BDwbU 1 dmj msi Y I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz BDwbU 1 dmj msi Y I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz evsjv ` ki AvenvIqv dmj Drcv` bi Rb hgb Dc hvmx Zgwb dm ji wzki cvkvgvko

Prepis

1 BDwbU 1 dmj msi Y I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz BDwbU 1 dmj msi Y I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz evsjv ` ki AvenvIqv dmj Drcv` bi Rb hgb Dc hvmx Zgwb dm ji wzki cvkvgvko, Bù yi, ivmevjvb, AvMvQv BZ vw`i eske w i Rb I mnvqk Gme wzki cövyx I Dw ` K Avc` ejv nq Gme Avc` KZ K dm ji cöf Z wzmvwaz n q _v K GK Rwi c `Lv M Q h, G ` k cövq 600 ai bi cvkv gvko dm ji wzmvab K i _v K GQvov cvkv gvko I wewfbœ Avc` Øviv MvjvRvZ km I kzkiv cövq 5-8 fvm cöwz eqi webó n Q GK m~ Î Rvbv M Q h, KxUcZ½ I Ab vb Avc` Øviv dm ji h cwigvy wzmvwaz nq Zv iva Ki Z cvi j we `k _ K Avi Lv` km Avg`vwb Ki Z n Zv bv myzivs dmj msi Yi Rb cvkv wbqš Y Ki Z M j cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz Rvbv Avek K KviY `gb c wz me cvkvi Rb GKiKg bq GB BDwbU cvv Ki j Avcwb dmj msi Y m ú K aviyv, K wl Z cvkv gvk oi iæz, cvkvi ` ni wewfbœ As ki cwiwpwz, cvkvi wewfbœ gylveqe I Zv `i weeiy, cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi cvlv, cv I ï½ Ges Zv `i weeiy w` Z cvi eb cvv 1.1 dmj msi Y m ú K aviyv G cvv k l Avcwb km msi Yi msáv w` Z cvi eb dm ji wewfbœ Avc `i bvg D jøl Ki Z cvi eb Kvb& Avc` Øviv dm ji Kx cwigvy wz nq Zv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb evsjv ` ki AwaKvsk jvk K wli Dci wbf ikxj kzkiv 63 fvm jvk wewfbœ cökvi dm ji Pvlvev` K i _v K G ` ki weivrgvb AvenvIqv dmj Drcv` bi Rb hgb mnvqk Zgwb wewfbœ cökvi Avc `i Rb I AbyK j cöfve d j _v K GB wzki Avc` A_ vr cvkv gvko, ivmevjvb, AvMvQv, Bù yi, wkqvj, cvwl cöf wzi AvµgYRwbZ q wz _ K dmj i v Kiv Ges Zv `i eskwe Ív i evav cö`vb Kiv K km msi Y ejv nq e vck A _ dmj K Z Lvgv i I `v g D jøwlz Avc `i nvz _ K i v KivB n jv km msi Y dmj K Z Lvgv i I `v g Avc `i nvz _ K i v KivB n jv km msi Y K lk gv_vi Nvg cv q d j I A bk K ó DcvwR Z UvKv cqmv LiP K i Zvi Rwg Z dmj Drcv`b K i A_P wzki cvkv gvko Aí mg qi g a B m dmj bó K i w` Z cv i GgZve vq K l Ki `yt Li Kv bv mxgv _v K bv D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq, av bi kxlkvuv j`v cvkvi AvµgY e vck n j kzkiv 80 _ K 100 fvm ch ší av bi kxl bó n q _v K Rwi c `Lv M Q h, cvkvi Avµg Y cöwz eqi ` k M o kzkiv 10 _ K 15 fvm ch ší dmj gv VB bó nq KxUcZ ½i Avµg Y h ïay gvv dmjb bó nq Zv bq Lv` I exr wn m e e env ii Rb msiw Z MvjRvZ km I KxUcZ½ Øviv wzmö n q _v K cöwz eqi kzkiv cövq 5 _ K 8 fvm ch ší MvjvRvZ Lv` km KxUcZ½ Øviv bó nq GK cwimsl v b `Lv M Q h, ïay mikvix `v gb cöwz eqi cvkvi Avµg Y GK j Ub Lv` km bó nq G Z h weivu ai bi GKUv wz n Q Zv Z Kv bv m `n bb cvkv-gvk oi g Zv ivm-evjvbi Avgv `i ` k k m i e vck wz K i _v K k m i ivm m úwk Z ch vß M elyv Avgv `i ` k nqwb ` ki weivrgvb AvenvIqvq dm ji ivm Rxevby hgb- QÎvK, e vk Uwiqv, fvbivm, K wg, gvb KvcøvRgv cöf wzi eu P _vkv I esk e w i Rb AZ ší mnvqk d j G ` k cövq

2 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb KxUcZ ½i P q AvKv i eo h mg Í giæ`ûx cövyx dmj ev dmj RvZ Ges Ab vb wrwb li cöf Z wzmvab K i _v K Zv `i K AwbóKvix giæ`ûx cövyx e j cö Z K dm j ivm evjvb Gi cöv`yf vi AZ ší e vck G ch ší evsjv ` k 162 cökv ii Avevw` dm j (ebr e mn) 682 wu iv Mi AvµgY nq e j Rvbv M Q Ges Gi g a 291 wu ivm K cöavb I km nvwbi gvivz K KviY wn m e g b Kiv nq Gme iv Mi Avµg Y cöwz eqi evsjv ` k cövq 720 KvwU UvKvi dmj (ebr e mn) bó n Q we klá `i g Z G wn me AZ ší mskxy fv e Kiv n q Q cök Z wn m e Gi cwigvy AviI ewk n e cvkv-gvko I ivm-evjvb Øviv hgb km nvwb N U, AvMvQvI Zgwb k m i djb I bmzgvb Kwg q `q dm ji Z cö qvrbxq cwigvy mkj DcKiY mieivn Kiv m Ë I ïaygvî AvMvQv dm ji Drcv`b kzkiv 30 fvm Kwg q `q KviY AvMvQv gvwu _ K cywó Dcv`vb bqv QvovI Ab vb Kvh vejx Z dm ji mv _ cöwz hvwmzv K i _v K ZvQvov AvMvQv m Pi cvwb I ivmvqwbk mv ii Kvh KvwiZv kzkiv fvm Kwg q `q Ges KxUcZ½ `g bi e qi kzkiv fvm evwo q `q KxUcZ ½i P q AvKv i eo h mg Í giæ`ûx cövyx dmj ev dmj RvZ Ges Ab vb wrwb li cöf Z wzmvab ev Awbó K i _v K, Zv `i K AwbóKvix giæ`ûx cövyx ev giæ`ûx Avc` e j hgb - Bù yi, wkqvj, mrviæ, KvVweovjx, cvwl cöf wz Bù yi n jv dm ji GKwU we kl kµ cöwz eqi Bù yi gvv I `vgrvz k m i cöpzi wz K i _v K GK M elyvq `Lv M Q h, Bù yi gv Vi M gi kzkiv cövq 12 fvm wz K i _v K hvi cwigvy cövq 77 nvrvi Ub mvaviy wn m e `Lv M Q h, `yb GKi RwgIqvjv GKRb K l Ki gv V 300 UvKv Ges N i 100 UvKvi dmj Bù yi webó K i _v K Bù yi cöwz eqi Avgv `i ` k 300 _ K 480 KvwU UvKvi m ú` bó K i evsjv ` k Bù yi RvZxq cövyx Øviv cöwzeqi b~ bzg c 10 j Ub Mg, 110 j Ub ivcv Avgb I 20 j Ub Rwj Avgb avb wzmö nq Bù yi Øviv wzi bgybv wb P ms c Zz j aiv n jv 1. Bù yi RvZxq cövyx `vgrvz km hgb Pvj, Wvj, Mg Ges gvvkm hgb avb, Mg, Avbvim, AvL, bvwi Kj BZ vw`i wzmvab K i _v K 2. Giv gvby li Lv ` fvm emvq Ges Zvi AcPq NUvq G `i gjg Î Øviv Lv` `ªe bó nq Ges Zv gvby li e env ii Abyc hvmx n q c o 3. Giv Kvco- Pvco, AvmevecÎ, e vm, ˆe`ÿ wzk Zvi BZ vw` K U bó K i 4. Bù yi gvby li Rb eû gvivz K ivm hgb cøm iv Mi Rxevby enb K i Ges Zvi msµgy NUvq cöwzeqi wkqvj cövq 483 KvwU UvKvi dmj I M ncvwjz RxeRš bó Ki Q 5. Bù y ii wkqy wkqy cörvwz gvwu Z MZ Luvovq AZ ší cuz GRb eû euva, eox euva, AvBj, cyj BZ vw` AKv j aÿsm nq wkqvji dm ji wz K i _v K wkqvj AvL, f Æv, Pxbvev`vg, ZigyR, ev½x, KuvVvj, Avbvim BZ vw` dmjmn nuvm-gyimx, Miæ, fov, QvMj BZ vw`i ev Pvi wzmvab K i wkqvj AvL dm ji Rb GKUv gvivz K AwbóKvix giæ`ûx cövyx Gi Øviv cöwz eqi G ` k cövq 10-24% AvL dmj wzmö nq GK Rwi c `Lv M Q h, cöwzeqi wkqvj cövq 483 KvwU UvKvi dmj I M ncvwjz RxeRš bó Ki Q wkqvj gvby li Rb I h _ó wzki Gi Kvg oi d j iwem, wu Ubvm cöf wz ivm nq Ges j Þv úvb ivwmmmn A bk ai bi ivmrxevby Qovq Li Mvm ØvivI A bk km ev dmj wzmö nq Giv ev½x, ZigyR BZ vw`i cvzv Lvq, MvjAvjy Lvq GgbwK Avbvi mii wzmvab K i _v K evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 2

