª_gz, GB RwicwU eb wefv Mi wbqš Yvaxb msiw Z ebvâj (hvi Aš fy ³ 334,160 n±i Rwg, Ges Zv cve Z PÆMÖv gi GK PZz_ vsk) ev` w` q Kiv n q Q, (ADB 2001a: 16) Gme msiw Z ebvâ ji wekvj Ask ez gv b cvnvwo RbMY KZ K emevm I Pvlvev `i Kv R e eüz n Q hvi g a i q Q DuPz f~wg Z Ryg Pvl Ges wbpz f~wg Z avb I ZvgvK Pvl ZvQvov G K_vwU g b ivlv cö qvrb h, d ióv ji kªyxk Z wfbœ cökv ii f~wg mywbw` ó e- K wpwýz GjvKv Z Aew Z bq eis mviv AÂj Ry o wew ßfv e Aew Z Zv QvU cwim ii g a I wewfbœ f~- fšz ˆewPÎ K úk K i Q mviwy-6 : cve Z PÆMÖv gi g wëkvi wewfbœ kªyx gvz Dcv`vb Ae vb G wëkv kªyx % cvnvwo gvwu RgvU K` g wkjv, e j cv_i, Ges cwj wkjv (myigv -wucvg) ANYxf~Z e j cv_i I cwjwkjv (Wywc-wUjv evjy ev Kv`vgvwU) CwjgvwU Xvj AeevwnKv Qov evwnz Zjvwb D P ce Z kªyx wbgœce Z kªyx b`xi DuPz Zxi, mvcvb DcZ Kvi cv` `k b`xwe ašz GjvKv e j `vavuk G Uj `vavuk e j ev G Uj `vavuk G Uj e j- `vavuk G Uj `vavukhy³ e j `vavuk i Kv`v hy³ G Uj `vavuk i m~î : Forestal (1966) and Brammer ( 1996) _ K ms kvwaz AvKv i ADB 2001b: 8-G D Z

32 mviwy-7 : cve Z PÆMÖv gi gvwu I wkjvi fšz I ivmvqwbk ˆewkó g wëkv eybu eybu CEC BSP Kve b/bvb Uªv R cywó Dcv`vb (ppm) ph wmwir cwjgvwu% Kv`v% % % b AbycvZ P K KvßvB bmy 150 wejvbqwo bmy 25 CEC = hvmvqb wewbgq gzv, cation exchange capacity ; BSP = vixq m ú w³, base satur ation per cent m~î : SRDI (personal communication) _ K ms kvwaz AvKv i ADB 2001b: 8-G D Z mviwy-8 : aib Abymv i cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wgi kªyxwefvm ( ) (msiw Z ebvâj e ZxZ) kªyx Xvj% gvu AvqZb f~wgi e env ii % f~wgi e env ii cök wz ( n.) mxgve Zv K <5 30, mkj ai bi Pvlvev` wkqy mxgve Zv L , mvcvb K wlkvr gvsvwi mxgve Zv M ,48,482 g~jz D` vb Pvl 14.7 wkqy ebvqb cöku mxgve Zv N >40 7,35, Kej ebvqb AZ š cöku mxgve Zv M-N , D` vb Pvl I ebvqb 53, emzwfuv Ges Rjvkq M I N-Gi wgkªy gvu 10,09, m~î : Forestal ( 1966) and Brammer ( 1996) _ K ms kvwaz AvKv i ADB 2001 D Z Dciš y GB DcvË jv cy ivcywi Pwj-k eq ii cyi bv GUv mn RB Aby gq h cövk wzk Ges gvbe-m ó wewfbœ Kvi Y cwi ekmz cwiez b Ges djz g wëkvii cwiez b N U Q Gme cwiez bi g a i q Q: e wócvz I Rjevqy cwiez b, gvbe m ó Kg Kv hgb Pvlvev`, eb aÿsm, Rjwe`y r KZ c i Øviv KY dzjx b`xi cvwbi D PZvi n«vm-e w Ges GZ`&A j RbmsL vi e w I μgea gvb emwz vcb Gme KviY QvovI Ab vb KviY hgb ivr bwzk Aw izv, msnvz, Ae vbpy wz Ges evrvi, mok I Rjc_ _ K `~iz cöf wz we epbvq wb q ejv hvq, cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg e env ii ez gvb cök wz d i v ji ZrKvjxb Rwic Abyhvqx ewy Z g wëkvi ˆewkó _ K wfbœzi GB me Dcv Ëi Kvb wek vm hvm m~î bv _vk ji gšwjk Rwic c wzi Dci wfwë K i h gvuvgywu wnmve Kiv n q Q Zv GwWwei cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK Dbœqb cwikíbv 2001-G ewy Z Av Q G jvi cybi j-l Kiv nj bv GB Kvi Y h, Rwi ci Rb M nxz bgybvi msl v wbzvš B MŠY Zv mvwe K Ae vi h_vh_ cöwzdjb NUv Z m g bq, hw`i Zv Z Kej QvU QvU c KU GjvKvi we kl we kl cöeyzv m ú K aviyv cviqv hvq 21

33 mikvi wbqwš Z eb Dwbk kz Ki ga fv M weªwuk ivr fyw³i mgq cve Z PÆMÖvg ebr m ú ` GZ ewk mg wqj h weªwuk kvmkiv D P ivr ^ Av`v qi Rb GZ`&A ji Pvi-cÂgvsk GjvKv K ÔmiKvwi ebõ wn m e kªyxfy³ K i (Ishaq 1975: 107) Gme e bi AwaKvsk GjvKvq Av M _ KB MÖx g jxq wpinwir, Avav wpi nwir I cîsiv e Ges Dw `ivwri mgv ivn wqj Z e 1870-Gi `kk _ K ïi K i weivu GjvKv cwigv Yi cövk wzk eb wbg ~j K i we klz evg v _ K Avg`vwbK Z m b Mv Qi GKK eb evmvb M o Zvjv ïi nq (Ishaq 1975: 101,107) m b ebmn mikvi KZ K mb mgqkv j AwaM nxz AwaKvsk eb GjvKv K ZLb reserved forest ev msiw Z ebvâjõ e j NvlYv `Iqv nq G ai bi e bi gvwjkvbv I KZ Z GK QÎfv e iv óªi e j `vex Kiv nq (Roy & Halim 2001a: 9) cvwk vb mikvi ( ) esjv `k mikvi GB ms hvrb AviI e vck AvKv i ev evqb Ki Z _v K Gi d j Dw ` I cövyx Z_v Rxe-ˆewPÎ `vi Yfv e wzmö nq djz Zv Z ebwbf i Avw`evmx `i RxweKvI evavmö nq (Roy 2000c: 99,117) wewea cörvwz Z mg cövk wzk e bi wu K _vkv Ask mg n fviz mxgvš ez x Kvmvjs Ges evg vi mxgvš ez x mv½y msiw Z ebvâ jb Aí cwim i we` gvb G eb jvi GLb ûgwki m ylxb mikvix ebwefvm ez gv b cve Z PÆMÖv gi PviwU cöavb ai bi ebf~wgi K_v D j-l K ib G jv nj: 1) reserved forest ev msiw Z eb - Zv i q Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi cövq GK- PZz_ vsk Ry o, 2) protected forest ev iw Z eb - Zv cve Z PÆMÖv gi 1 kzvsk GjvKvq we Z Ges Gi AwaKvskB mv cöwzk mg q msiw Z ebiƒ c cyb N vwlz n q Q, 3) private forest ev e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb eb - Gi AwaKvskB z`ª Avw`evmx K l Ki gvwjkvbvaxb Ges Giƒc wkqy ebevmvb cve Z PÆMÖv gi A vbxq e w³ I Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbvaxb, 4) unclassed state forest ev A kªyxfy³ ebvâj - Gi we wz Aewkó cve Z PÆMÖvg Ry o G Î GUv Abyaveb Kiv cö qvrb h, Gme f~wg K wewfbœ eb wn m e AvL vwqz Kiv n ji msiw Z ebmn AwaKvskB GLb NbZ, D PZv I Dw ` ˆewP Î i w`k _ K weivb ev wew Qbœ-cÖvq msiw Z ebvâjmg~n eb wefv Mi wbqš Y I e e vcbvaxb iw Z ebmg~ ni wbqš Y Rjv cökvm bi Aax b _vk ji Gi ebr m ú`mg~n eb wefvm-gi e e vcbvaxb msiw Z ebmg~ n cö ek ev f~wg e envi m ú~y iƒ c wbwl Z e we kl we kl Î eb wefvm D³ ebvâ j cö ek I eivâ ji m ú` e envi AbygwZ w` q _v K Ab w` K KZ c Kvb wewawb la Rvwi bv Ki j iw Z e b cö ek ev f~wgi e envi Kiv P j 22

34 AvswkK DRviK Z DPz f~wgi eb ivrv `evkxl ivq ÔA kªyxfy³õ mikvwi ebmg~n mvaviyz AvswkKfv e ebvâj Av Qvw`Z Ges AvswkK Rjv cökvm bi Aax b b _v K G jv K Avw`evmxiv Zv `i hš_ I mvaviy eb Ges Ryg Pv li Î wn m e we epbv K i mviwy-9-g cve Z PÆMÖv gi wewfbœ cökv ii ebf~wgi DcvË Zz j aiv n q Q mviyx - 9: cve Z PÆMÖv gi ebf~wgmg~n kªyxkiy iv½vgvwu ( n.) ev `ievb ( n.) LvMovQwo ( n.) gvu AvqZb M R UW iw Z I msiw Z eb 2,34,520 74,841 23,151 33,25,120 cöv wjz Aewkó msiw Z eb 49,613-4,018 53,373 AbycÖ ekk Z msiw Z eb 2, ,176 cöv wjz Aewkó iw Z eb CËbK Z eb ( emikvwi) 22,259 26,184 8,930 57,373 A kªyxk Z mikvwi eb 3,22,521 2,92,522 94,656 7,09,699 msiw Z e bi Rb weáwßk Z A kªyxfy³ eb 23,680 27,000 12,660 63,340 gvu 5,79,300 3,93,547 1,26,737 10,99,584 eb wefv Mi wbqš Y vaxb 2,58,200 1,01,841 35,811 3,95,852 f~wg gš Yvj qi Aaxb f~wg 3,22,521 2,92,522 94,656 7,09,699 m~î : FD (Dhaka) _ K ADB 2001b: 18 -G D Z 23