3 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz KvVweovjx mvaviyz wewfbœ dj L q Ges K U Zvi wzmvab K i _v K GQvov Giv wewfbœ Mv Q hgb bvwi Kj Mv Q MZ ev duvki ˆZwi K i mlv b emevm K i Gi d j MvQ h _ó wzi mb ylxb nq wzki giæ`ûx cövyx `i g a cvlxi dm ji h _ó wz K i _v K hgb- KvK, wuqv, gqbv, kvwjk, Po~B, KeyZi, eveyb cöf wz gv V exr ecy Kivi ci cvwl exr jv L q d j ev Pviv MRv j Pviv Dc o d j hgb- MgexR jvmv bvi ci m Z kvwjk I Po~B qi Dc`ªe e o hvq cvkv av b wuqv, eveyb cvwl Ges cvkv gwip I U g Uv Z wuqv cöavb AwbóKvix cvwl `vgrvz Kivi Rb hlb dmj ïkv bv nq ZLb Zv wewfbœ cökvi cvwl Øviv wzmö nq hgb- avb ïkv bvi mgq gv V ev DVv b kvwjk, KeyZi, Po~B, KvK cöf wz cvwli Dc`ªe e o hvq mvigg t evsjv ` ki AwaKvsk jvk K wli Dci wbf ikxj K lk Kó K i h dmj Drcv`b K i Zv gv V I `v g wewfbœ cökvi Avc` Øviv bó n q _v K hgb KxUcZ½, ivm-evjvb, AvMvQv, Bù yi, wkqvj, cvwl cöf wz Avc` dmj K Gme Avc `i nvz _ K i v KivB nj km msi Y cöwz eqi Gme Avc` Øviv dm ji cöpzi cwigvy wzmvwaz n Q UvKvi wn m e Zv GK weivu As K wm q `uvov e Zv Z Kv bv m `n bb GK Z _ Rvbv M Q h, Gme Avc` Øviv dm ji h cwigvy wzmvab n Q Zv iva Ki Z cvi j we `k _ K Avi Lv` km Avg`vwb Ki Z n Zv bv zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 3

4 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb cv VvËi g~j vqb mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b K. evsjv ` k cövq KZ ai bi cvkv-gvko dm ji wzmvab K i _v K? i) 400 ii) 500 iii) 600 iv) 700 L. iv Mi Avµg Y cöwz eqi G ` k KZ KvwU UvKvi dmj bó nq? i) 1000 KvwU UvKvi ii) 720 KvwU UvKvi iii) 900 KvwU UvKvi iv) 2000 KvwU UvKvi 2 mz n j ÔÔmÕÕ Ges wg_ v n j ÔÔwgÕÕ wjlyb K. cvlx A giæ`ûx cövyx L. wkqv ji Kvg o iwem ivm nq 3 ïb vb c~iy Kiæb K. Bù yi iv Mi Rxevby enb K i L. av bi kxl KvUv j`v cvkvi AvµgY e vck n j kzkiv fvm av bi kxl bó nq 4 GK K_vq ev ev K DËi w`b K. `ybwu giæ`ûx Avc `i bvg wjlyb? L. cvkvi Avµg b cöwz eqi kzkiv KZfvM dmj gv VB bó nq? evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 4

5 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz cvv 1.2 K wl Z KxUcZ ½i iæz G cvv k l Avcwb KxUcZ ½i wzki w`k m ú K e vl v Ki Z cvi eb KxUcZ ½i DcKvix cöfve ey bv Ki Z cvi eb KxUbvkK e env ii d j g~l KxUcZ½ aÿsm n ji ciezx Z MŠY cvkvb Avevi g~l cvkv wn m e AvµgY K i _v K evsjv `k K wl cöavb `k G ` ki kzkiv 80 fvm jvk K wli Dci mivmwi wbf ikxj K wl ej Z ewki fvm Î dmj Drcv`b KB eysv bv n q _v K Avi G Drcv`b AvaywbK K wl cöhyw³ e env ii Dci wbf ikxj K wl Î Avw`Kvj _ KB gvbyl KxUcZ ½i mv _ msmövg K i Avm Q ZeyI Gi mv _ Kzwj q IVv m e n Q bv bvbv ikg cöwzk j Ae vi g a I Giv wu K hv Q Ges G `i esk K evwo qb Pj Q KxUbvkK e env ii d j g~l KxUcZ½ aÿsm n ji ciezx Z MŠY cvkvb Avevi g~l cvkv wn m e AvµgY K i _v K Avevi A bk mgq KxUbvk Ki gvîv Kg niqv Z cvkv jv H KxUbvk Ki cöwz cöwz ivax n q D V hvi d j ciezx Z H KxUbvkK Rwg Z ewk gvîvq cö qvm Ki ji Kv bv dj cviqv hvq bv, eis DcKvix cvkv gvko aÿsm n q K wl Î wzki cvkvgvk oi msl v e ob P j Giv cövq me ik gi MvQcvjv, jzv- j, GgbwK z`ªvwz z`ª Dw ` cörvwz KI AvµgY K i _v K gvv ch v qi Drcvw`Z Lv` km hgb avb, Mg, cvu, kvk-mewr, gmjv, dj-g~j I A_ Kix dmj hgb- cvu, Pv, Zzjv, ebr m ú` _ K ïiæ K i `vgrvz Lv` km ch ší Giv AvµgY K i _v K Ges cöf Z wzmvab K i GK Rwi c `Lv M Q h, Kej avb dm jb 159 wui AwaK cörvwzi cvkv wzmvab K i hvi g a wu cörvwzi cvkv AwaK wzki G cvkv jv AvDk gšmy g kzkiv 24 fvm, Avgb gšmy g kzkiv 18 fvm Ges ev iv gšmy g kzkiv 13 fvm av bi wz K i _v K KxUcZ½ Drcvw`Z Lv` k m i h cwigvy wz K i _v K Zv we `k _ K Avg`vwbK Z Lv` k m i cövq wø b e j Rvbv M Q G `i AvµgY Pi g cšuq j fvm ch ší dm ji wz n q _v K G ` k weivrgvb AvenvIqv dmj Drcv` bi Rb hgb mnvqk Zgwb AwbóKvix cvkv gvko, ivm evjvb, Bù yi cöf wzi eske w i Rb I mnvqk gvbyl KZ K cö qvmk Z h Kv bv `gb e e vi weiæ Giv cöwz iva M o Zzj Z cv i Ges cöwzk j cwi e ki eu P _vk Z cv i cöwzk j cwi e k Giv AcQ `bxq Lvevi L qi Rxeb aviy Ki Z cv i cvkv gvko hfv e dm ji wz K i Zv wb œ ms c Av jvpbv Kiv nj 1. Pe bvc hvmx gy Lvcv½ wewkó cvkv Mv Qi cvzv, Kzuwo, KvÛ, Qvj I dj wpwe q L q dm ji wz K i hgb Nvm dwos, cvgix cvkv, K vuviwcjvi ch vq, c½cvj BZ vw` 2. Abywe b I kvl bvc hvmx gy Lvcv½ wewkó cvkv cvzv, Kzwo, KvÛ I dj _ K im kvly K i wb q dm ji wz K i _v K hgb Rve cvkv Gfv e mxg, mwilv dm ji wzmvab K i 3. wkqy weuj Av Q hviv KvV wq`ª K i wfz i Xz K I Kv Vi cöf Z wz K i hgb KvV wq`ªkvix weuj 4. A bk cvkvi Avµg Y Mv Qi Kv Û I cvzvq dvmkvi gz Ae vi (Cancerour growth) m wó nq hgb av bi Mj (Rice gall) 5. gvwu Z emevmkvix wkqy cvkv Av Q hviv Mv Qi wkko Ges wb Pi KvÛ K U w` q ev L q gvivz K wz K i hgb KvUzB cvkv (Cutworm) w` bi ejv jywk q _v K, wkš zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 5

6 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb mü v n jb Avjy Mv Qi wkko K U `q; DuB cvkv (Termite) I nvqvbu MÖve (white grab) Auv Li wkko L q wzmvab K i 6. A bk cvkv Av Q hviv cvzv I dz ji g a wwg c o dm ji cöpzi wz K i hgb ª eix DBwfj, wkqy wkqy weuj BZ vw` 7. wkqy wkqy cvkv Mv Qi cvzv K U evmv euv a hgb cvzv KvUv wcucov (Leaf cutting ants) 8. wkqy cvkv Av Q hv `i Dcw wzi Kvi Y Ab cvkvi AvMgb `Lv hvq hgb Rve cvkvi Dcw wz _vk j wcucovi AvMgb N U KviY Rve cvkv KZ K wbtm Z gay Lvevi Rb wcucov Av m GRb Rve cvkv K wcucovi Mvfx ejv nq G Î wcucov wkš mivmwi Mv Qi Kv bv wz K ibv Z e Zvi Dcw wz Rve cvkvi Rb K qkwu mnvqk cwiw wzi m wó K i esk e w Z mvnvh K i Ges Zv _ K MvQ Av iv ewk wzmö Í nq Gfv e Rve cvkv AvµvšÍ Mv Q wcucov c iv fv e wzmvab K i _v K 9. A bk cvkv Av Q hviv Dw `i ivm we Ív i mnvqzv K i _v K hgb cvzvi ncvi av bi Uzs iv fvbivm Qwo q _v K Rve cvkvi fvbivm enb K i wkqy wkqy cirxex cvkv Av Q hviv Ab GKwU cvkvi ` n evm K i Zv `i `~e j K i I g i d j Giƒc cirxex cvkv e envi K i Zv `i cvlk cvkv K `gb Kiv hvq A bk KxUcZ½ Av Q hv `i Kvi Y wkí M o D V Q hgb gšgvwq, ikg cvkv, jv v cvkv cvkv gvko h ïay dm ji wzb K i _v K G K_v wvk bq A bk cvkv gvko Av Q hviv K wl Î h _ó DcKvix cöfve iv L 1. A bk ci fvrx (Predator) cvkv Av Q hviv Ab vb wzki cvkv K mivmwi a i L q d j Ges K wli Dci DcKvix cöfve iv L hgb jww evw weuj (Menochilus sexmaculatus k.) Rve cvkv K a i Lvq GiKg dwos, UvBMvi weuj, MÖvDÛ weuj, cöbs g vbwuf cöf wz cvkv wzki cvkv K a i Lvq 2. wkqy wkqy cirxex (Parasite) cvkv Av Q hviv Ab GKwU cvkvi ` n evm K i Zv `i `~e j K i I g i d j Giƒc cirxex cvkv e envi K i Zv `i cvlk cvkv K `gb Kiv hvq hgb Trichogramma sp. Av Li WMvi gvriv cvkvi ww gi cirxex wn m e evm K i Zv K aÿsm K i `q Apanteles sp. cv Ui wzki weqv cvkvi ` n wwg cv o G Z weqv cvkv hlb wcd ck b hvq ZLb wcdcv _ K cv Ui weqv cvkvi g_ ei bv n q Apanteles sp. Gi c~y v½ cvkv ei nq GQvov A bk weqv cvkv `~e j n q gvivi hvq 3. dm ji civmvqb bv n j Drcv`b gvivz Kfv e e nz nz G civmvq b KxUcZ½ iæz c~y f wgkv iv L Ges djb evov Z mnvqzv K i _v K gšgvwq, cörvcwz cöf wz cvkv dm ji civmvq b mvnvh K i 4. A bk KxUcZ½ Av Q hv `i Kvi Y wkí M o D V Q hgb gšgvwq, ikg cvkv, jv v cvkv gšgvwq Avgv `i K gay I gvg `q ikg cvkv Avgv `i K wmé ev ikg `q hv Øviv g~j evb Kvco Pvco ˆZwi Kiv nq jv v cvkv Avgv `i K Mvjv `q GQvov KxUcZ ½i Mj _ K U vwbk GwmW I wkqy wkqy cömvab mvgmöxi cö qvrbxq Dcv`vb I iäk cviqv hvq Avevi A bk Î KxUcZ½ _ K JlacÎI ˆZwi n q _v K 5. A bk cvkv Av Q hviv gvwu Z evm K i Ges g wëkv evq PjvP j mnvqzv K i A b K AveR bv L q wndgvm ˆZwi Z mvnvh K i hgb w úös UBj, K vwd qv BZ vw` A bk evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 6

7 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz Mve i cvkv K wl Rwgi De izv i v I e w Z iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i Avevi g Z cvkvi kixi c P wm q gvwu Z cywó Dcv`vb hvm K i 6. dwbgbmv (Prickly pears) RvZxq AvMvQv K `gb Kivi Rb KxUcZ½ e eüz n q _v K A ªwjqv Z dwbgbmv RvZxq AvMvQv AvµvšÍ Rwg Z Av R w Ub g_ we Ívi jvf Ki j D³ AvMvQv mn RB wzmö nq K vwj dvwb qv Z m U RbmIqvU AvMvQv `g bi Rb µvb mvwjbv M Yi cvzv L Kv weuj Qwo q w` j fvj dj cviqv hvq AvMvQv `g bi GB c wz ez gv b hy³iv óªi cwðgv ivr jv Z Pvjy Av Q myzivs DcwiD³ Av jvpbv _ K GK_v úób cözxqgvb n Q h, K wl Î KxUcZ½ GKZidvfv e ïay wzb K i bv, eis h _ó DcKvix cöfvei iv L mvigg t cvkvgvko gvv dmj _ K ïiæ K i MvjvRvZ k m i ch ší cöpzi wz K i _v K wzi cwigvy Pi g cšuq j Zv kzkiv fvm ch ší n q _v K Avevi DcKvix cöfvei Kg bq A bk ci fvrx cvkv wzki cvkv K a i L q d j Ges cirxex cvkv wzki cvkvi ` n ivm m wó K i `~e j K i I g i d j GQvov gšgvwq gay I gvg w` q, ikg cvkv ikg w` q, jv v cvkv Mvjv w` q, wewfbœ cvkv dm ji civmvq b gvu K_v wewfbœfv e KxUcZ½ gvby li DcKvi mvab K i Avm Q zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 7

8 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb cv VvËi g~j vqb mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b K. Uzs iv fvbivm Kvb& cvkvi gva g we Ívi jvf K i? i) UvBMvi weuj ii) KvV wq`ªkvix cvkv iii) gšgvwq iv) cvzvi ncvi L. ci fvrx cvkv Kvb&wU? i) ikg cvkv ii) weqv cvkv iii) cöwqs g vbwuw iv) cvgix cvkv 2 mz n j ÔÔmÕÕ Ges wg_ v n j ÔÔwgÕÕ wjlyb K. KxUcZ ½i Avµgb Pi g cšuq j kzkiv 80 _ K 100 fvm ch ší dm ji wz n q _v K L. Nvm dwos cvzv _ K im kvly K i dm ji wz K i 3 ïb vb c~iy Kiæb K. DuB cvkv Av Li L q wzmvab K i L cvkv Avgv `i K Mvjv `q 4 GK K_vq ev ev K DËi w`b K. Kvb& cvkv K wcucovi Mvfx ejv nq? L. Kvb& ci fvrx cvkv Rve cvkv K a i Lvq? evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 8

9 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz cvv 1.3 cvkvi ` ni wewfbœ As ki cwiwpwz G cvv k l Avcwb cvkv I gvk oi g a cv_ K Ki Z cvi eb cvkvi gv_v, e I cu m ú K ey bv w` Z cvi eb cvkvi gy Lvcv½, ï½ I cv qi wewfbœ As ki bvg ej Z cvi eb cvkvi cvlvi mvaviy wkivweb vm m ú K aviyv wb Z cvi eb Kwei fvlvq w` b gkv iv Z gvwq G wb q eu P AvwQ Avgiv gkv gvwq KB g~jzt cvkv e j R b AvmwQ A bk QvU ejv _ K A b K Avevi cvkv gvkoi e j _v K Avm j cvkv Avi gvko m úy wfbœ Ges G `i g a h _ó cv_ K i q Q cvkvi wzbwu we kl ˆewkó Av Q, h_v 1. wzb Rvov cv _vk e, 2. gv_vq ï½ _vk e Ges 3. `n gv_v, e I cu GB wzb As k wef³ _vk e wkš gvk oi ejvq 1. Pvi Rvov cv _vk e 2. gv_vq ï½ _vk e bv Ges 3. `n mdv jv _viv (Cephalothorax) I cu GB `yb As k wef³ _vk e ï½ z`ªvw gv_v e `k AM cu cyävw jeªvg ga cðv` UviMv mvikvm g vwûej g vw jv wdgvi c yiv kvmiü vibv jweqvg cv wuweqv Uvimvm gy Lvcv ½i Ae v bi Dci wfwë K i wzb cökvi gv_v `Lv hvq hgb AatgyLx gv_v, mb ylgylx gv_v Ges cðv`gylx gv_v wpî 1.1 cvkvi evwn K MVb cvkvi ` ni wzbwu Ask Avevi ci ci KZ jv LÛ (segment) wb q MwVZ cöwzwu L Ûi c ô `k K UviMvg (eûepb- Terga), A¼xq `k K vibvg (eûepb- Sterna) Ges GB `yb As ki ga ez x Ask K cøyib (eûepb- Pleura) ejv nq cvkvi ` ni Dcwifv M KvBwUb QvovI ek wkqy c`v_ G m Rgv nq Gme c`v_ KZ jv k³ cø Ui m wó K i hv `i K m& K ivbu (Sclerite) ev m& K iv (Sclera) e j G k³ cøu jv UviMvg, vibvg I cø yi b Ae vb K i UviMv g Aew Z cøu K UviMvBU (Tergite), vibv g Aew Z cøu K vibvbu (Sternite) Ges cøyivi cøu K cøyivbu (Pleurite) ejv nq wkš ` ni Dfq w` K cvk ez x A j Kv bv m& K iv _v K bv H As k cvzjv AveiY _v K hlv b k vmiü«jv (Spiracles) Ae vb K i gv_v (Head) cvkvi gv_vq PvL, ï½ I gy Lvcv½ i q Q gy Lvcv ½i Ae v bi Dci wfwë K i wzb cökvi gv_v `Lv hvq 1. AatgyLx gv_v (hypognathous head) hlv b gy Li Dcv½ jv wb Pi w` K zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 9