35 ivrv `evkxl ivq mbvzbx gvpvs Ni, isls KvBb n` GjvKv 24

36 cuvp AvBbx I cökvmwbk e eöv cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg AvBb Ges f~wg cökvmb cve Z PÆMÖvg cökvmb e e vq cövwzôvwbk mikvwi ms vmg~n Ges mbvzwb ivrv, nwg vb Ges MÖvg-cÖavb ev Kvievwi cögy Li `ßi DfqB Aš fy ³ cve Z PÆMÖv gi AvBb e e vq wewae Ges cö_ve AvBb DfqB Aš fy ³ GB ØZ AvBwb e e vi Kvi YB eb I Ab vb f~wgi Dci AwaKv ii welqwu cwi vifv e wea Z bq Ges djz GKB Rwgi Dci mgvczbg~jk (overlapping) AwaKv ii Aw Z we` gvb mb m ½ i q Q wewfbœ AvB bi g a msnvzgq PwiÎ hvi GKw` K Av Q weªwuk cöyxz cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewa 1900, Ab w` K Av Q cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` AvBb 1998 Ges cve Z Rjv cwil` AvBb 1989 GB A ji AwaKvsk cövwzôvwbk f~wg I eb AvBb weªwuk Jcwb ewkk kvmb Avg ji ( ) Z e cvwk vb kvmb-avg j ( ) Ges 1971-Gi ^vaxbzvi ci evsjv ` k Dc iv³ AvBbmg~ n wkqy wkqy ms kvabx Avbv n ji AvBbmg~ ni wkqy gšwjk w`k Ges eb e e vcbvi c wz GLbI ivóª Kw `ªK I Jcwb ewkk Pwi Îi i q M Q - hgb wqj weªwuk kvmb Avg ji, hlv b Kvb bxwzi mydj mvaviy RbMY fvm bv K i fvm K i ivóª Z e ez gvbkv j mikvwi e e vq `yb xwzi gvîv e w cviqvq f~wg I eb bxwzi mydj iv óªi cwie Z `yb xwzevr mikvwi Kg Pvix, Amr e emvqx fvm Ki Q hv `i AwaKvskB vbxq bq Jcwb ewkk kvmb Ges Jcwb ewkk kvmbvg ji ciez xkv ji g a AviI `ywu i Z c~y cv_ K i q Q weªwuk Avg j cve Z PÆMÖv g-gi evb i _ K AbycÖ ek wqj KovKwofv e wbqwš Z Ges A vbxqiv Kvbfv eb f~wgi Dci gvwjkvbvi AwaKvi cöwzôv Ki Z cviz bv 7 GwU Ab vb Avw`evmx Avevmf~wgi ÎI cö hvr wqj hgbwu `Lv hvq ez gv b DËi-c~e fvi Z GB ai bi AwaKvsk 1935 mv ji fviz kvmb AvB bi weavb Abymv i 'fully excluded area' wn m e wpwýz wqj Ges ez gv b GB AÂjmg~ ni weivu Ask RvZxq 7 cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewa 1900 Gi 52 I 51 bs wewa Z h_vμ g, cve Z PÆMÖv g A vbxq `i cö ek, I we kl Ae vq, cve Z vâj _ K A vbxq `i ewn vi, Gi weavbvejx we` gvb wqj 52 bs wewa K 1930 m b iwnz Kiv nq 51 bs wewawu 1964 m b XvKv nvb KvU KZ K ZtKvjxb cvwk vbx msweav bi gšwjk AwaKv ii cwicš x niqvq AmvsweavwbK Ges A ea e j NvlYv `Iqv nq 25

37 msweav bi ló Zdkxj Abymv i we klfv e kvwmz ÔAš t ilvõ c wzi (inner line system) e `Šj Z Avw`evmx wn m e MY bq Ggb jvkr bi Gme iv R cö ek ev emevm Kivi AwaKvi bb Aek evsjv ` k G ai bi wewawb la ch vqμ g wkw_j Kiv nq cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewai 52- bs wewa Abymv i cve Z PÆMÖv g A vbxq `i cö e ki Rb h wjwlz AbygwZ wb Z nz Zv 1930 mv j iwnz nq ciez xkv j 1971 mv j cve Z PÆMÖvg wewa 34 wewai ms kvabx G b ÔewnivMZÕ `i mxwgz AvKv i cve Z PÆMÖv g f~wgi eivï cövwß cöpjb Kiv nq 1979 mv ji w` K AviI GKwU ms kvabxi Øviv wb lavávwu AviI mskzwpz K i djv nq ez gv b gšrvi nwg vb `i AbygwZμ g emevm I K wlkv Ri Rb QvU QvU f~wg eivï Kiv n Q wkš ewnivmz `i eo AvKv ii evwywr K eiv Ïi Î gšrvi nwg v bi m wz Qvov WcywU Kwgkbv ii Kvh vjq mivmwi eivï Ki Z cv ib wkbv G wel q wøgz i q Q hlb f~wg cökvmb KZ c P~ovš fv e cve Z Rjv cwil `i Kv Q b n e ZLb A vbxq `i f~wg eiv Ïi Î bzzb K i wb laváv Av iv ci ^vaxbzv cve Z Rjv cwil `i _vk e Jcwb ewkk Avg ji m ½ wøzxq i Z c~y cv_ K wu nj weªwuk Avg j eb cökvmb AZ š K Vvi wqj Gi d j mikvi-wbqwš Z eb _ K Pzwi I cvpvi wqj LyeB bmy Ges msiw Z ebvâ j emwz vcbkvixi msl v wqj nv Z Mvbv cve Z PÆMÖv g `ywu cöavb f~wg cökvmb e e v i q Q GKwU n Q msiw Z ebvâ ji Rb Ges Ab wu ev`evwk me GjvKvi Rb msiw Z eb hv cve Z PÆMÖv gi gvu A ji GK-PZz_ vs ki mvgvb Kg Zv cwi ek I eb gš Yvjqvaxb eb wefv Mi Øviv wbqwš Z nq ev`evwk GjvKv jv wbqwš Z nq ivr bwzk I AvgjvZvwš K KZ c i mswgkª Y e e vcbvi Øviv, hvi g a i q Q ivrv, nwg vb Ges Kve vixi g Zv mbvzwb cöwzôvb Ges wewfbœ ii cwil`, hvi we wz BDwbqb _ K AvÂwjK cwil` ch š be MwVZ cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` AvÂwjK ch v q kxl msmvb wn m e Aaybv m ó cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvj qi Kv Q `vqe _vk e cve Z PÆMÖv gi wewfbœ cökv ii f~wgi AwaKvi web vmwu AZ š RwUj I eûgvwîk cö hvr AvBb jvi g a i q Q cövwzôvwbk cöwμqvq cöyxz wjwlz AvBb, Rjv Kg KZ v I D P KZ c i wbe vnx Av `k Ges mbvzbx c wz Z P j Avmv I cöpwjz Avw`evmx `i ixwz, cö_v I f~wge envi c wzmg~n Avw`evmx `i cö_vmz AvBbmg~ ni g a i q Q weevn, weevn we Q`, mš v bi ndvrz cöf wz m jv cö_vmzfv e Zv `i mbvzwb cöwzôvbmg~n Øviv cwipvwjz nq Avw`evmx RbM Yi g a KejgvÎ gvigv gwnjvivb cyi l `i cvkvcvwk m ú `i fvwm`vi nq hv wkbv gymwjg bvix `i ÎB `Lv hvq Z e Dfq ÎB bvixiv cyi l `i P q Kg Ask c q _v K Ab vb Avw`evmx m cö`vqfy³ gwnjv Ges wn `y evovwj gwnjviv KejgvÎ fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi jvf K i _v K wecixz 26

38 c ` ki DËi-ga Ges DËi-c~e A j emevmkvix Mv ov (gv `x) Ges Lvwm m cö`v qi Avw`evmx `i ejvq Kej gwnjvivb m úwëi AwaKvix n q _v K cö_vmz AvBb wkqy wkqy Î cö_vmz AvBb jv wjwlz AvBb ev wbe vnx Av ` ki gva g ^xk Z n q Q A_ev wjwlz AvB b cwiyz n q Q Gi me P q DËg ` óvš n Q emzevwo, f~wg Ges eb m ú `i Dci Avw`evmx RbM Yi AwaKvi 8 Z e eb GjvKv Ges cve Z GjvKvq evwk As k AwaKvsk cö_vmz f~wg AwaKvi A ^xk ZB i q M Q Gme AwaKv ii g a i Z c~y wkqyy AwaKvi mviyx-10-g msw ßmvi AvKv i `qv nj Kv bv gšrvi Aš fy ³ cövk wzk m ú` e env ii c~ e mswk-ó nwg v bi civgk biqvi weavbwu D³ gšrvi cövk wzk m ú` Gi Dci Avw`evmx RbM Yi AwaKv ii c iv ^xk wz e jb a i bqv hvq cöz š GjvKvq Awaevmx, we kl K i gšrv nwg vb Ges Kvievwi, G ai bi cö_v I cöwμqvi mv _ fvjfv eb cwiwpz, wkš mikvix wewa, bxwz-wb ` kbv, Av`vj Zi ivq wksev cövwzôvwbk AvBwb wb ` ki gva g wewfbœ cö_vmz AwaKv ii welq jv GLbI wek`fv e ewy Z nq wb d j G mkj AwaKvi mg~ ni AvBbxi gh v`vi e vcviwu GLbI A-gxgvswmZ i q Q mviyx-10 : cve Z PÆMÖvgevmx `i i Z c~y cö_vmz m ú` -AwaKvi CÖvK wzk m ú` AwaKvi fvmx AvBb/cÖ_v cwipvjbv KZ c emz f~wg Avw`evmx cwievi cve Z PÆMÖvg wewai 50 aviv nwg vb Ryg f~wg Avw`evmx cwievi cve Z PÆMÖvg wewa 41 aviv nwg vb, Rjv cökvmk e eüz Ryg f~wg Avw`evmx cwievi mbvzwb cö_v nwg vb EbR `ªe gšrvq emevmkvixiv cve Z PÆMÖvg wewai aviv 41G nwg vb I Kvievwi PviYf~wg gšrvq emevmkvixiv cve Z PÆMÖvg wewai aviv 45we nwg vb I Rjv cökvmk Z Yf~wg gšrvq emevmkvixiv cve Z PÆMÖvg wewai aviv 45 nwg vb I Rjv cökvmk eb cövyx Avw`evmx RbMY mbvzb cö_v nwg vb Ges mv K j wpd RjR m ú` gšrvq emevmkvixiv AewY Z nwg vb e nr Rjvavimg~n gšrvq emevmkvixiv AewY Z nwg vb z`ª Rjvkq gšrvq emevmkvixiv AewY Z nwg vb Rjv cökvm Ki Zvr wyk CÖvK wzk gšrvq emevmkvixiv wb ` k, cve Z Rjv cwil` m ú`mg~n mikvi AvBb (ms kvwaz) 1998 nwg vb, Rjv cökvmk Z_ m~î; Roy 2000d _ K D Z 8 h_vμ g 41-K bs wewa cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewa 1900 Ges CHT Forest Transit Rules, 1973 `ªóe 27

39 fwel Z f~wg Kwgk bi (1997 mv ji cve Z PÆMÖvg Pzw³ Øviv m ó) wm vš mg~nb n Z cv i AwMœcix v h nzz GB Kwgkb cve Z PÆMÖv gi cöpwjz ixwz, bxwz I c wz we epbvq wb q f~wg msμvš we iv ai wb úwë Ki Z eva (Aa vq N, Aby Q` 5[L] cve Z PÆMÖvg Pzw³) AvBbx e e vi b vq cve Z PÆMÖv gi kvmb I cökvmb e e v we kl ˆewk ô i AwaKvix Zv Z i q Q mbvzb KZ c I AvaywbK ivóªxq cöwzôv bi mswgkªy evsjv ` ki Ab vb A ji b vq cve Z PÆMÖv gi mikvwi cökvmb Kg KZ vi cvkvcvwk GLvbKvi wbe vwpz vbxq mikv ii wb Pi ii bzviv vbxq cökvmb I cövwzôvwbk Dbœqb Kg Kv i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i wkš GB KZ Z AÎv ji `yb ai bi cöwzôv bi m ½ mswk-ó hv Kej cve Z PÆMÖv gb we` gvb G `i g a GKw` K i q Q gšrv cöavb ev nwg vb I ivrv ev Chief- `i bz Z MwVZ eskvbyμwgk cö_vmz cöwzôvb, 9 Ab w` K i q Q wzbwu cve Z Rjv cwil` I cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` mvaviyfv e f~wg cökvm bi me gq KZ Z b _v K mikvwi Rjv Kg KZ v WcywU Kwgkbv ii Aax b ïaygvî 25 GK ii AwaK f~wg eiv Ïi Î WcywU Kwgkbvi K PÆMÖvg Ges XvKv kn i Zvi EaŸ Zb KZ c i Kv Q AbygwZ PvB Z nq 1997 mv ji cve Z Pzw³i aviv e j GB AbygwZ ev gzv cve Z Rjv cwil` jvi Kv Q b niqvi K_v hw`i ev cö qvrbxq gzvi cy ivcywi n nvš i GLbI Kvh Ki Kiv nqwb mviwy 11- Z wewfbœ ai bi f~wg eivï Ges ez gvb eivïkvix KZ c i cwipq Zz j aiv n q Q weªwuk Avgj _ KB f~wg eiv Ïi welqwu m úv`b Kiv nz gšrvi nwg vb `i mv _ Av jvpbv K i hwui e Z q N U evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv (1971) ciez x mgqkv j Gi wek` Av jvpbv c i Kiv n q Q gšrv nwg vbivb nj cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg I Ki e e vi K `ªwe `y cövwzôvwbkfv e mikvi KZ K wb qvmcövß n ji Zviv ivrv `i cöwz h _ó cwigv Y AbyMZ Ges cvkvcvwk Zv `i Mvôx I Ab vb MÖvg-msMV bi cªwzi ( Roy 2000b: 48) 9 GKwU MÖv g GK ev GKvwaK Kve vix _v K Ges A bk jv MÖvg wg j GKRb nhg v bi Aax b GKwU gšrv _v K mgmö cve Z A j me gvu 369 wu gšrv i q Q A bk jv gšrv wb q GKRb ivrv ev Px di Aax b GKwU mv K j i q Q gvu mv K j msl v 3wU: PvKgv mv K j (177 wu gšrv); evgvs mv K j (109 wu gšrv) Ges gs mv K j (83 wu gšrv) Kve vixiv QvULv Uv we iva wbimb K ib Ges nwg v bi cökvmwbk `vwq Z mnvqzv K ib nwg vb `i `vwq Z i g a i q Q gšrvi AvBb k sljv ervq ivlv, mvgvwrk wepvi wb úwë, cövk wzk m ú` i v, f~wg ivr ^ Av`vq I Dc Rjv wbe vnx Kg KZv Ges WcywU Kgwkbvi K f~wg I ivr ^ wel q civgk cö`vb Kiv ivrv ev Chief `i cöavb `vwq Z i g a i q Q mv K ji Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôx mg~ ni K wó I HwZn cöwzcvjb I msi Y Kiv, nwg vb `i Kvh vw` Z`viwK Kiv, Avw`evmx `i cvwievwik AvBb wel q m e v P Avcxj Av`vjZ wn m e wepvikvh cwipvjbv Kiv Ges WcywU Kwgkbvi, cve Z Rjv cwil`, cve Z PÆMÖvg Dbœqb evw I cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvjq cögyl K civgk cö`vb Kiv AwaKš, ivrviv AvÂwjK I cve Z Rjv cwil` mg~ ni Pqvig vb `i mv _ cve Z PÆMÖvg f~wg wb úwë Kwgk bii m`m 28

40 mviwy - 11 : f~wg e `ve I BRviv cö`v bi aib BRviv cövß `i f~wg e envi Eiv Ïi cök wz cwipq eivïkvix KZ c cwigvy (GK i) emzf~wg ( MÖvgxY) cvnvwo e w³ e `ve x nwg vb.30 GKi 0.13 n±i emzf~wg (MªvgxY) h Kvb e w³ BRviv WcywU Kwgkbvi AewY Z emzf~wg (kni) h Kvb e w³ BRviv WcywU Kwgkbvi.30 GKi ch š 0.13 n±i Pvlvev` Gi Rb cve Z PÆMÖvgevmx e `ve x WcywU Kwgkbvi 5 Gki ch š 2.25 n±i evmvb/ebvqb cve Z PÆMÖvgevmx e `ve x WcywU Kwgkbvi 10 GKi ch š 4.5 n±i evwywr K ebvqb h Kvb e w³ BRviv WcywU Kwgkbvi 25 GKi ch š n±i evwywr K ebvqb h Kvb e w³ BRviv wefvmxq 50 GKi ch š Kwgkbvi 22.5 n±i evwywr K ebvqb h Kvb e w³ BRviv mikvi 100 GK ii E aÿ 40.5 n±i wkí vcb h Kvb e w³ BRviv Rjv cökvmk 5-10 GKi n±i Z_ m~î: Roy 2000 eb GjvKv cökvmb cve Z PÆMÖv g e nr msiw Z ebvâj ev reserved forest weªwuk Avgj _ KB ( ) we` gvb Gi g a i q Q Kvmvjs, ivbsl qs, gvzvgyûix Ges mv½y msiw Z ebvâj me jv GjvKv ZB GLb emwz vcb n q Q Ab vb msiw Z eb jv AvKv i QvU Giv cve Z PÆMÖv gi wewfbœ A j Qwo q wqwu q Av Q Ges m bi g Zv evwywr K e cörvwz BZ vw`i Pvl ïi nevi ci _ K G jv Zv `i Rxe I cövyx ˆewP Îi mg Zv nvwi q Q 1976 mv j Gkxq Dbœqb e vs Ki (GwWwe-i) A_ mnvqzvcyó GK Z`š cöwz e` b G mkj z`ª z`ª wirvf K msiw Z ejv ev reserve forest Gi AvIZvg~³ Kivi mycvwik Kiv nq KviY G jv cªwzwôz K wl Rwgi gvslv b Øx ci b vq R M Av Q Ges G `i msi Y KivI `yiƒn (Webb and Roberts 1976) wkš eb wefvm wvk D ëv Kg wu mvab K i 1990-Gi `k K Zviv wewfbœ AvKv ii bzzb msiw Z eb m wó K i G `i Kvb KvbwU K qk nvrvi em wguv ii g a B mxwgz 29

41 msiw Z e bi evb ii GjvKvi Zyjbvq msiw Z e bi cökvmwbk e e v ej Z M j weªwuk kvmbvg ji 1870 Gi `k Ki mgqkv j msiw Z NvwlZ niqvi ci _ K A` vewa AcwieZ bxq i q M Q g~j Zdvr nj GB h, G mkj AÂ j MZ `ok eq i RbmsL v e o Q eû Y msiw Z e bi Awaevmxiv ` ki mvaviy dšr`vwi Av`vjZ, mikv ii cökvmb KZ Z i Ges Avw`evmx wepvi e e vi AvIZvaxb _vk ji ` ki Ab vb AÂ j cöpwjz f~wg Ges ivr ^ AvBbmg~n GLv b cö hvr bq Gme GjvKvq Ab Kv bv KZ c i KZ Z Lv U bv Gme GjvKvq GKK KZ Z nj evsjv `k eb wefv Mi ïaygvî eb wefvm ev eb gš Yvj qi wb ` k mgq mgq cövß jvb mýavix e envikvix Qvov Ab KvD K Zviv Kvb ai bi f~wg AwaKvi K ^xk wz `q bv GB Qvo `qv nq ïaygvî mxwgz AvKv ii Ges A-wjwLZfv e Ryg Pv li ÎB GwUI Lye mz KZ vi mv _ Kiv nq Ges AwaKvsk ÎB K lkiv Lye ms Kv Pi mv _ jywk q jywk q HwZn evnx GB mycövpxb c wz cö qvm K i hv ek Kómva KviY Ryg Pv li Rb MvQ KvUv, R½j cwi vi, R½j cvov bv cöf wz c` c wb Z nq, hv cökvk fv eb Ki Z nq msiw Z e bi GB me f~wg AwaKvi ^xk wzi e vcv i Kvb c` cb mikvi MÖnY K iwb hv wkbv 1927 mv ji eb AvB bi 28 aviv g Z Kiv n qwqj wm ju eb wefv Mi AvIZvaxb Avw`evmx Lvwm evwm `v `i Î GB cöwμqvwui G AÂ j wmz n q Q 1980-i `k K cªwm W U Gikv `i kvmb-avgj _ K 10 ivrv `evkxl ivq isls wirv f kx Zi mkvj 10 wm ju wefvmvaxb gšjfxevrvi Rjvi Lvwm gš x ( nwg vb) Gi mv _ mv vrkvi 2001 Bs 30

42 Qq f~wg msnvz MZ `yõkz Ki wzbwu i Z c~y NUbv cve Z PÆMÖv gi RbM Yi f~wg AwaKv ii Dci bwzevpk cöfve d j Q hvi cö_gwu n Q 1870 mv ji w` K mvavi Yi e eüz Ryg Pv li Î I ebvâj K msiw Z ebvâj NvlYv ciez xwu n Q 1960 mv j KvßvB Rjwe`y r cök íi euva ˆZwi hvi d j iv½vgvwu kni wbgw¾z nq Ges cövq 1 j jvk ev Pz Z n q c o (A_ vr cve Z A ji GK-Z Zxqvsk RbMY ev Py Z I 54,000 GKi DbœZ avbx Rwg m ú~y iƒ c wbgw¾z nq (Ishaq 1975: 126) 10 _ K 40 nvrvi Acybe vwmz PvKgv vqxfv e `k Z vm K i fvi Zi DËi-c~e vâ j Ai YvPj cö ` k bvmwikz nxbfv e kiyv_ x wn m e evm Ki Z _v K (Bhaumik et al. 1997: ) wzc~i Yi A_ Avi wekí f~wgi ms vb DfqB cö qvr bi Zzjbvq wqj wbzvš Kg Ges A b Ki g Z 1970-Gi `k Ki ivr bwzk Aw izvi GKUv eo AvswkK KviY n Q euva ˆZwii d j m ó gvivz K wech qrwbz Am š vl (Sopher 1964; Chakma 1995) me kl NUbvwU nj 1980-i w` Ki mikvixi ev½vjx Awfevmb Kg m~wp, hvi d j cövq mgmsl K Avw`evmx vbpz Z nq (Roy 1998) ev½vjx emwz vc bi GB Kg m~wp mwnsm NUbvi Rb `q G me cwiez bi d j m ó gvbevwakvi msμvš w`k jvi Av jvpbv GB jlvi welqe bq 11 Z e ejvi A c v iv L bv h GB me cwiez b Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxi mvgvwrk I mvs wzk msnwz K `vi Yfv e zyœ K i Q nvrvi nvrvi Avw`evmx RbMY Zv `i emzwfuv I Rwg _ K DrLvZ n q Q hvi AwaKvskB evovwj emwz vcbkvix `i `L j i q Q Gme GjvKvi Avw` evwm `viv cve Z PÆMÖv gi `ym g eb I cvnvwo Aâj, we kl K i msiw Z ebvâ j, vbvš wiz n q Q GB mg ev Pz Z Avw`evmxiv Zv `i mvgwqk Av vbvq ïay h AgvbweK Rxeb-hvcbB Ki Q Zv bq Dciš Zviv we` gvb cövk wzk m ú` we kl K i Rygf~wg, cövk wzk eb Ges eb wefv Mi ebvqb GjvKvi Dci cöp Pvc m wó Ki Q G NUbv Avw`evmx I evovwj emwz vcbkvix `i g a cöwzwbqzb D ËRbv Avi k¼vi m wó Ki Q hv cökvivš i GB GjvKvi `xn gqvw` kvwš I w wzkxjzv c~bcöwzôvi Î Aš ivq wn m e `Lv w` q Q f~wg e`lj, f~wgi `y úªvc Zv, AvKw K evrvi wbf izv, μgea gvb eb wbab cöf wz mw wjzfv e wewfbœ 11 ev½vjx emwz vcb cöwμqvi m ½ RwoZ gvbevwakvi jsn bi Ae vi Rb `Lyb CHT Commission, 1990 Dc iv³ emwz vcb Kvh μ gi gva g cve Z Avw`evmx `i f~wg AwaKvi jsn bi we vwiz ch v jvpbvi Rb `Lyb Roy 2000e 31