10 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb gyl K i _v K 2. mb ylgylx gv_v (Prognathous head) hlv b gy Lvcv½ jv mvg bi w` K gyl K i _v K Ges 3. cðv`gylx gv_v (Opisthognathous head) hv Z gy Lvcv½ jv ` ni wb P wkš wcqb w` K gyl K i Ae vb K i cvkvi gy Lvcv ½ jeªvg ev Dc ii Iô, jweqvg ev wb Pi Iô, g vwûej Ges g vw jv _v K g vw jv memgq Kv W v, vbcm, g vw jvix cví, M vwjqv I j vwmwbqv wb q MwVZ Ges j vweqvg memgq mve g Uvg, g Uvg, wcö g Uvg, j vweqvj cví, c vivmømv I Mømv wb q MwVZ g vw jv I j vweqv gi MVb wpî mnkv i wb œ `Lv bv n jv wpî 1.2 g vw jv wpî 1.3 j vweqvg ewki fvm cz ½i cww mj Rb b A½ (Johnston s organ) bv g GK cökvi PjvP ji Rb my Abyf wz m úbœ A½ _v K hv fvimv g i Rb cö qvrb KxUcZ ½i `yôai bi ˆewkó c~y PvL i q Q t z`ªvw (eocllus) I cyävw (Compound eye) z`ªvw i msl v 3,2 ev Abycw Z Ges cyävw GK Rvov _v K G Qvov AcÖvß eq cvkv Z gvuv bv g AviI GK cökvi PvL i q Q KxUcZ½ me wrwb mi Qwe D ëvfv e ` L Ges bovpov bv Ki j wrwbmwu K wvkfv e `L Z cv i bv cvkvi gv_vi mb yl fv M `yb Pv Li ga ez x As k `yô Uv ï½ (Antenna) _v K GB ï ½i wzbwu Ask _v K h_v, c (Scape), cww mj (Pedicel) I d v Rjvg (Flagellum) ev K v fvjv (Clavola) c ï ½i cö_g Ask Ges Gi mvnv h gv_vi mv _ hy³ _v K cww mj n jv wøzxq Ask hvi ˆ`N Lye Kg Ges ewki fvm cz ½i G As k Rb b A½ (Johnston s organ) bv g GK cökvi PjvP ji Rb my Abyf wz m úbœ A½ _v K hv fvimv g i Rb cö qvrb ï ½i kl Ask n jv d v Rjvg hv me P q j ^v Ges A bk jv LÛvsk wb q MwVZ wpî 1.4 cvkvi ^vfvwek ï½ e (Thorax) cvkvi e `k AMÖe (Prothorax), ga e (Mesothorax) I cðv`e (Metathorax) GB wzb As k wef³ _v K GB wzb Ask _ K wzb Rvov cv Drcbœ nq hv g~jz cvkv nuvuv ev Pjv divi Kv R e envi K i _v K cvkvi ^vfvwek GKUv cv mvaviyz K v (Coxa), Uª K Uvi (Trochanter), wdgvi (Femur), wuweqv (Tibia), Uvimvm (Tarsus) I wcöuvimvm (Pretarsus) Ask wb q MwVZ K v cv qi cö_g Ask hvi AvK wz ewki fvm ÎB MvjvKvi Ges Gi mvnv h ` ni mv _ cv j M _v K Uª K Uvi cv qi wøzxq Ask hvi AvK wz A bk QvU GwU GKwU Kâvi mvnv h K vi m ½ ^vaxbfv e bovpov Kivi my hvm cvq wdgvi n jv cv qi me P q eo Ges kw³kvjx Ask wuweqv Lye miæ, j ^vq wdgv ii P q wkqy Lv Uv Ges Kv bv Kv bv Î eoi `Lv hvq wuweqvi klcöv ší wkqy wkqy m~² KuvUv ev jvg _v K Uvimvm mvaviyz `yb _ K cuvpwu DcLÛvs k wef³ _v K hv `i K Uvi mvwgqvi (Tarsomere) ejv nq Uvimv mi AMÖfv M cv qi kl LÛvskB nj wcöuvimvm wcöuvimvm mvaviyz m~² euvkv b Li (Claw) gz `Lv hvq Gi mvnv h cvkv m ez Kv bv wkqy AvKwo q a i ivlvi KvR K i _v K evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 10

11 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz cvkvi ga e I cðv`e _ KB `yb Rvov cvlv Drcbœ nq AMÖe _ K Kv bv cvlv m wó nq bv wpî 1.5 cvkvi cv qi wewfbœ Ask cvkvi ga e I cðv`e _ K `yb Rvov cvlv Drcbœ nq D jøl h, AMÖe _ K Kv bv cvlv m wó nq bv ewkifvm cvkvi cvlvb `L Z cvzjv c` vi gz GB cvlvi my úó GKUv KvVv gv i q Q Ges cvlvi g a A bk wkiv Av Q cvlvq Aew Z wkivi msl v I web vm c wz ` L A bk cz½ kbv³ Kiv hvq cvkvi ^vfvwek GKUv cvlvq mvaviyz j ^vjw ^ wkiv, AvovAvwo wkiv, hym wkiv, AwZwi³ wkiv I Avbylvw½K wkiv we kl wbq g mw¾z _v K wkiv jvi ga ez x vb K Kvl ejv nq Kvl jv cvlvi kl cöv šíi w` K _vk j Db y³ Kvl Ges wkiv Øviv ewóz _vk j Zv `i K e Kvl e j wwc Uiv e M i Kv bv Kv bv cvkvi cvlvi Dc i AwZm~² jvg I jwcw Þiv e M i cvkvi cvlvq jv gi cwie Z AmsL Auvk _v K Ges Kv bv Kv bv cvkvi cvlvi K vi (GKwU cöavb Awef³ wkiv) cöv ší GKUv ^ Q `vm `Lv hvq hv K w Mgv ejv nq wpî 1.6 KxUcZ ½i cvlvi mvavib wkivweb vm C =K v, Sc = mvek v, R = iwwqvm, M = wgwwqv, Cu = wkdweuvm, A =A vbvj, cvkvi e i wcq bi Ask K cu ejv nq cvkvi cu úó 11 ev 8 ev Zvi P q Kg msl K LÛvsk wb q MwVZ cu (Abdomen) cvkvi e i wcq bi Ask K cu ejv nq cvkvi cu úó 11 ev 8 ev Zvi P q Kg msl K LÛvsk wb q MwVZ AwaKvsk cvkvi cu ^vfvwekfv e 11 LÛvsk wb q MwVZ n q _v K úx RvZxq cvkvi c Ui Aóg I beg LÛvsk Ges cyiæl RvZxq cvkvi c Ui beg LÛvsk Rbb LÛvsk (Genital segment) bv g cwiwpz Gi Av Mi LÛvsk jv K cövkrbb LÛvsk (Pregenital segment) Ges c ii jv K Rb bvëi LÛvsk (Postgenital segment) ejv nq mvaviyz Aóg I beg LÛvs ki Dcv½ ev ewnivsk evwn K Rbb A½ MVb K i _v K c Ui kl cöv ší j Ri gz Ask K Ujmb (Telson) ev mvikvm (Cercus) ejv nq mvigg t cvkv I gvko m úy wfbœ wrwbl cvkvi `n gv_v, e I cu GB wzb As k wef³ gv_vq PvL, ï½ I gy Lvcv½ _v K z`ªvw I cyävw `yôai bi PvL cvkvq _v K c, cww mj I d v Rjvg bv g wzbwu Ask ï ½ ez gvb cvkvi gy L jeªvg, j vweqvg, g vwûej I g vw jv bv g Pvi ai bi Dcv½ Av Q cvkvi e `k wzb fv M wef³ h_v- AMÖe, ga e I cðv`e e ` ki wzb Ask _ K wzb Rvov cv Ges ga I cðv` e _ K `yô Rvov cvlv Drcbœ nq cvkvi cv K v, Uª K Uvi, wdgvi, wuweqv, Uvimvm I wcöuvimvm wb q MwVZ AwaKvsk cvkvi cvlvb cvzjv c` vi gz Ges GB cvlvq wewfbœ ai bi wkiv GKUv we kl wbq g mw¾z _v K cvkvi c U Rbb LÛvsk _v K zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 11

12 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb cv VvËi g~j vqb mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b K. d v Rjvg Kvb& A ½i Ask? i) cv qi ii) gy Li iii) ï ½i iv) c Ui L. cvkvi cv qi Kvb& AskwU me P q eo? i) K v ii) Uª K Uvi iii) wdgvi iv) wuweqv 2 mz n j ÔÔmÕÕ Ges wg_ v n j ÔÔwgÕÕ wjlyb K. KxUcZ ½i `yôai bi ˆewkó c~y PvL i q Q L. j vweqvg cvkvi cv qi GKwU Ask 3 ïb vb c~iy Kiæb K. UviMv g Aew Z cøu K e j L Gi AMÖfv M cv qi kl LÛvskB n jv wcöuvimvm 4 GK K_vq ev ev K DËi w`b K. cvkvi e `k Kqfv M wef³? L. K v cvkvi wk mi Ask? evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 12