43 m cö`vq K we kl K i bvix `i AK_ Kó Avi `y f v Mi g a wbcwzz K i Q bvixiv ïay cövk wzk m ú` e e vcbvqb bq, R vjvbx KvV I cvwb msmö ni ÎI cöavb f~wgkv cvjb K i w`bw`b eb Avi f~wgi cövc Zv Kg Z _vkvq Gme Pvwn`v c~i Y G `i AviI A bk Mfx i cö ek Ki Z nq (Roy 2000c: 108) mv cöwzkkv j ivóªxqfv e emwz vcb eü n q M ji cwiw wzi Zgb DbœwZ nq wb AviI `y Uv mv cöwzk Kvh μg A`~i fwel Z vbxq Avw`evmx `i Dci bwzevpk cöfve dj Z cv i Gi GKwU n Q msiw Z ebvâ ji Rb bzzb GjvKv AwaMÖnY Ges Ab wu n Q Zj I cövk wzk M vm AbymÜv bi cö vwez Kvh μg mswk-ó RbM Yi f~wg AwaKv ii Dci G me c` ci cök Z cöfve c i Av jvwpz nj D j-l h KvßvB euv ai d j Avw`evmx RbMY I vbxq evovwj Awaevmx DfqB wzmö n q Q Zgwbfv e bzzb Kvb msiw Z eb m wó n j Avw`evmx Ges `xn w`b a i cve Z PÆMÖv g emevmiz evsjvfvlxiv wzmö n e hviv g~jz KvßvB euva m wói mgq DrLvZ n qwqj Z e Dfq Î wzmö `i ZvwjKvq Avw`evmx cvnvwo `i msl vb ewk n e cyi bv msiw Z ebvâj msiw Z ebvâ j emev mi Kvi YB h Avw`evmxiv f~wg AwaKvi _ K ewâz n Q Zv bq; ` ki mvaviy bvmwik wn m ei Zviv Zv `i AwaKvi I Pvwn`v _ K ewâz n Q msiw Z e b we` gvb ^v mev-cwiw wz, wk vi my hv Mi Afve I Ab vb GjvKvq mevi hme my hvm we` gvb GLv b Zvi AcÖZzjZv GLb Pig D ØM Avi DrKÚvi KviY (Roy & Gain 1999) msiw Z eb GjvKvq mikvi cwipvwjz ev mikvwi Aby`vbcÖvß Kvb zj cöwzwôz nq wb KviY Kvb z ji mikvwikiy ev Aby`vb cövwßi c~e kz nj z ji wbr ^ f~wg _vkv, wkš msiw Z f~wg e j evsjv `k eb wefvm m AbygwZ `q bv msiw Z e bi Awaevmxiv fv Ui gva g vbxq mikv i Zv `i cöwzwbwa wbe vpb Ki Z cv i, wkš vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~ ni ev RU GZB AcÖZzj h Zv w` q Awaevmx `i Kj v Y I DbœwZ Z Kvb i Z c~y Ae`vb ivlv hvq bv Ab w` K f~wgi e envi- ^ Z i Afv e msiw Z ebvâ ji Awaevmxiv Kvb ai bi `xn - gqvw` Pvlvev`, ebvqb Ges f~wgi evwywr K e envi _ K wbi _v K Zv `i Øviv wbe vwpz wkqy cvovq Ô nwg vbõ wb qvm `vb K i GK mgq cvovi jvkrb wb RivB Zv `i nwg vb wbe vwpz KiZ Ges evsjv `k eb wefvm ïay Zv `i ˆeaZv cö`vb KiZ eb wefvm eûfv e Póv K i Q nwg vb wb qv Mi cöwμqvwu K wb R `i ^v _ cöfvwez Ki Z wkš mswk-ó RbM Yi gzvgz Qvov G ai bi wb qvm GLb m eci bq 32

44 KviY msiw Z e bi Awaevmxiv Zv `i AwaKvi m ú K Ab h Kvb mg qi Zzjbvq GLb ivr bwzkfv e AwaKZi m PZb 12 hw`i GB nwg vbiv mlv b RbM Yi gylcvî wn m e KvR K i Ges eb wefv Mi mv _ hvmv hvm i v K i, ZeyI Giv cöpwjz gšrv nwg vb I Kvievwi ev AvaywbK wbe vwpz cwil `i KvVv gvfy³ bq (Lvwm MÖv gi Ôgš x bv g cwiwpzõ nwg vbiv Kej Gi e wzμg) eb wefvm wbe vwpz Gme nwg v biv ZvB cövqkb RbM Yi AwaKvi i vi msmöv g Kvh Ki f~wgkv cvj b e _ nq, KviY Zv `i cövwzôvwbk gzv eb wefv Mi KZ v `i mw` Qvi DciB wbf ikxj AvBbx ` wó KvY _ K msiw Z e bi gvwjk n Q eb wefvm, wkš Gme e bi Ges Avkcv ki emevmkvix Awaevmxiv hv `i AwaKvskB Avw`evmx RbMY, Zviv G welqwu gvb Z bvivr f~wgi e w³mz ^Z vwakvi welqwu m ú K Avengvb Kvj a i hv `i Kvb PP vi cöpjb wqjbv Zv `i Kv Q f~wgi gvwjkvbv Lye GKUv A_ en wkqy bv ZvQvov Zviv Rv b, eb Kg KZ v `i AvMg bi A bk Kvj AvM _ KB Zv `i c~e cyi liv G me Rwg Z Pvlvev` K i Avm Q G _ KB wkqyuv aviyv cviqv h Z cv i Kb Avw`evmxiv ^ Q ` I B Qg Zv msiw Z ebvâ ji AvIZvf~³ GK vb _ K Ab v b emwz M o BwZnv mi `y Uv NUbvq eb AÂ j emwz vc b mvgwik n c Kivi D ` vm bqv n qwqj cö_gwu N UwQj 20 kzvãxi ïi Z gvbbx msiw Z e b ZLb weªwuk mb AvnŸvb Kivi cö wz biqv nw Qj Z_vKw_Z AbycÖ ekkvix `i DrLv Z ZrKvjxb PvKgv ivrvi n c welqwu wmz nq djz GB mywekvj Kl Y Pvlvev` hvm wbgœf~wg K Amsiw Z NvlYv Kiv nq GwUB GLb PvKgv ivrvi cökvmbvaxb LvMovQwo Rjvi `xwnbvjv Dc Rjvi Ask we kl 1971 mv j c~e cvwk vb ivb djm&-gi Avav-mvgwiK evwnbx K Zje Kiv n qwqj ivbsls msiw Z ebvâj _ K ILv b Avkªq biqv KvßvB evu ai D v `i D Q` Ki Z vbxq bzv `i gšwlk cöwzev `i gy L m hvîvq i³cvz iva m e n qwqj 13 Gici _ K hw`i ev msiw Z eb i vq mvgwik evwnbx e eüz nq wb Z e eb i xiv gv S gv SB mk ZrciZvq wjß nq (Roy & Gain 1999: 22) GUv AZ š cwi vi h msiw Z e b Zzjbvg~jKfv e wm ju wefv Mi Avw`evmx Lvwm Aay wlz msiw Z ebvâ ji evwm `v `i mv _ 2001 m bi Ryb gv m Av jvpbv K i, jl Ki Av jvpbvi cªw Z Rvbv hvq h, m AÂ ji RbMY g bvbxz nwg vb ev Lvwm gš x `i A ^xkvi Kiv AZ mnr b n D j-l hvm vbxq bz e `i g a wq jb PvKgv ivrv wîw`e ivq I gvb e `ª bvivqb jvigv 1970 Gi wbe vp b mgmö cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKv _ K K `ªxq AvBb mfvq PvKgv ivrv wbe vwpz nb, Ges cªv `wkk AvBb mfvq DËi cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKv _ K jvigv wbe vwpz nb 1971 m b ivq evsjv `k Z vm K ib Ges ciez x Z cvwk vb mikv i hvm `b ciez xkv j jvigv cve Z PÆMÖv gi ^kvm bi mk msmöv g bz Z cö`vb K ib Ges Ae k l Avš :`jxq msnv Z 1985 m b wbnz nb 33

45 ivrv `evkxl ivq isls wirv f DmyB (wîcyiv) AwaKvi cöwzôvq eb wefvm I Avw`evmx `i g a gz-we f` i q Q Zv wb P wek`fv e Av jvwpz nj weªwuk Avg j ( ) msiw Z e bi evwm `v `i msl v wqj bmy mvaviyfv e cve Z PÆMÖv gi RbmsL v e w i avivevwnkzvq Zv `i msl v evo Z _v K ivbslqs msiw Z ebvâ j RbmsL v e w i cq b g~j KviY nj KvßvB eva GjvKv _ K ev Pz Z `i AvMgb (Webb & Roberts 1976) wemz `yb `k Ki msnv Zi Kvi YI GK weivu msl K Avw`evmx RbMY Kvmvjs msiw Z ebvâ j Avkªq MÖnY K i Zgwbfv e A bk cvnvox D v G m Q `w Y gvzvgyûix Ges mv½y msiw Z ebvâ j hv AviI cöku n q Q mgzj _ K Avmv evovwj emwz vcbkvix `i Øviv cvnvox `i Acmvi Yi Kvi Y m cöwz eb wefvm vbxq bzv `i mn hvwmzv P q Q msiw Z ebvâ j cy ivcywifv e Ryg Pvl e Üi Rb Z e bzviv gvbbwek ` wó KvY _ K e vcviwu Gwo q hviqvi Rb eb wefvm K civgk cö`vb K ib we epbv 14 GiB g a DËi Kvmvjs msiw Z ebvâ ji RygPvlxiv MÖdZvi Avi dšr`vwi AvB bi AvZ ¼ fym Qb KviY evsjv `k mbvevwnbx D³ GjvKvi RygPvlx `i GKwU ZvwjKv eb wefv Mi Kv Q n vš i K i Q m bi g gv m jl Ki Dcw wz Z iv½vgvwu Rjvi WcywU Kwgkbv ii Kvh vj qi m jb K AbywôZ GKwU mfvq mswk-ó wel q Av jvwpz nq ˆeV K Ab v b i g a š vbxq mvsm`, vbxq bz e `, Rjv cökvm bi Kg KZ v I eb wefv Mi Kg KZ vmy Dcw Z wq jb GB Z_ wu 2001 m bi Ryb gv m iv½vgvwu DcRvZxq KvV e emvqx RvZ gvwjk mwgwzi GKRb bzv GB Z_ Lvbv jl Ki wbku cwi ekb K ib