13 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz cvv 1.4 cvkvi wewfbœ gylveqe I Zv `i weeiy G cvv k l Avcwb KxUcZ ½i wewfbœ cökvi gy Lvcv ½i bvg ej Z cvi eb KxUcZ ½i wewfbœ cökvi gy Lvcv ½i ey bv Ki Z cvi eb wewfbœ cökvi gy Lvcv ½i mvnv h KxUcZ½ wkfv e Lv` L q _v K Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb KxUcZ ½i gy L h mg Í Dcv½ _v K Ges Zv `i Lv` MÖnY cöwµqvq Ask bq Zv `i K gy Lvcv½ ev gy Li Dcv½ (Mouth Parts) e j hgb Dc ii Iô ev jeªvg, wb Pi Iô ev jweqvg, g vwûej, g vw jv Ges wrnÿv (Hypo-pharynx) ev Kv bv Kv bv Î AvjwRnŸv (Superlinguae) _v K G m ú K we ÍvwiZ ey bv c~ e i cv V `qv Av Q gy Li Dcv½ jv cz ½i Lv` e MÖnY Kivi Kv R mnvqzv K i _v K wewfbœ ai bi Lv ` i Rb G `i gy Lvcv½I wewfbœ ai bi n q _v K ZvB wbw` ó Kv bv ai bi gy Lvcv½ Øviv Kej wbw` ó Kv bvcökvi Lv` MÖnY KivB m e n q _v K KxUcZ ½ h mg Í ai bi gy Lvcv½ `Lv hvq Zv wb P D jøl Kiv nj 1. Pe bkvix (Chewing type) 2. KZ b I kvlykvix (Cutting and sponging type) 3. kvlykvix (Sponging type) 4. Pe b I jnbkvix (Chewing and lapping type) 5. Abywe b I PvlYKvix (Piercing and sucking type) 6. mvbdwbs ev bjvkvi (Siphoning tube type) Pe bkvix gy Lvcv½B KxUcZ ½i Rb me P q ewk Dc hvmx Ab vb h me gy Lvcv½ Av Q Zv g~jz Gi cwiewz Z iƒc Pe bkvix gy Lvcv½ G ai bi gy Lvcv ½ g vwûe&j ek k³ I mej _v K hv Lv` e K K U UzK iv UzK iv K i d j c i g vw jv I jweqvg H Lv` e K AviI P Y wep Y K i Abœbvjxi w` K V j `q dwos, Avi kvjv, cörvcwz I g _i jvf v ev ïkkxu, cif K P j cvkv, ˆmwbK wcucov cöf wz KxUcZ ½ G ai bi gy Lvcv½ `Lv hvq cök Zc G ai bi gy Lvcv½B KxUcZ ½i Rb me P q ewk Dc hvmx Ab vb h me gy Lvcv½ Av Q Zv g~jz Gi cwiewz Z iƒc G m ú K `y Uv cögvy `qv hvq GK. KxUcZ ½i mv _ IZ cövzfv e RwoZ mbwu cw Ges wmgdvbjv Z G ikg gy Lvcv½ Av Q `yb. AwaKvsk Mv Îi (Family) cz ½ Ges A bk Mv Îi cz ½i jvf v Z G ai bi gy Lvcv½ _v K KZ b I kvlykvix gy Lvcv½ wpî 1.7 Pe bkvix gy Lvcv½ zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 13

14 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb KxUcZ ½i G ai bi gy Lvcv ½i g vwûej mvaviyz aviv jv eø Wi gz n q _v K G `i g vw jv miæ I j ^v n q _v K G ikg g vwûej I g vw jvi mvnv h Nvov (WvKz) gvwq (Horse fly) Íb cvqx cövyxi Z K ev Pvgov K U d j Ges mb KvUv vb _ K h i³ ei nq Zv Zv `i jweqvg Øviv kvly K i wrnÿvi kl cöv ší cšu Q `q G RvZxq cvkvi wrnÿv I AvjwRnŸv GKms M wg j wm q GKUv bvjxi m wó K i c i i³ mb bvjxi wfzi w` q AMÖmi n q Abœbvjxi wfzi cö ek K i wwc Uiv e M i AšÍf y³ eª vkvb miv Dce M i AvIZvaxb U vevwbw RvZxq gvwq Z G ai bi gy Lvcv½ `Lv hvq kvlbkvix gy Lvcv ½ g vwûej I úó g vw jv bb Z e g vw jv K GK Rvov cv íi Øviv Kej kbv³ Kiv hvq wpî 1.8 KZ b I kvlykvix gy Lvcv½ kvlykvix gy Lvcv½ G RvZxq gy Lvcv ½ g vwûej I úó g vw jv bb Z e g vw jv K GK Rvov cv íi Øviv Kej kbv³ Kiv hvq myzivs g vwûe&j I g vw jvi Kv bv KvR bb G ai bi gy Lvcv ½ j vweqv gi ms KvPb Kivi gzv _v K Ges j vweqvg Lye gvskj _v K GB j vweqvg iƒcvšíwiz n q ïu oi AvKvi aviy K i hvi AMÖfvM cök Í _v K Ges G K j v ejv ejv nq j v ejvi Pvwiw` K A bk jv miæ miæ bvwjkv _v K j v ejv Zij Lvev ii Dci co j ev k³ Lvev ii ( hgb wpwb) Dci co j jvjvi ms ú k Zv Zij n q j v ejvi ms KvPbkxj gzv _vkvq Zvi bvwjkv w` q kvwlz nq Ges c i Zv Abœbvjxi wfzi cö ek K i N ii gvwq Z G ikg gy Lvcv½ `Lv hvq wpî 1.9 kvlykvix gy Lvcv½ Pe b I jnbkvix gy Lvcv½ evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 14

15 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz Pe b I jnbkvix gy Lvcv ½ g vw jv I j vweqvg cvkvcvwk wg j GKUv j ^v jnb wrf ev b ji (Mømv) m wó K i Mømv Øviv dz ji wfzi _ K mn R gay msmön Ki Z cv i j veªvg, j vweqvg, g vwûej I g vw jv wb q G ikg gy Lvcv½ MwVZ G ai bi gy Lvcv ½ g vw jv I j vweqvg cvkvcvwk wg j GKUv j ^v jnb wrf ev b ji m wó K i G wrf ev bj K Mømv ejv nq Mømvi `ªæZ ms KvPb I cömviy gzv _vkvq dz ji wfzi _ K mn R gay msmön Ki Z cv i A b Ki aviyv h, G RvZxq gy Lvcv½ wewkó cvkv dz ji gay msmön Ki Z wm q gay Kv li wfz i Mømv Qz o `q Ges Mømvi cövší w` q gay Pz l bq Bgm& Gi g Z Mømvi A¼xq bvjx w` q Zij Lvevi K vwcjvix kw³ Z Dc i D V Ges ckx ms KvP bi mvnv h Mømv mskzwpz n q Zij Lvevi Dc ii w` K wb q Av m evjzv, gšgvwq cöf wz cvkvq G ai bi gy Lvcv½ `Lv hvq mijv x cyäv ï½ K vbwcqvm Pvqvj c vivm mv Mwjqv jweqvj cví M wpî 1.10 Pe b I jnbkvix gy Lvcv½ Abywe b I PvlYKvix gy Lvcv½ j v ejvg G ikg gy Lvcv½ j ^v b ji gz hv mwühy³ _v K b ji g a m~ Pi gz KZ jv vb ju Ae vb K i G ai bi gy Lvcv ½ g vwûej, g vw jv Ges Kv bv Kv bv Î wrnev AvKv i miæ I j ^v n q m~ P cwiyz nq j veªvg G m~p K k³fv e Ae vb Ki Z mvnvh K i b ji evb ii AveiYUv n jv j vweqvg Lv` MÖnYKv j G ai bi gy Lvcv½ wewkó KxUcZ½ Zv `i bj ev VvU Dw ` ev cövyxi Z Ki Dci vcb K i G Z m~ Pi gz vb ju Z Ki wfzi cö ek K i Ges Dw ` ev cövyx _ K im ev i³ PvlY K i bq hgb QvZiv cvkv, Rve cvkv G ai bi gy Lvcv ½i mvnv h Dw ` _ K im PvlY K i bq Avevi Qvi cvkv,gkv cöf wz Íb cvqx cövyxi `n _ K i³ PvlY K i bq zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 15