46 AvBbMZfv e Kej eb wefv Mi Kg KZ v `i we kl AbygwZ wb qb msiw Z ebvâ ji f~wg I Ab vb cövk wzk m ú` e envi Kiv m e Gi R jš D`vniY nj: Ô UsM võ c wzi gva g eb evmvb m wó hv Z RygPvl GKwU AZ vekkxq Dcv`vb Z e, UsM v cøwz Z eb wefv Mi wbqš Y eb evmvb m wó e Zx Kej K lk `i RxweKv wbev ni Rb Ryg Pvl Kiv n j Rywgqv KzlK `i wei dšr`vix gvgjv Kiv n q _v K hme wirv f Pywi Ges A ea e KZ bi NUbv NU Q mlv bi dšr`vwi AvB bi AvIZvq vbxq cvnvox `i wei gvgjv Kiv nq Zvi A_ GB bq h, Zvi d j cök Z AcivaxivB kvw c q Q Ges GUvB `Lv M Q h fvuvi ZvwjKv Abymv i cvk ez x GjvKvi vbxq wbixn Avw`evmx `i KB GK PwUqvfv e dšr`vix Awf hv M Awfhy³ Kiv nq 16 GwU eb wefv Mi GKwU cö_vmz ixwz Z cwiyz n q Q Ges G cš v K eb wefv Mi KZ viv eb i vq Zv `i cvi`wk Zv cögvy Kivi Dcvq wn m e wb q Qb (Roy & Gain1999: 22) KL bv KL bv GKRb e w³i wei B Qq-mvZwU gvgjv `v qi Kiv nq Ges Zvi cöwzwu ïbvwb ZB Zvi nvwriv `vb eva Zvg~jK A bk Awfhy³B ïbvwb Z nvwriv `vb Kiv _ K weiz _vkvi gz `ytmvnm `Lvq KviY Rjv m` i hviqv Ges AvBwb e qfvi en bi mvg_ Zv `i _v K bv ZvB A b K MÖdZvi I K q` niqvi f q evrvi w` b eb Kg KZ v I cywj ki Zj-wki f q cvwj q eovq ZvB A bk wirv f i AwaevmxB h GLb msiw Z NvwlZ eb K Avevi Amsiw Z NvlYvi `vwe Rvbv Q Zv gv UB A ^vfvwek bq G _ K GUvI evsv hvq Kb cve Z evmxiv bzzb Kvb msiw Z eb NvlYvi welq K Rviv jvfv e we ivwazv Ki Q bzzb msiw Z ebvâj Dc iv³ cwiw wz ch v jvpbv K i h KD Avkv Ki Z cv i h mikvi cve Z PÆMÖv gi eb e e vcbv bxwzi ms kvab Ki e e Z, 1976 mv ji w` K D yz cwiw wz m irwg b cwi` kb K i wkqy wfb `wk eb we klá (Webb & Roberts 1976) GB AwfgZ I mycvwik cö`vb K ib h, QvU AvKv ii msiw Z eb jv Amsiw Z NvlYv K i emwz vcb Ges vqxfv e Pvlvev `i Rb Q o `qv nvk wkš mikg wkqyb nq wb c vš i RbM Yi cöz vkv I c~ e v³ AwfgZ K D c v K i eb wefv Mi EaŸ Zb KZ v `i civg k mikvi mgmö cve Z PÆMÖvg Ry o kz kz QvU Ges bzzb msiw Z ebvâj wpwýz Ki Z _v K G jv cwi ek I eb gš Yvj qi M RU weáwßi gva g Rvwi nq, hvi ewki fvmb 1992 mv j cökvwkz nq G ai bi gvu Rwgi cwigvy cövq 89,034 n±i G jvi cövq A a KB B Zvg a M RU weáwßi Øviv c~y ½fv e msiw Z ebvâj NvwlZ n q Q hv Bmy n q Q Ryb 1996 Ges 1998-Gi GwcÖj I g gv m cªwμqvwu GZ`&AÂ ji e bi cwiwa 16 iv½vgvwui mvgvwrk msmvb UsM v Gi wbdr juvi, msl v-1, cökvkbv-1, b f ^i 1998 Bs 35

47 evov bvi GKwU D Pvwfjvlx cwikíbv n ji GB A j emevmkvix `i f~wg AwaKvi Ges gvbevwakv ii Î GwU GKwU eo ûgwk wzmö `i f~wgi ZvwjKvq i q Q cövwš K K l Ki iwrw ªK Z wfuv, emzevwo, iwrw ªi cöwμqvq A c viz K wlrwg Ges cö_vmz AvB bi AvIZvq e eüz eb Ges hš_ PviY Î `yf vm RbK n ji mz, h me f~wg msiw Z e bi Rb g bvbxz Zvi AwaKvsk ZB Rywgqv `i 1960 mv j cybe vwmz Kiv n qwqj eb wefv Mi Ryg wbqš Y wefv Mi D Ïk wqj dj evmvb ˆZwi Gme Rwgi gvwjkvbv ^Z I evmvbkvix `i g a eiv Ïi A c vq wqj (Ishaq 1975: 99; Sattar 1995: 10-12) eb wefv Mi A` e e vcbvi Kvi Y cwikíbvwu e _ n j mikvi GK Zidvfv e mme f~wg K iw Z ebvâj ev protected forest NvlYv K i cví DW evmvb m wó K i iw Z e bi gvwjkvbv Rjv cökvm bi ivr ^ wefv Mi Dci Awc Z Ges RbMY eb wefv Mi AbygwZ Qvov Gme iw Z e b cö ek Ki Z cv i Z e wkqy wkqy Mv Qi cörvwzi msiw Z Kiv nq Kviv` i weav bi AvIZvq eb wefv Mi jvkrb iw Z eb K mvaviy msiw Z e bi c~e ve v e jb MY K i _v K Ges Zv hb msiw Z NvlYvi gva gb eb wefv Mi `vwqz I gvwjkvbvq n vš ii A c vq _v K msiw Z e b eb wefv Mi c~e AbygwZ Qvov Kvb m ú` AvniY ev e envi Kiv hvq bv Ab w` K KZ c Kvb wb laváv Rvwi bv Ki j iw Z e b G ai bi AvniY ev e envi ˆea cve Z PÆMÖv gi iw Z e b G ai bi wb laváv ejer i q Q Zv Agvb Ki j Agvb Kvixiv dšr`vwi ` wewai AvIZvq kvw hvm G ai bi iw Z ebvâ ji weivu Ask msiw Z ebvâj iƒ c cyb N vwlz n q Q Aek Rjv cökvmb KZ K G jvi mxgvbv GLbI eb wefvm K eyws q `Iqv nqwb 1998 mv ji AvM cvnvwo bz e ` cwi ek I eb gš xi mv _ mv vr K i G ai bi msiw Z eb NvlYvi bvwuk Rvwii welqwu cybwe epbvi Aby iva Rvbvb mb _ KB wzb cve Z Rjvi m`m `i mgš^ q GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv n q Q hviv kvwš c~y Dcv q msiw Z eb NvlYv cöwμqv cöwznz Ki eb cve Z PÆMÖvg eb I f~wg AwaKvi msi Y KwgwU 1998 mv j NvlYv `q h, RvwiK Z bvwuwd Kkb jv wmz ev cybwe ewpz Kiv bv n j Zviv ^Ztù~ Z Av `vj b bvg eb mswk-ó gš x Zr Yvr Av `kwu wmz Kivi cöwzkö wz `b, wkš wewfbœ Z _ Rvbv hvq h, M RU Ges iwrw ªk bi cöwμqvwu Pj Q Ges mswk-ó eb wefvmxq Kg KZ viv GB me GjvKvq ebvq bi mkj cö wz MÖnY Ki Qb (Roy 2000: 179) 36

48 cvnvwo cöwzwbwa `i Av ikwu `j bzzb gš xi mv _ 2001-G kirkv j mv vr K ib Ges GB g g gš xi cöwzkö wz Av`vq K ib h welqwu bzzb K i we ewpz n e wkš wzmö RbM Yi fq-fxwz wbim b Zgb Kvb ` k gvb e e v M nxz nq wb, 17 AwbðqZv Pj QB 1980-i `k Ki ev½vjx emwz vcb Kg m~wpi gva g vbvš i I DrLvZ 1979 mv j evsjv `k mikvi ev½vjx emwz vcb Kg m~wpi gva g μgea gvb msnvz Avi Aw izv K gvkv ejvi GKwU bzzb e e v MÖnY K i Gi Aax b cövq `yb _ K mv o Pvi j evsjvfvlx RbMY K evsjv ` ki wewfbœ GjvKv _ K wzb cve Z Rjvq AwfevwmZ Kiv nq 18 Ab vb e e vi cvkvcvwk A vbxq `i f~wg eivï mnrxki Yi wbwg Ë mswk-ó f~wg AvBb I cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewai 34(1) wewa Z ms kvabx Avbv nq GB cöwμqv wzb _ K Pvi ermi ch š Ae vnz wqj cve Z PÆMÖv gi msnvz I we `ªvn `g b mvgwik e e v MÖn Yi cvkvcvwk GB cybe mwz vcb cöwμqv nvrvi nvrvi Avw`evmx RbMY K ev Py Z K i KD KD kiyv_ x wn m e fvi Zi Avš R vwzk mxgvbvq Avkªq MÖnY K i Ab iv wezvwoz n q ` ki mxgvbvi Af š i `ym g cvnvo I eb A j Avkªq bq DmyB (wîcyiv), gv I wkï ivrv `evkxl ivq jlk Dc iv³ cöwzwbwaz ` ji GKRb m`m wq jb cve Z A j ev½vjx emwz vcbkvix `i gvu msl vi e vcv i wfbœ gz i q Q hgb- PvKgv, 1993-G Ó`yB jv LiI ekxó Gi K_v D j-l i q Q Ab w` K Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission 2000-G 4.5 jv Li K_v D j-l i q Q 37

49 Avš R vwzk kiyv_ xiv hw`i ` k wd i G m Q, wkš kiyv_ x `i bzv `i Awf hvm: G `i GK D j-l hvm Ask Zv `i wbr f~wg Z cybe vwmz nq wb (Roy 2000e: 174) Ggwbfv e Af š ixyfv e vbvš wiz K qk nvrvi Avw`evmx GLbI Avkªq Avi Avevm bi msmöv g wjß Zv `i g a i q Q DËi Kvmvjs msiw Z ebvâ ji AwaevmxivI (Roy 2000e: 177) G `i A b KB GLb Acywó Avi ivm-gnvgvixi wkkvi cöz fv e mswk-ó 1997-Gi Pzw³ Z Af š ixyfv e f~wgpz Z `i e vcv i `y Uv c` c mivmwi D j-l Kiv n q Q G jvi cö_gwu n Q Af š ixy ev Pz Z RbM Yi cybe vm bi Rb mikvi KZ K MwVZ kiyv_ x welqk Uv dvm Ges Aci c` cwu n Q f~wg Kwgkb övcb, mb Kwgkb f~wg e`lj I Ab vb RwUjZvi MÖnY hvm Z wiz mgvavb cö`vb Ki e cö_ g Uv dv m i cöavb wn m e wq jb iv½vgvwu Rjvi ZrKvjxb msm` m`m f~wgpy Z RbM Yi GKwU ZvwjKv ZLb cöyxz n qwqj wkš cök Z A _ Zv `i cybe vmb Z_v RxweKv, ^v I wk vi Pvwn`v c~i Y Zgb Kvb c` cb MÖnY Kiv nq wb evovwj emwz vcbkvixiv Pzw³ Abyhvqx Avf š ixb D v i Aš MZ wkbv m-wel q wezk welqwu K AviI RwUj K i Zz j Q (Roy 2000e: 176) bewbe vwpz wegbwc mikvi GLbI Uv dv m i cöavb wn m e KvD K wb qvm `q wb Ges G e vcv i Zv `i cwikíbv ev ` wófw½i Rvbv hvq wb vbxq AvBb, cöpwjz ixwz-bxwzi Dci wfwë K i f~wg msμvš AvBwb RwUjZv wbim b f~wg Kwgkb MV bi NvlYv `qv n ji Ryb 2002 ch š GB Kwgkb Zvi Kvh μg ïi K i wb 2001 mv j ZrKvjxb AvIqvgx jxm mikvi Avg j Kwgkb MVb I cö qvrbxq gzv cö`v bi Rb GKwU AvBb cöyxz nq hv cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` KZ K cöz vl vz n q Q KviY AvBbwU Z Kwgk bi Pqvig vb K wbi¼zk gzv `qv n q Q hvi Øviv Ab m`m iv HK g Z DcbxZ n Z bv cvi j wzwb h Kvb wm vš P~ovš Ki Z cv ib 19 we ivax ` j _vkvkvjxb wegbwc NvlYv `q h, 1997 mv ji Pzw³ cve Z RbMY K AZ wak Qvo cö`vb K i Q ciez x mg q cve Z Pzw³i e vcv i wegbwci Ae vb wkqyuv bgbxq n q M j f~wg msμvš Bmy mn i Z c~y wel q Zv `i cök Z g bvfve RbM Yi Kv Q ARvbv i q M Q Gme ev ezv wzmö Avw`evmx `i AviI AwbðqZvi g a V j w` Q wkíwfwëk BRviv AwZ mv cöwzk Kv ji GKwU c` ci d j Avw`evmxiv Zv `i f~wg _ K wezvwoz n Q Zv nj cve Z GjvKvi evb ii kniwfwëk evovwj Awaevmx `i Kv Q evwywr K Ges 2001 m bi cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil `i Pqvig vb Gi R we jvigv Gi mwnz mv vrkvi 38

50 Kg KvÛ I wkí vc bi Rb f~wgi `xn gqvw` BRviv cö`vb Gme BRvivi AwaKvsk cö`ë n q Q ev `ievb Rjvq Ges wkqy cwigv Y LvMovQwo I iv½vgvwu Rjvq g~jz Zv n q Q 1980 mv ji w` K Avw`evmx `i Øviv Ryg Ges hš_ eb wn m e e eüz f~wg jv wb qb g~jz cö kœi D `ªK n q Q BRviv `vbkvixiv KLbI Zv m irwg b cwi`k b K i bv e j KD KD cök Z Rwgi (cvnvox) gvwj Kiv GLbI f~wg jv `Lj K i Av Q Ab `i Rwg _ K D Q` niqvi Rb wksev `~ i m i hviqvi Rb Pvc cö qvm Kiv n q Q Gme Rwgi AwaKvsk A_ jmœxkvix cöwzôv bi Kv Q FY MÖn Yi Rb eük `qv n q Q, Avi Lye Aí RwgB BRviv Pzw³i aviv Abyhvqx ebvqb ev Ab vb D ` vm ev evq b e eüz n Q mgm vwu AgxgvswmZB i q M Q cövk wzk M vm I Zj AbymÜvb cve Z PÆMÖv g me cö_g f~k ú Rwic ïi nq 1980 mv ji w` K eûrvwzk Kv úvwb kj Gi ZË veav b wkš cve Z PÆMÖv g ivr bwzk Aw izv Avi msnv Zi Kvi Y Zv cwiz ³ NvwlZ nq 1990-Gi w` K Av gwikvi iwr ªvW Kv úvbx BDbvB UW gwiwwqvb wjwg UW cybivq Rwic ïi K i Kv úvwbwu c i Av ikwu gvwk b Kv úvbx BDwb Kvj- Gi A½xf~Z nq ` ki cöpwjz AvBb Abyhvqx f~-mf h Kvb wkqyi, GK QÎ AwaKvix n Q GKgvÎ mikvi hw`iev 1989 mv ji cve Z Rjv ( vbxq mikvi) cwil` AvBb Abymv i mswk-ó cve Z Rjv cwil` h Kvb LwbR Avni Yi jf vsk cviqvi `vwe`vi aviyv Kiv n Q, GwU Qvov mikvi ev LwbR AbymÜvb cöwzôv bi mv _ Avi Kvb ai bi evsvcovi AeKvk bb ejv n Q, cve Z PÆMÖv g BD bvk ji hvezxq Kvh μg μq K i Qb GK mšw` kl whwb A`~i fwel Z cve Z PÆMÖv g M vm AbymÜvb Kvh μg ïi Ki eb Z e AbywgZ h, ivr ^i wnm v ev D Ëvjb e e v, wwªwjs mvb Ui Ges M vm-jvbb GjvKvq emevmkvix `i Dci Gi cöfve, vbvš iy, cybe vmb, wzc~iy cö`vb cöf wz wel q cve Z PÆMÖv gi bzv `i mv _ Kvbiƒc Av jvpbv ev HKgZ cöwzwôz nq wb M vm AbymÜvb ev K~c Lbb Kvh μ gi bwzevpk cöfv ei me vwak wkkvi hviv n e Zviv cve Z Ryg Pvlx h nzz Ryg Pvlxiv Zv `i Rwgi Kvb iwr ªvW Pzw³c Îi AwaKvix bq ZvB Avw_ K wzc~i Yi Î Zviv Pig ˆel g i wkkvi n Z cv i wøzxqz h nzz cövk wzk M vm I Zj GKwU `vn c`v_, ZvB AbymÜvb Kvh μ gi GjvKvq Ryg Pvl e vckfv e wbqwš Z wksev cy ivcywi wbwl n Z cv i KviY Ryg Pv li cö ywz c e Av b w` q R½j cvov bv nq K~c GjvKv I cvbc jvbb GjvKv _ K wpiz i D Q `i Avk¼vq welqwui Dwo q `qv hvq bv LwbR AbymÜv bi cwi ekmz cöfvei `vi Yfv e wzmö Ki e vbxq RbMY K hw` GB welq jv b vh fv e gxgvsmv Kiv bv nq Zvn j LwbR AvniY Kg m~wp bzzb K i vbpz wz Avi Aw izvi Rb ` e Zv 1997-Gi cve Z Pzw³i AvIZvq hv wkqy AR b Zv K wzmö 39

51 Ki e h A ^ Q cöwμqvq LwbR AvniY Kv úvwb jv Zv `i Kvh μg cwipvwjz K i Ges AwaKvsk mikv ii h Amwnòz g bvfve, Zv Z K i cve Z PÆMÖv gi vbxq RbMY I cve Z vâ ji cwil`mg~ ni c Kvh Ki ga Zv Kiv GKwU KwVb e vcvi we `wk cöwzôvb Øviv LwbR AbymÜvb Kvh μg GLbI RvZxq ch v q GKwU wezwk Z Bmy KviY D P AvniY I weziy LiP Ges vbxq ch v q Pvwn`vc~i Yi welqwui Rb KZUv m ú` msi Y Kiv n e Zv GLbI wezwk Z cî-cwîkvi mv cöwzk cöwz e`b _ K Rvbv hvq, mikvi welqwu K RbM Yi gzvg Zi DciB Q o w` q Q 20 GwU K cve Z PÆMÖvgevmxi Rb GKwU BwZevPK AMÖMwZ e jb a i bqv hvq KviY G Z K i cve Z evmxiv gvbevwakvi j Nb I m ve cwi ek wech q Gov bvi j `b-`ievi Kivi Rb cö Z niqvq mgq cv e ivrv `evkxl ivq DRviK Z DPz f~wgi eb 20 9,10,11 deª qvix 2002 XvKv RvZxq msev`cî The Daily Star, `Lyb 40

52 mvz msnvz Aemvb : cve Z Pzw³ 1997-Gi AvIZvq I AvIZv-ewnf~ Z cš vq AbvevwmK e `vew evwzjkiy f~wg msμvš Dc ivwj-wlz wpwýz mgm v jvi wkqy 1997 mv ji cve Z Pzw³ Z cöz fv e, wkqy c iv fv e Av jvwpz I wb ` wkz n q Q Avevi wkqy wkqy welq G Kev ib D cw Z _ K Q Pzw³i ey bv g Z, cve Z vâ ji A-evwm `v `i bv g BRvivK Z Kv bv Rwg `k eq ii ewk mgq Ae eüz _vk j Zvi BRviv evwzj e j MY n e bemwvz cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvjq _ K G wel q e e v MÖnY Ki Z ivr ^ Kg KZ v I WcywU Kwgkbv `i wb ` k cö`vb Ki ji Kvh Z G wel q Zgb Kvb AMÖMwZ nq wb h nzz welqwu f~wg gš Yvj qi, cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvj qi bq, ZvB G msμvš hvezxq wb ` k m ez f~wg gš Yvj qi gva gb Rvwi niqv evãyxq wqj G cöm ½ D j-l Kiv cö qvrb, Pzw³i kz ei Ljvc K i h me f~wg `k eq ii Kg mgq a ii Ae eüz c o Av Q m jvi BRvivI evwzj n Z cv i G e vcv i gš x cwil `B wm vš M nxz n Z n e A_P cve Z Pzw³i GB i Z c~y wel q bzzb mikvi wbðzc f~wgkv cvjb K i Avm Q ev½vjx emwz vcb Kg m~wpi gva g cvnvox `i f~wg e`l ji welqwu Pzw³ Z mivmwi ewy Z nq wb cvnvox `i ivr bwzk msmvb RbmsnwZ mwgwzi m`m `i e³e Abyhvqx evovwj emwz vcbkvix `i cve Z PÆMÖv gi evb i cybe vm b mikvi gšwlkfv e m Z n qwqj, hw`i c~e ezx AvIqvgx jxm mikvi welqwu cy ivcywi A ^xkvi K i Q 21 m hvb nvk Avgiv a i wb Z cvwi, welqwu c iv fv e f~wg Kwgkb-Gi weav b Ges AvswkKfv e f~wgnxb Avw`evmx `i f~wg eiv Ïi gva g gvkv ejv Kiv n q Q GZme m Ë I f~wg Kwgkb Ges f~wgi Aby`vb welqwu KZUzKz b vh Zv cv Q Zv wbf i Ki e wb gœv³ welq jvi Dci - 21 ez gvb wegbwc bz Z vaxb mikvi KZ K ev½vjx emwz cbkvix `i K cve Z PÆMÖvg i evb i cybe vwmz Kivi evcviuv AwaKZi m vebvnxb D j-l h, c~ e i wegbwc mikv ii Avg jb mswk-ó Awffvmb Kvh μg cwipvwjz nq Ges wemz wbe vp b ev½vjx emwz vcbkvix `i AwaKvskB wegbwc-gi c fvu cö`vb K i 41