16 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb AatMjwej g vwûej g vw jv j vweqvg j v ejv wpî 1.11 Abywe b I PvlbKvix gy Lvcv½ mvbdwbs gy Lvcv ½i cpv bv cöv evwmm muvrv K i Gi AMÖfvM Zij Lvev ii Dci vcb K i Ges Zij Lvevi U b bq mvbdwbs gy Lvcv½ G ai bi gy Lvcv ½ mvaviyz g vwûej _v K bv g vw jvi cv íi wkqy Ask i q Q Ges j veªvg Lye QvU _v K j vweqv gi Mvovi Ask Ges wzb LÛvsk wewkó cví Qvov Ab wkqyb `Lv hvq bv g vw jvi M vwjqv Ask AZ ší j ^v Ges `y Uv M vwjqv GK Î wg j GKUv miæ duvcv b ji m wó K i G bj e envinxb Ae vq gv_vi wb Pi w` K Nwoi w úös qi gz cpv bv _v K hv K cö evwmm ejv nq cpv bv cöv evwmm muvrv K i Gi AMÖfvM Zij Lvev ii Dci vcb K i Ges Zij Lvevi U b bq cörvcwz I g _ G ai bi gy Lvcv½ `Lv hvq j vweqv gi cví j veivg g vwûej cöv evwmm wpî 1.12 mvbdwbs gy Lvcv½ Abykxjb (Activity) t gvwq I gkvi gy Lvcv ½i aib Kx? Kxfv e Giv Lvevi Lvq Zvi cöwµqv ey bv Kiæb mvigg t cvkvi gy L mvaviyz jeªvg, j vweqvg, g vwûej I g vw jv bv g Dcv½ _v K Ges G jv Lv` MÖn Y mvnvh K i G Dcv½ jv cwiewz Z n q cz½ f ` wewfbœ iƒc aviy K i weavq gy Lvcv½ wewfbœ ik gi n q _v K, hgb Pe bkvix, KZ b I kvlykvix, Pe b I jnbkvix, Abywe b I PvlYKvix Ges mvbdwbs ev bjvkvi gy Lvcv½ gy Lvcv ½i aib Abyhvqx KxUcZ ½i Lv ` i aiy Lv` MÖnY cöwµqv wewfbœ n q _v K evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 16

17 cv VvËi g~j vqb mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b K. cö evwmm Kvb& cvkvq _v K? i) gkv ii) cörvcwz iii) Nvm dwos iv) Qvi cvkv dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz L. M vwjqv Kvi Ask? i) g vw jv ii) g vwûej iii) j veªvg iv) j vweqvg 2 mz n j ÔÔmÕÕ Ges wg_ v n j ÔÔwgÕÕ wjlyb K. Nvov gvwqi gy Lvcv½ P e v bvc hvmx L. cörvcwz Z mvbdwbs UvBc gy Lvcv½ `Lv hvq 3 ïb vb c~iy Kiæb K. Rve cvkvi gy Lvcv½ ai bi L. kvlykvix gy Lvcv ½ I bb 4 GK K_vq ev ev K DËi w`b K. g vw jv cvkvi wk mi Dcv½? L. N ii gvwq Z Kx ai bi gy Lvcv½ _v K? zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 17

18 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb cvv 1.5 cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi cvlv, cv I ï½ Ges Zv `i weeiy G cvv k l Avcwb cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi cvlv m ú K e vl v Ki Z cvi eb cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi cv m ^ Ü ey bv Ki Z cvi eb cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi ï ½i bvg wjl Z cvi eb cvkvi ï ½i Kvh vejx D jøl Ki Z cvi eb cz ½i `yô Rvov cvlv _v K cö_g Rvov ga e I wøzxq Rvov cðvre _ K Drcbœ nq AMÖe _ K KLbI cvlv MRvq bv cvkvi cvlv (Insect wings) cz ½i `yô Rvov cvlv _v K cö_g Rvov ga e (Mesothorax) I wøzxq Rvov cðvre (Metathorax) _ K Drcbœ nq AMÖe (Prothorax) _ K KLbI cvlv MRvq bv cvlv _vkvi `iæy cz½ mn RB D o GK vb _ K Ab v b h Z cv i c w_ex Z AwaKvsk cz ½iB cvlv Av Q, Z e cvlvnxb cz ½i msl vi Kg bq cvlvavix cz ½i g a I j Kiv M Q G `i A b KiB eq ii memgq cvlv _v K bv D`vniY ^iƒc Gwd Wi K_v ejv hvq Gwd Wi c~y v½ Ae vq wkqymsl K cz ½ cvlv _v K wkš wkqy msl K G Kev ib cvlv _v K bv mikg DuB cvkv I wccovi úx cz ½ cvlv _v K bv cvlvavix h me cz ½ cvlv bb Zv Avm j cöv_wgk Ae v bq, eis GUv nj gva wgk Ae v a i bqv h Z cv i, we kl Kv bv Kvi Y Zviv cvlvnxb n q c o Q KxUcZ ½ wewfbœ cökvi cvlv `Lv hvq hv wb œ ms c Av jvpbv Kiv nj nj Uqvi (Haltare) N ii gvwq Z (House fly) G ai bi cvlv `Lv hvq G `i cö_g Rvov cvlv Dovi Kv R e eüz nq wkš wøzxq Rvov cvlv bv _ K mlv b GKUv AwZ QvU Ask _v K hv K nj Uqvi ejv nq GB nj Uqvi Dovi mgq ` ni fvimvg i v K i _v K BjvBUªv (Elytra) A bk cz½ Av Q hv `i mvg bi cvlv Rvovi m úy AskB Lye k³ _v K, wkš wcq bi Rvov wsjøxer (Membranous) _v K mvg bi GB k³ cvlv K BjvBUªv ejv nq KwjIc Uiv e M i weuj I DBwfj RvZxq cvkvq G ai bi cvlv `Lv hvq hgb Mve i cvkv (Dung beetle) cvkv hlb wekªv gi mgq wcq bi wsjøxer cvlv kix ii mv _ wu q iv L ZLb mvg bi k³ cvlv wsjøxer cvlvøq K X K iv L wsjøxer GB cvlv cvkv Dovi Kv R e envi K i _v K wkqymsl K cvkvi mvg bi cvlvi Mvovi w` Ki A a K Ask k³ _v K, wkš AMÖfv Mi A a K Ask wsjøxer _v K G ai bi cvlv K nwgjvbuªv e j nwgjvbuªv (Hemelytra) wkqymsl K cvkvi mvg bi cvlvi Mvovi w` Ki A a K Ask k³ _v K, wkš AMÖfv Mi A a K Ask wsjøxer _v K G ai bi cvlv K nwgjvbuªv e j nwgc Uiv e M i AvIZvaxb n U ivc Uiv Dce M i cvkvq G ai bi cvlv `Lv hvq hgb av bi MvÜx cvkv mvg bi cvlvi k³ A a K As ki Dc ii A a K K Kvwiqvg Ges wb Pi A a K K K vfvm ejv nq U vmwgbv (Tegmina) A bk KxUcZ½ Av Q hv `i mvg bi cvlv Rvov k³ n q Pvgovi gz AvKvi aviy K i G ai bi cvlv K U vmwgbv ejv nq A _ vc Uiv e M i cvkvq G ikg cvlv `Lv hvq hgb Nvm dwos, DuoP~½v BZ vw` evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 18

19 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz Kv bv Kv bv Î mvg bi cvlvi mv _ wcq bi cvlv Kv bv wkqy Øviv hy³ _v K Ges Gi d j `yô Rvov cvlv c _Kfv e KvR bv K i GKB mv _ KvR K i mvg bi cvlv I wcq bi cvlv mvaviyz ci úi _ K c _K _v K Ges Doevi mgq c _Kfv e KvR K i _v K wkš Kv bv Kv bv Î mvg bi cvlvi mv _ wcq bi cvlv Kv bv wkqy Øviv hy³ _v K Ges Gi d j `yô Rvov cvlv c _Kfv e KvR bv K i GKB mv _ KvR K i cvlvø qi hy³kvix G e jvi wewfbœ bvg Av Q, hgb n vgywj, RyMvg, d«byjvg Ges iwubvkzjvg cvkvi cv (Insect legs) cvkvi e ` k wzbwu LÛvsk Av Q, h_v AMÖe, ga e I cðvre GB wzb LÛvsk _ K wzb Rvov cv Drcbœ nq cvkvi me P q iæz c~y ˆewkó nj wzb Rvov cv c w_ex Z Ab Kv bv cövyxi wzb Rvov cv bb ZvB cvkv K loc`x ejv n q _v K nuvuvi mgq cvkvi mvg bi cv `n K U b wb q hvq Ges wcq bi cv mvg bi w` K V j `q gvslv bi cv ` ni fvimvg i v K i _v K me cövyx mvaviyz nvuv ev `uvovevi Kv R cv e envi K i _v K wkš cvkvi ejvq Gi e wzµg `Lv hvq Kv Ri cv_ K i Kvi Y cvkv f ` cv qi MVb cök wz Z ˆelg j Kiv hvq G ikg wkqy e wzµgagx cv wb P Av jvpbv Kiv nj 1. wkkvi aivi Dc hvmx cv (Grasping or Raptorial or Preying type leg) wkqy wkqy cvkv Av Q hviv Zv `i cv K wkkvi aivi Kv R e envi K i _v K G ikg cv qi K v AvKv i eo Ges wdgvi I wuweqv KuvUvhy³ _v K hgb cöwqs g vbwuw cvkvi mvg bi cv wdgvi wuweq K v Uvimv Uª K Uvi wpî 1.13 wkkvi aivi Dc hvmx cv 2. jvd `qvi Dc hvmx cv (Jumping type leg) A bk cz ½i wcq bi cv qi wdgvi AvKv i ek eo, ckxeûj I kw³kvjx d j Zviv mn R jvd w` Z cv i hgb Nvm dwos Gi wcq bi cv wdgvi K v wuweqv Uª K Uvi Uvimvm wpî 1.14 jvd `qvi Dc hvmx cv 3. MZ Kivi Dc hvmx cv (Digging type leg) G ai bi cv qi me jv AskB cyiæ Ges kw³kvjx Uvimvm wzb LÛvskhy³ I Gi AMÖfvM `uvz m` k A_ vr AuvPovi gz hv MZ Kivi Kv R e eüz n q _v K hgb gvj wµ K Ui mvg bi cv zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 19