53 f~wg Kwgk bi wb úwë Kvh μg cve Z f~wg Kwgkb nvb Kv U i GKRb AemicÖvß wepvicwzi bz Z MwVZ Gi Ab vb m`m iv n jb: PÆMÖvg wefvmxq Kwgkbvi (GKRb mikvwi Avgjv) wzb cve Z ivrv, wzb cve Z Rjv cwil` Pqvig vb Ges cve Z AvÂwjK cwil `i Pqvig vb Kwgk bi mwpe wn m e GKRb cvnvwo e w³i bvgi NvwlZ n q Q Kwgkb GLbI Zvi Kvh μg ïi K i wb 1997-Gi cve Z Pzw³i aviv Abymv i f~wg Kwgk bi wm v š i wei Kvb Avwcj Avgj hvm bq Ges Kwgkb cve Z PÆMÖv gi we` gvb AvBb, cö_v Ges c wzi cöwz kª vkxj _vk eb 22 Z e h_vh_ cöwμqv Z_v Kvh wewai aviv cöyxz n e Kwgkb em j Kwgk bi Pqvicvim bi gzv cö qv Mi AwaKv ii cvkvcvwk AviI Ab vb A bk welq f~wg msμvš b vh wepvi cövwß Z cöfve dj e Gi g a i q Q Z`š cöwμqv Ges cö_vmz AvBb I cövwzôvwbk AvB bi Zzjbvg~jK i Z cö`vb, Z_ -cögvy BZ vw`i Dci h welqwu me P q RwUj n q Kwgk bi mvg b `Lv ` e Zv nj GKw` K cövwzôvwbk gvwjkvbv ^ Z i AwaKvix evovwj Awaevmx Ges Ab w` K cö_vmz AvB bi AvIZvq cvnvwo RbM Yi f~wg AwaKvi Ab vb h welq jv Kwgkb KZ K gxgvsmv Ki Z n e m jv nj - gvwjkvbv wksev `Lj`vwi Z i Î mg qi Kvb ai bi c~e MvwgZv K AMÖvwaKvi `Iqv; cö_vmz AvBb I wjwlz `wj ji g a Kvi msnvz, Z_ -cögv Yi `vq (AvBbMZ Abygvb? bv cök Z Z_?), cö_vmz AvBb K AMÖvn K i emwz vc bi eivï `qvi welqwui AvBbMZ eazvi we epbvaxb emwz vcb I BRviv cö`v bi m ½ mswk-ó cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmbwewai 34 bs wewa Abyhvqx mikvi Kej evwywr K I wkí Î A vbxq `i BRviv eivï Ges emzevox vc bi Rb e `ve x w` Z cv i 23 Z e 1980 mv ji ev½vjx emwz vcb Kg m~wpi AvIZvq mikvi K wl Kv Ri Rb AwaKvsk emwz vcbkvix K e `ve x eivï K i ZvB GwU `Lvi welq Kwgkb welqwu Kxfv e gvkv ejv K i Kwgk bi AwaKvsk m`m Avw`evmx m cö`vqf~³ niqvq cö_vmz AvB bi cöwz Rviv jv mg_ b cviqvi K_v, Z e welqwu Kwgk bi Pqvg v bi gzvg Zi cöpzi cöfve we vi Ki Z cv i cvkvcvwk m`m `i ivr bwzk cö vcu Ges Zv `i RvwZ-cwiPq, c cvz ev c~e -aviyv BZ vw`i DciI welqwu wbf i Ki e aviv 5 I 6, ÔNÕ L, cve Z PÆMÖvg Pzw³ 1997 Bs cve Z PÆMÖv g ev½vjx emwz vcb Kvh μ gi ˆeaZv/A eazvi e vcv i we vwiz Av jvpbvi Rb `Lyb Roy 1997b 42

54 f~wg msμvš cöavb we iva jv AgxgvswmZ i L cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wgi m e v P, mylg Ges vwqz kxj e envi KLbB m eci bq ZvB me v MÖ cö qvrb Gi mgvavb myzivs b vq wepv ii ^v _ Ges G mkj we ivahy³ eb I f~wg Z mswk-ô GjvKvi RbM Yi Aeva wepiy Ges h_vh_ cövk wzk m ú` e env ii AwaKv K cöwzwôz Kiv cö qvrb f~wg Kwgkb Zv `i Kv Q Dc vwcz wewfbœ Bmy i MÖnY hvm myôz mgvavb w` Z cv i Z e ïaygvî AvBbMZ cš vbymvix ` wó KvY _ K AMÖmi n j f~wg we iv ai mv _ RwoZ Kvb bv Kvb c Pigfv e Am ó n Z cv i GgbwK welqwu evovwj emwz vcbkvix `i wei cvnvwo Rb Mvôx K Amwnòy K i Zzj Z cv i ZvB mikvi KB wek` cwikíbv wb q GwM q Avm Z n e hv Z K i f~wg Kwgkb hv `i `vwe AMÖvn ev cöz vl vb Ki e gvbwek ` wó KvY Z_v mgzv I b vq wepv ii Av jv K Zv `i `vwe we epbv K i cö qvr b Zv `i cybe vmb Kiv nq ebvâj Dc i Dwj-wLZ welq jv QvovI eb msμvš we iv ai ÎI 1997 mv ji cve Z Pzw³ h_vh_ Kvb w`k wb ` kbv `q wb, we kl K i msiw Z royalty cökvmwbk e e vcbvi wel q kyaygvî ebvâj _ K cövß ebr I LwbR m ú `i i qwjwu mikvi I cve Z Rjv cwil `i g a eè bi K_v ejv n q Q welqwu Aek cwi ek I eb gš Yvjq KZ K MÖnY hvm bvi n Z cv i hw` gš Yvjq GB `vex K i h, hw`i msiw Z ebvâ ji GKgvÎ KZ Z avix ZvivB bzzb msiw Z ebvâj m wói Î eb I f~wg AwaKvi msi Y KwgwU GB hyw³ nvwri K i Q h, GB cöwμqvq 1997 mv ji kvwš Pzw³ Ges 1989 mv ji cve Z Rjv cwil` AvB bi ei Ljvc n q Q h nzz cve Z Rjv cwil` K cövwzôvwbkfv e f~wg cökvm bi m e v P KZ c i gh v`v `Iqv n q Q 24 msiw Z eb m wói cöwμqv K P v jä K i nvb Kv U GK wiu wcwukb `vwlj n j nvb KvU wcwukbkvix K civgk `q welqwu mev MÖ cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil `i Kv Q Dc vc bi Rb welqwu GLbI AgxgvswmZ Ae vq c o i q Q welqwu h nzz f~wg we iva msμvš ZvB GwU f~wg Kwgk bi mvg bi Dc vwcz n Z cv i G nb cwiw wz Z welqwu AviI `xnv wqz n Z Ges fy³ fvmx RbM Yi b vq wepvi K evavmö Ki Z cv i c~ e Kvi msiw Z ebvâj msμvš we iva jv cve Z Pzw³ Z vb cvq wb ZvB mikvi Zvi ez gvb eb e e vcbv bxwzi cwiez b bv Ki j welq jv eq ii ci eqi cöjw ^Z n Z cv i ez gvb cöeyzv ` L g b nq, G ai bi cwiez b Lye ZvovZvwo n e bv we kl K i 24 Dc iv³ eb I f~wg AwaKvi msi Y KwgwUi ZvwiL wenxb GKwU wjd j Ui g a `vex Kiv n q Q h, Av jvp byzb msiw Z eb NvlYvi cöwμqvwu cve Z PÆMÖvg kvmb wewa 1900 Ges 1987 m bi eb AvB bii cwicš x 43

55 AwZ m cöwz eb AvBb 2000 (ms kvwaz)-gi m~î g Z mikvi Av Mi g ZvB eb e e v&cbvq Zvi bri`vwi I cywjwk Kvh μg envj ivl Z Pvq bzzb K i ebf~wgi cvk ezx f~wg jvi e e vcbv msμvš Kvh μ g eb wefvmxq Kg KZ v `i bri`vwi I cywjwk gzvi kw³e w G welq KB wbwðz K i Q h mikvi cö_vmz f~wg AwaKvi K Kvb Ae v ZB MÖvn Ki Z Pvq bv, kª v Zv `~ ii K_v (Roy & Halim 2001a) 2000 mv ji eb (ms kvabx) AvBb Aek cövwzôvwbkfv e mvgvwrk eb e e vcbv aviyv K Aš fy ³ Kiv n q Q Zv AskMÖnYg~jK Kg KŠkj K mgybœz K i m vebvi bzzb Øvi D vpb Ki Z cv i wkš GB j i me bvk NwU q Q mvgvwrk ebvq bi bv g Av` Z ebwefv Mi Aax b evwywr K ebvqb m wói cwikíbv Lmov mvgvwrk ebvqb AvB bi mgv jvpbv Ki Z wm q eb GjvKvi evwm `v, Avw`evmx msmvb, cwi ekwe` Ges GbwRIiv GB AvB b ewy Z ÒmvgvwRKÓ I ebwelqk Dcv`vbmg~n K bvgme ^ e j AwfwnZ K i Qb Zuviv mvgvwrk ebvqb cök í AskMÖnYKvix `i AwaKvi K AviI my úófv e ^xk wz w` Z G AvB bi ms kvab `vwe K i Qb (Roy & Halim 2001) GLb A c vi cvjv Kxfv e welqwu gvkv ejv Kiv nq ms kvwaz Lmov AvBbwU cvkvcvwk Kivi c~ e GwWwei (G ` ki ebvqb Kvh μ g e nr Askx`vi) gzvg Zi Rb cöwiz n q Q e j Rvbv M Q mikvwi e e vaxb ebmg~ ni e wbab iva ev Zvi gvîv Kgv bvi Rb `ybx wz I Pzwi iv ai cvkvcvwk eb e e vcbv I i Yv e Y Kvh μ g vbxq RbM Yi Aš fy w³ Ri wi wøzxqwui ev evqb Zzjbvg~jK mnrzi n e hw` mikvi Zvi Kvj bvc hvmx, ivóª Kw `ªK eb e e vcbv bxwz Z cwiez b Avb Z cv i ïaygvî hš_ e e vcbvq vbxq RbM Yi AskMÖnYB bq cvkvcvwk mkj ebr m ú` Drcv`b e e vq RbM Yi cöz jf vskcövwß AvR me ii Avw`evmx RbMY, GbwRI I cwi ekwe` `i `vwe Z D PvwiZ n Q 25 hw` GB e e v M nxz bv nq Zvn j AvMvgx `k K wksev ZviI Kg mg q mikvwi e e vaxb eb Ges ebevmvb aÿsmcövß n e cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmxiv eb e e vcbv Ges e I euvk Pv l Zuv `i ` Zvi cwipq i L Qb vbxq RbM Yi AwfgZ Ges G RÛv 21 Abymv i I Rxe-ˆewPÎ Pzw³i AvIZvq GB mbvzbx jvkr Ávb, AwfÁZv I D veb kw³i h_vh_ ev vevqbb n e mk ji Rb g½jrbk 25 Av jvp `vex mg~n wewfbœ ii RbM Yi me m wzμ g M nxz iv½vgvwu NvlYvcÎ 1998 (19/08/98) Ges XvKv eb NvlYv cî 2001 (09/06/01) Gi Ab Zg `vex D j-l h, iv½vgvwu NvlYv cîwu h m j b M nxz nq m m j b wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôxi bz e ` mn RbmsnwZ mwgwz, wegbwc I AvIqvgxjx Mi cöwzwbwa Ask MªnY K ib 44