20 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb Uvimv wuwe wdgvi Uvimvm Uvimvm Uª K Uvi K v wpî 1.15 MZ Kivi Dc hvmx cv 4. muvzvi KvUvi Dc hvmx cv (Swimming type leg) G ai bi cv qi K v ek cök Í n q _v K wuweqv KuvUvhy³ nq Ges Uvimv mi m ½ j ^v j ^v jvg _v K hv cvwb Z bškvi ˆeVvi gz KvR K i d j cvkv Gi mvnv h mn R muvziv Z cv i hgb fävi weu ji (Scavenger beetle) cv K v wdgvi wuweqv wpî 1.16 muvzvi KvUvi Dc hvmx cv 5. `Šov bvi Dc hvmx cv (Running type leg) A bk KxUcZ½ Av Q hv `i cv qi wdgvi I wuweqv ek j ^v d j Giv `ªæZ `Šov Z cv i hgb Zjv cvkvi (Cockroach) cv wdgvi wuweqv Uª K Uvi K v Uvimvm wpî 1.17 `Šov bvi Dc hvmx cv 6. dz ji iyy enbkvix nvuvi Dc hvmx cv (Walking type beg modified for pollen carrying) G ai bi cv qi wuweqv Z QvU QvU jvg (bristle) _v K Uvimvm cuvp LÛvskhy³ nq Uvimv mi cö_g LÛ ek cök Í nq Ges Szwoi (basket) gz `Lvq hv iyy enb K i dz ji civmvq b mvnvh K i _v K hgb gšgvwqi wcq bi cv evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 20

21 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz wpî 1.18 dz ji iyy enbkvix nvuvi Dc hvmx cv cvkv Z bvbv AvKvi AvK wzi ï½ `Lv hvq hgb wmuvwmqvm, wdwjdg, gwbwjdg, wm iu, ckwu bu, K ve&w, RwbwKD ju, cøy gvr, G vwi- U I vb ju ï½ cvkvi ï½ (Antennae of insects) ï½ cvkvi gv_vi AMÖfvM A_ vr `yb Pv Li ga ez x Ask _ K Drcbœ nq cvkvq `y Uv ï½ _v K ï½ nj cvkvi GKwU Abyf wz wby qk A½ Gi mvnv h cvkv Pjv divi mgq wec`rbk Ae v mbv³ Ki Z cv i Lv` I m½x Luy R ei Ki Z cv i, wbr ^ Mvôxi cvkvi mv _ hvmv hvm i v Ki Z cv i, wj½ mbv³ Kiv hvq, Kv bv Kv bv Î cyiæl cvkv wgj bi mgq úx cvkv K aivi Kv R e envi K i _v K Ges gšgvwq ^v` I NªvY eys Z cv i BZ vw` cvkvq bvbv AvKvi AvK wzi ï½ `Lv hvq wb P wewfbœ cökvi ï ½i bvgmn msw ß Av jvpbv Kiv nj t 1. wmuvwmqvm ï½ (Setaceous antenna) G ï½ jv `L Z Lye QvU Ges `uvov bv Pz ji g Zv G `i LÛvsk jv mvg bi w` K Av Í Av Í QvU n q Av m hgb cvzvi ncvi, WªvMb d vb BZ vw` cvkvi ï½ 2. wdwjdg ï½ (Filiform antenna) G ikg ï½ `L Z A bkuv m~zvi g Zv Ges G `i LÛvs ki me jv cövq GKB mgvb hgb UvBMvi weuj, MÖvDÛ weuj cöf wz cvkvi ï½ 3. gwbwjdg ï½ (Moniliform antenna) G ai bi ï½ AmsL MvjvKvi `vbvwewkó g b nq Ges me jv `vbv cövq GKB mgvb n q _v K hgb DuB cvkvi ï½ 4. wm iu ï½ (Serrate antenna) G ikg ï½ `L Z A bkuv Kiv Zi `uv Zi gz Ges cö Z KUv LÛvsk gvuvgywu wîfzrvk wzi hgb c~y eq Zvi cvkvi (Click beetle) ï½ 5. ckwu bu ï½ (Pectinate antenna) G ai bi ï½ `L Z GK cv k wpiæbxi gz hgb cv Ui weqv cvkvi úx g _i ï½ Avevi ï ½i Dfq cvk `L Z wpiæbxi gz n j Zv K evb ckwu bu (Bipectinate) ï½ e j hgb cv Ui weqv cvkvi cyiæl g _i ï½ 6. K ve&w ï½ (Clubbed antenna) zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 21

22 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb G ai bi ï ½i LÛvsk jvi e vm kl cöv šíi w` K eo n q _v K G ikg ï½ Avevi Pvi ai bi, hgb K. K v fu ï½ (Clavate antenna) G Î ï ½i LÛvsk jvi e vm ax i ax i e w cvq hgb jww evw weu ji ï½ L. K vwc UU ï½ (Capitate antenna) G ikg ï ½i klfv Mi K qkwu LÛvs ki e vm nvvr e o hvq hgb wbwuwwdwjww (Nitidulidae) cwiev ii P j cvkvi ï½ M. d v e ju ï½ (Flabellate antenna) ï ½i kl cöv šíi K qkwu LÛvsk wrnÿvi gz `Lvq Ges ci úi mgvšíivj Ae vq _v K hgb m vûvwjww (Sandalidae) cwiev ii P j cvkvi ï½ N. j v g ju ï½ (Lamellate) ï ½i kl cöv šíi LÛvsk jv cvk _ K cv Zi gz e o hvq hgb Ryb weu ji ï½ 7. RwbwKD ju ï½ (Geniculate antenna) G ai bi ï ½i cö_g LÛvskwU j ^v _v K wkš ciez x LÛvsk jv Lv Uv _v K Ges cö_g LÛvs ki mv _ j KvY m wó K i Ae vb K i hgb gšgvwq I wcucovi ï½ 8. cøy gvr ï½ (Plumose antenna) G ikg ï½ A bkuv cvj Ki gz `Lvq ï ½i cövq me jv LÛvsk n ZB j ^v I Nb Pz ji MvQv ei n j Zv K cøy gvr ï½ e j hgb cyiæl gkvi ï½ Avevi Pz ji MvQv Nb bv n q cvzjv n j Zv K cvb jvr (Pilose) ï½ e j hgb úx gkvi ï½ 9. G vwi U ï½ (Aristate antenna) G ai bi ï ½i kl LÛvsk ek eo nq Ges mb eo LÛvs ki wc Vi w` K GKUv ïuqv (Arista) _v K hgb N ii gvwqi (House fly) ï½ 10. vb ju ï½ (Stylate antenna) G ikg ï ½i kl cöv ší Av½y ji gz GKUv AwZwi³ Ask ev vbj (style) _v K hgb WvKz gvwqi (Horse fly) ï½ evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 22

23 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz wpî 1.19 wewfbœ cökvi ï½ Abykxjb (Activity) t cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi cv qi KvR ey bv Kiæb mvigg t cvlvnxb I cvlvavix Dfq ai bi cz½b `Lv hvq cvlv mvaviyz nj Uqvi, BjvBUªv, nwgjvbuªv, U vmwgbv cöf wz ai bi n q _v K wzb Rvov cv _v K e j cvkv K loc`x ejv nq cvkvi wewfbœ ai bi cv _v K hgb wkkvi aivi Dc hvmx, jvd `qvi Dc hvmx, MZ Kivi Dc hvmx, muvzvi KvUvi Dc hvmx, `Šov bvi Dc hvmxi dz ji iyy enbkvix nvuvi Dc hvmx cv ï½ n jv cvkvi GKwU Abyf wz wby qk A½ Gi mvnv h cvkv wec`rbk Ae v kbv³ QvovI wewfbœ ikg KvR K i _v K cvkvi wewfbœ AvKvi AvK wzi ï½ _v K, hgb wmuvwmqvm, wdwjdg, gwbwjdg, wm iu, ckwu bu, K vew, RwbwKD ju, cø y gvr, G vwi U I vb ju ï½ zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 23