56 cve Z Rjv cwil `i AvIZvaxb fwel r f~wg cökvmb 1997 mv ji cve Z Pzw³ cve Z PÆMÖv gi f~wg cökvmb e e vq wzbwu Myi Z c~y cwiez bi mycvwik K i Q cö_ gb D j-l, mswk-ó cve Z Rjv cwil `i m wz Qvov Kvb ai bi f~wg eivï, e `vew, n vš i ev AwaMÖnY Kiv hv e bv wøzxqz, f~wg cökvm bi welqwu cve Z Rjv cwil `i n vš i welqk ZvwjKvq Aš fy ³ n Z n e m e vcwi cve Z Rjv cwil` nwg vb Ges Ab vb ivr ^ Kg KZ v Gi Dci mv K j wpd I Rjv cªkvmk `i mv _ KZ Z ivl e Askx`vi n e Ryb 2002 ch š GB gzv cve Z Rjv cwil `i wbku b Kiv nq wb cve Z Rjv cwil` I cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil `i wbku h_vh_ gzv n vš ii e vcv i GB `xn m~îzv K `vi Yfv e frm bv K i Q RbmsnwZ mwgwzi bz Z cwipvwjzcve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` 26 `ª Z, mn R Ges webv LiPvq Rwgi gvwjkvbv ^Z ey S cviqv GLb vbxq Awaevmx `i Kv Q mev c v I Ab Zg cöavb `vwe Aek wbqk mgzj f~wgi Avgjvi KvQ _ K Avw`evmx cwil `i bzv `i Kv Q KZ Z n Zvš ib cve Z PÆMÖvgevmxi b vq-wepvi cövwß wbwðz Ki Z cvi e bv mywpwš Z ms vi Kvh μgb cv i Aš Z `xn w`b a i P j Avmv `yb xwz Avi AvgjvZvwš K RwUjZvi eovrv j Ave Z G ` ki RivRxY f~wgnxb `i `ybx wzi ivûmövm _ K AvswkKfv e n ji gy³ Ki Z 27 Av M A vbxq/abvevwmk RbMY Kvb Ae v ZB cve Z PÆMÖv g f~wg AwaMÖnY KY dzjx Rjvk q cvnvox grm Rxex ivrv `evkxl ivq Rb msnwz mwgwzi mfvcwz I cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil `i Pqvig vb R vwzwi `ª evwawcöq jvigv wewfbœ dviv g GB AvcwËwU Zz j Qb cve Z PÆMÖv gi we kl cökvmwbk KvVv gvi we vwiz weeiyxi Rb `Lyb Roy 2000b 45

57 Ki Z cvi Zv bv, eis cö Z K vbxq cwievi 25 GKi ch š LvmRwg cz 1971 mv ji AvBbMZ ms kva bi gva g Gi cwigvy K g Av m 5 _ K 10 GK i G weav bi Øviv A vbxq wkí vcbkvixiv 100 GKi ch š Rwg BRviv wb Z cv i AvBbMZ c` c wb q GB avivi cy ivcywi wecixzgylx cwiez b cö qvrb emikvwikiy cve Z PÆMÖv g msne ^k msnvz _ g Avmvq GB AÂ j evrvwikiy I emikvwikiy K Z ivwš^z K i Q chv qμ g AmsL hš_ I mvaviy Ryg I ebf~wg iƒcvš wiz n q P j Q emzwfuvq Ges cwiev ii gvwjkvbvaxb d ji I eb evmv b A_ vr hviv AZx Z e w³ gvwjkvbvq c-u c Z e _ n q Q ZvivB cybivq mvaviy hš_ e bi e envi _ KI ewâz n Q Ggwbfv e iv½vgvwui wbkuezx KY dyjx Rjvav ii GgbwK mb Ask A vbxq wkí D ` v³v `i Kv Q BRviv `Iqv n q Q, hv vbxqiv gvq wkkvi I evrv i PjvP ji c_ wnmv e e envi KiZ Gi d j vbxq `i m ½ msnv Zi m wó n q Q GB aviv AwZ `wi`ª `i m ú `i AwaKvi K `vi Yfv e niy K i Q ivrv `evkxl ivq cvs Lvqv gv I wkï, emš cvnvo, iv½vgvwu 46

58 AwaKš, e w³ gvwjkvbvq iwr ªxK Z RwgI GLb cy iv` g wewμ n Q Gi d j GKw` K hgb Ae vcbœ vbxq K lk mn R Zvi A_ K g~ja b cwiyz K i Z cvi Q, Ab w` K wkqy msl K A_ kvjxi cöfv ei Kv Q `wi`ª K lk Zv `i wb ` wkz g~ j Rwg wewμ Ki Z eva n Q Rwg μqkvixiv g~jz Mªvgevmx `i weëkvjx kû i AvZœxqeM Zzjbvg~jKfv e `ym g cvnvwo I DuPz GjvKvq emevmkvixiv Rwgi iwr ªxKi Yi e vcv i D ` vm MÖn Yi Kvb AAMÖn `Lv hv Qbv G ai bi `ym g cve Z GjvKvq emevmkvixiv g~jz Ryg Pvl, wkkvi I cövk wzk m ú` msmön K i RxweKv wbev n K i Giv KL bv Zv `i f~wg e`lj niqvi Kvb KviYB wpš v Ki Z cv i bv ZvB f~wg Awdm I kû i KZ v `i Nyl cö`v bi gva g Rwg iwrw ª `wjj msmö ni e vcv i Zviv D`vmxb _v K we` gvb mvgvwrk I mvs wzk cwiw wz Ges A` k gvb A ea A_ cö`vb cy iv cöwμqvwu K Av iv wejw ^Z K i Zv j A`~i fwel Z Gme RbM Yi AwaKvi- ^Z A b i B Qvi Dci wbf ikxj n q co e Gme `ym g cve Z evmx I myweav-ewâz MÖvgxY Rb Mvôxi ^v_ msi Y GLbB h_v_ e e v MÖnY Ki Z e _ n j μgea gvb AmvgÄm Av iv e vck AvKvi aviy Ki e Zv we` gvb Aw izv K we ùvi Yvb yl K i Zzj e f~wgi gvwjkvbv cö`v bi mnr cš v D veb ( hgbwu Kiv n q Q ewjwfqvq) 28 Ges hš_ Ryg, PviY f~wg Ges grm Avav i emikvwikiy cöwz ivab Kej cv i f~wgnxb RbM Yi mgm vmg~ ni AvswkK gvkv ejv Ki Z 28 ewjwfqv Z f~wgnxb Avw`evmx e w³i Kv Q Rwg e `ve x cö`v bi D Ï k WbgvK mikv ii mvnvh cyó GKwU cökí i q Q D j-l hvm h, WbgvK I ewjwfq mikvi Df qb wek kªg ms v (ILO) Gi 1989 m bi Avw`evmx I DcRvwZ welqk Kb fbkb (ILO Convention No. 169 of 1989) Aby gv`b K i Qb D³ Kb fbk b Avw`evmx (I DcRvwZ) Gi e w³mz I mgwómz cö_vwfwëk I Ab vb f~wg AwaKvi msi Yi Rb we kl weavb i q Q 47

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60 AvU Dcmsnvi 1997 mv j ^v wiz Pzw³i avivevwnkzvq eb I f~wg welqk wewfbœ Bmy Z we kl cwiez bi AZ š m vebv i q Q cve Z f~wg Kwgk bi AvBb-Kvbyb gvbwek ` wó KvY _ K f~wg gvwjkvbvi (Ges gvwjkvbv Z v Mi) eûgvwîk mgm v mgvav b h_v hvm f~wgkv ivlvq m g bvi n Z cv i ez gv b cve Z PÆMÖv g f~wg emikvwiki Yi h MwZ cök wz Zv Z cve Z A ji Ae nwjz Rb Mvôx K ewâz Kivi cöeyzv A`~i fwel Z AviI emevb n e ebvâj jv Z ebaÿs mi nvii c~ e i b vq Pj Z _vk e e j g b nq G me Kg Kv wbwðzfv e kvwš Pzw³ ciez x cybe vmb I Dbœqb aviv K e vnz Ki e Ges cvkvcvwk cwi ekmz msku K AviI MfxiZi K i Zzj e hv g~jz KvßvB euva ˆZwi, AÂj ch v q eb aÿsm Ges mv cöwzk eqi jvi Abychy³ ebvqb I Pvlvev `i ai bi dj me P q D Ø Mi welq nj G jv meb ivr bwzk Aw izv Avi msku e w Z wbqvg Ki f~wgkvq AeZxY n e G nb cwiw wz Z gvbevwakvi Kg x, Dbœqb cwikíbvwe` Ges A_ bxwzwe`mn mgv Ri wewfbœ e w³i g Z GZ`&A ji f~wg Ges Ab vb cövk wzk m ú `i mgwš^z bxwzb Kej wbwðz Ki Z cv i cve Z PÆMÖv gi m ú`mg~ ni mylg Ges cwi ekevüe e envi Z e h_vh_ ev evqb KŠkjnxb bxwz cöyqb A_ nxb h Kvb bzzb bxwz cöyq bi Kv j RbMY we kl K i K lk, e emvqx, Rbm cö`v qi bz vbxq e w³, Ges mikvwi Kg KZ v `i m ú ³KiY AZ š Ri wi G ai bi h Kvb ms vi Kvh μg ev evq b cve Z PÆMÖv gi Av_ -mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Pvwn`v c~i Y hy Mvc hvmx mbvzb jvkr m ú` e e vcbv c wz Ges D vebx kw³ K cövavb w` Z n e m e vcwi G bxwz K n Z n e RvwZ I kªyx wbwe k l myôz Ges bvix elg we ivax ivr bwzk bzv, `vzv `k I ms vi Kv Q GB welqwu h_vh_ I ewjô hyw³-z K i gva g Dc vcb Ki Z n e h G ai bi mgwš^z bxwz I Kg cwikíbvq Kej cve Z RbMY Z_v mvgwmökfv e evsjv ` ki RbM Yi Rb Kj vyki n e 49

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66 jlk cwiwpwz Rb 1959 PÆMÖvg I iv½vgvwu Z K U Q zj I K jr Rxeb hy³iv R i K U wek we` vjq _ K AvB b mœvzk Ges jû bi Bb&m Ae KvU zj Ae j (wjskb&r Bb) _ K evi GU j wwwmö AR b K ib cvkvcvwk AvBb wel q i q Q A ªªwjqvi jv Uªve wek we` vj qi ww c-vgv ivrv `evkxl ivq 1977 mvj _ K AvswkK ^kvwmz cve Z PÆMÖvg A j mv K j wpd ev ivrv wn m e `vwqz cvjb Ki Qb cökvmwbk mv K j GjvKvi (cövq mgmö iv½vgvwu Ges LvMovQwo cve Z Rjvi Askwe kl) f~wg, LvRbv Ges DcRvZxq wepvi cökvmb cwipvjbv Zvi `vwq Z i Ab Zg PvKgv ivrv wn m e c`vwakvi e j wzwb Rjv cökvmk, iv½vgvwu I LvMovQwo cve Z Rjv cwil`, cve Z PÆMÖvg Dbœqb evw Ges cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvj qi Dc `óv wn m e `vwqz iz i q Qb cve Z PÆMÖvg f~wg Kwgk bi m`m wn m ei (c`vwakvi e j) wzwb wb qvwrz _vk eb ivrv ivq 1988 mvj _ K XvKv Rjv RR Av`vjZ Ges 1991 mvj _ K nvb Kv U AvBb ckvq wb qvwrz i q Qb cwi ek, Dbœqb I gvbevwakvi msμvš wewfbœ Avš R vwzk Bmy Z I Kvh μ g wzwb mwμqfv e hy³ GiB avivevwnkzvq wzwb RvwZms Ni wewfbœ A½ ms vi wbqwgz ev K AskMÖnY K ib ` k I we ` k Avw`evmx RbM Yi AwaKvi Av`vq msμvš wel q wzwb GKRb mwμq cöe³v ez gv b wzwb RvZxq Avw`evmx mgš^q KwgwUi AvnŸvqK, cve Z PÆMÖvg GbwRI dviv gi mfvcwz Ges iv½vgvwu-wfwëk ^ Qv mex ms v UB½vi mfvcwzi `vwqz cvjb Ki Qb `k-we ` ki wewfbœ Rvb v j f~wg AwaKvi, Avw`evmx RbMY, Avw`evmx ms wz I cwi ek welqk Zuvi ek wkq~ cöeü cökvwkz n q Q 55

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