24 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb cv VvËi g~j vqb mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b K. wkkvi aivi Dc hvmx cv Kvb& cvkvq _v K? i) Zjv cvkv ii) gšgvwq iii) Nvm dwo iv) cöwqs g vbwuw L. cv Ui weqv cvkvi cyiæl g _i ï½ Kx ai bi? i) ckwu bu ii) evb ckwu bu iii) cøy gvr iv) cvb jvr 2 mz n j ÔÔmÕÕ Ges wg_ v n j ÔÔwgÕÕ wjlyb K. cvkvi AMÖe _ K GK Rvov cvlv MRvq L. gvjwµ K Ui mvg bi cv MZ Kivi Dc hvmx 3 ïb vb c~iy Kiæb K. nj Uqvi ai bi cvlv Dovi mgq cvkvi ` ni i v K i _v K L. nwgjvbuªv cvlvi k³ A a K As ki Dc ii A a K K ejv nq 4 GK K_vq ev ev K DËi w`b K. cvkvi Kq Rvov cv _v K? L. gšgvwqi ï½ Kx ai bi? evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 24

25 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz e envwik cvv 1.6 Nvm dwos A¼b I ` ni wewfbœ As ki bvg wjlb G cvv k l Avcwb Nvm dwos Gi wpî A¼b Ki Z cvi eb Nvm dwos Gi ` ni wewfbœ Dcv½ wpwýz Ki Z cvi eb Nvm dwos Gi wewfbœ Dcv ½i bvg wjl Z cvi eb A _ vc Uiv e M i Ab b cörvwzi cvkvi Dcv½ wpwýz Ki Z cvi eb A _ vc Uiv e M i wkqy ˆewkó ej Z cvi eb cövmw½k Z_ Nvm dwos A _ vc Uiv e M i AšÍf y³ gvsvwi AvK wzi cvkv G `i ` ni is meyr _ K a~mi Ges Giv Dw ` fvrx ï½ m~zvk wz, j ^v ev Lv Uv cyävw eo I úó, z`ªvw 3, 2 ev Abycw Z gy Lvcv½ Pe bvc hvmx G `i A e eo I Xvj wewkó wcq bi cv `y Uv e n`vkvi, ckxeûj I ùxzkvi niqvq mn R jvd w` Z cv i mvg bi cvlv Rvov cyiæ Ges `L Z Pvgovi g Zv hv K U vmwgbv ejv nq Lv Uv ï½ wewkó I j ^v ï½ wewkó `yôai bi Nvm dwos Av Q Lv Uv ï½ wewkó Nvm dwos Gi wwg cvov A½ Lv Uv, ï½ ` ni P q Lv Uv Ges Uviwm mvaviyz wzb LÛvskhy³ wkš j ^v ï½ wewkó Nvm dwos Gi wwg cvov A½ j ^v hv `L Z Zievwii g Zv, ï½ ` ni P q j ^v Ges Uviwm mvaviyz 4 LÛvskhy³ A _ vc Uiv e M i cvkv jvi kã m wó Kivi g Zv A½ Av Q cö qvrbxq DcKiY 1. WªBs ccvi 2. cwýj 3. cwýj KvUvi 4. ivevi 5. j Kv Ri avc 1. WªBs ccvi I cwýj wbb 2. Nvm dwos Gi wpî `y Uv fvjfv e ch e Y Kiæb 3. Gevi wpî `y Uv AbymiY K i cövmw½k Z _ i mv _ wgj i L WªBs ccv i G `i wpî A¼b Kiæb 4. AZtci Aw¼Z wp Î Nvm dwos Gi Dcv½ jv wpwýz Kiæb 5. cö qvr b ivevi, cwýj KvUvi I j e envi Kiæb mzk Zv wpî `y Uv hv Z cwi vi I cwi Qbœ nq mw` K Lqvj ivlyb wpî 1.20 Lv Uv ï½ wewkó Nvm dwos wpî 1.21 j ^v ï½ wewkó Nvm dwos zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 25

26 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb cvv 1.7 cvkvi wewfbœ gylveqe ch e Y I A¼b G cvv k l Avcwb KxUcZ ½i wewfbœ cökvi gy Lvcv ½i ey bv w` Z cvi eb KxUcZ ½i wewfbœ ai bi gy Lvcv ½i bvg ej Z cvi eb wewfbœ cökvi gy Lvcv ½ wk ai bi cwiez b n q Q Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb cövmw½k Z_ KxUcZ ½i gy L Dcw Z Dcv½ mg~n K gy Lvcv½ ejv nq hgb Dc ii Iô, wb Pi Iô, g vwûej, g vw jv, wrnÿv Ges Kv bv Kv bv Î AvjwRnŸv _v K gy Li G mg Í Dcv½ jv cvkvi Lv` MÖnY cöwµqvq mnvqzv w` q _v K wewfbœ ai bi Lv ` i Rb G `i gy Lvcv ½i aibi wewfbœ n q _v K wb P wewfbœ ik gi gy Lvcv ½i bvg D jøl Kiv n jv 1. Pe bkvix gy Lvcv½ (Chewing type mouthparts) hgb Nvm dwos 2. KZ b I kvlykvix gy Lvcv½ (Cutting and sponging type mouthparts) hgb WvKz gvwq (Horse fly) 3. kvlykvix gy Lvcv½ (Sponging type mouthparts) hgb N ii gvwq 4. Pe b I jnykvix gy Lvcv½ (Chewing and lapping type mouthparts) hgb gšgvwq 5. Abywe b I PvlYKvix gy Lvcv½ (Piercing and sucking type mouthparts) hgb gkv 6. bjvkvi gy Lvcv½ (Siphoning type mouthparts) hgb cörvcwz Dc iv³ wewfbœ ai bi gy Lvcv ½i wek` ey bv I G `i wpî cvv 1.4 G D jøl Kiv n q Q cö qvrbxq DcKiY 1. wbwj (Needle) 2. KuvwP (Scissors) 3. eªvk 0-0 (Brush 0-0) 4. AvZkx KuvP (Magnifying glass) 5. úvbw (Slide) 6. Abyex Y hš (Microscope) 7. cwýj 8. cwýj KvUvi 9. ivevi 10. WªBs ccvi BZ vw` Kv Ri avc 1. Nvm dwos, WvKz gvwq, N ii gvwq, gšgvwq, gkv I cörvcwz msmön Kiæb 2. Avcbvi wudu ii mn hvwmzvq cö qvrbxq DcKiY Øviv D jøwlz cvkv jvi gy Lvcv½ mbv³ Kiæb 3. AZtci Zv úvb Wi Dci vcb K i AvZkx KuvP ev Abyex Y hš Øviv ch e Y Kiæb 4. Gici ch e bvbyhvqx wewfbœ ai bi gy Lvcv½ jv WªBs ccv i A¼b I wpwýz Kiæb 5. cö qvr b cwýj KvUvi, ivevi I j e envi Kiæb mzk Zv 1. mwvk cš vq gy Lvcv½ jv mbv³ Kiæb 2. gy Lvcv ½i wpî jv hv Z cwi vi I cwi Qbœ nq mw` K Lqvj ivlyb evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 26

27 dmj msiÿy I cvkvi ` ni cwiwpwz P ovší g~j vqb BDwbU 1 msw ß I ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 msáv w`b K. km msi Y L. Avc` 2 wewfbœ cökvi Avc` Øviv k m i Kx cwigvy wz nq Zv Av jvpbv Kiæb 3 KxUcZ ½i wzki w`k m ú K e vl v w`b 4 cuvpwu DcKvix cvkvi bvg wjlyb KxUcZ ½i DcKvix cöfve Av jvpbv Kiæb 5 GKwU cvkvi evwn K MVb A¼b K i Zv wpwýz Kiæb 6 cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi gv_vi ey bv w`b 7 cvkvi gy L Kx Kx Dcv½ _v K g vw jv I g vwûe ji MVb wpwýz wpîmn `Lvb 8 cvkvi ï ½i wpwýz wpî w`b 9 cvkvi GKUv ^vfvwek cv qi wpwýz wpî w`b 10 cvkvi cvlvi mvavib wkivweb vm wpî mnkv i `Lvb 11 wpî mnkv i e vl v Kiæb K. Pe bkvix gy Lvcv½ L. KZ b I kvlbkvix gy Lvcv½ M. kvlykvix gy Lvcv½ N. Pe b I jnbkvix gy Lvcv½ O. Abywe b I PvlYKvix gy Lvcv½ P. mvbdwbs gy Lvcv½ 12 nj Uqvi, BjvBUªv, nwgjvbuªv I U vmwgbv m ú K Av jvpbv Kiæb 13 cvkvi wewfbœ cökvi cv wpî mnkv i e vl v Kiæb 14 ï ½i Kvh vejx wjlyb 15 wewfbœ cökvi ï½ wpî mnkv i e vl v Kiæb zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj W fjc g U 27

28 dm ji cvkvgvko I Bù yi `gb DËigvjv BDwbU 1 cvv K. iii L. ii 2 K. wg L. m 3 K. cøm L. 80 _ K K. Bù yi, wkqvj L. 10 _ K 15 fvm cvv K. iv L. iii 2 K. m L. wg 3 K. wkko L. jv v 4 K. Rve cvkv L. jww evw weuj cvv K. iii L. iii 2 K. m L. wg 3 K. UviMvBU L. Uvimvm 4 K. wzb fv M L. cv qi cvv K. ii L. i 2 K. wg L. m 3 K. Abywe b I Pvl Yvc hvmx L. g vwûej, úó g vw jv 4 K. gy Li L. kvl Yvc hvmx cvv K. iv L. ii 2 K. wg L. m 3 K. fvimvg L. Kvwiqvg 4 K. wzb Rvov L. RwbwKD ju evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq 28