K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT evsjv `k D gy³ wek we` vjq BAE 2106 eb I Rxe ewpî FOREST & BIODIVERSITY jlk W. Gm Gg

K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT evsjv `k D gy³ wek we` vjq BAE 2106 eb I Rxe ewpî FOREST & BIODIVERSITY jlk W. Gm Gg iyûj Avwgb evsjv `k K wl M elyv KvDwÝj m úv`k W. gvt Zvdv¾j Bmjvg W. Av b g Avwgbyi ingvb K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq ipbv kjx m úv`k W. gvt Zvdv¾j Bmjvg K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq m úv`k (wøzxq ms iy) W. gvt Avey Zv je K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq

G Kvm ebwu idvwi KZ K wbix Yi ci evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vj qi K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj Gi QvÎ `i Rb gyw`ªz n q Q

eb I Rxe ewpî FOREST & BIODIVERSITY BAE 2106 K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

evsjv `k D gy³ wek we` vjq

eb I Rxe ewpî (BON O JEEBABOICHITRA) FOREST & BIODIVERSITY m úv`bv cwil` mfvcwz t W. Avey nbv gvt dviyk evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq m`m t W. gvt Zvdv¾j Bmjvg evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq W. Av b g Avwgbyi ingvb evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq W. gvt gv k `yi ingvb evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gvt miiqvi nv mb PŠayix evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq W. gvt kvn Avjg mikvi evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq W. gvt wmqvmdwïb wgqv e½eüz kl gywreyi ingvb K wl wek we` vjq mvwe K ZË veav b Wxb K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq Bon o Jeebaboichitra (Forest & Biodiversity), a 1-Credit Coursebook for the Bachelor of Agricultural Education Programme, Written by Dr. S. M. Ruhul Amin, Edited by Dr. Md. Abu Taleb (2 nd edition), Dr. Md. Tofazzal Islam & Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman (1 st edition), Style Edited by Dr. Md. Tofazzal Islam, Published by Publishing, Printing & Distribution Division, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur-1705. Bangladesh Open University. First edition : July, 1997, Second Edition : September, 2005. Printing Time: 2013, Computer Compose & D T P: Md. Al Amin (2 nd edition), Md. Kazi Md.

Giasuddin (1 st edition). Cover Design : Md. Monirul Islam. Illustration : Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman and Raisul Islam Khan. Printed by: Al-Kader Offset Printers, 57 Rishikash Das Road, Dhaka-1100. ISBN 984-34-5009-4 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any means without prior permission of the copyright holder. B A E 2106 eb I Rxe ewpî FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY Òeb I Rxe ewpî Ó wegmgw cövmöv gi GKwU Kvm eb G Kvm ebwu `~iwk Yi QvÎ `i Dc hvmx K i ipbv Kiv n q Q Kvm ebwui wewfbœ BDwb U eb I e bi iyz, e bi aib, ebr e i ivm I cvkvgvko Ges Zvi cöwzkvi, Rxe ewpî I cöwz ek cªf wzi Ici ZvwË K I e envwik welq jv AZ ší mnrfv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q ISBN 984-34-5009-4 Bangladesh Open University Printed by: Al-Kader Offset Printers, 57 Rishikash Das Road, Dhaka-1100.

m~wpcî BDwbU 1 eb I e bi iyz 1-20 cvv 1.1 e bi msáv I aviyv 1 cvv 1.2 e bi A_ bwzk iyz 8 cvv 1.3 e bi cwi ekmz iyz 13 e envwik cvv 1.4 evsjv ` ki gvbwp Î e bi Ae vb 18 BDwbU 2 e bi aib 21-38 cvv 2.1 cvnvwo eb 21 cvv 2.2 g vb MÖvf eb 25 cvv 2.3 mgzjf~wgi eb 31 cvv 2.4 MÖvgxY eb 34 BDwbU 3 ebr e i ivm I cvkvgvko Ges Zvi cöwzkvi 39-60 cvv 3.1 ebr e i cöavb cöavb ivm cwiwpwz 39 cvv 3.2 ebr e i cöavb cöavb cvkvgvko cwiwpwz 45 cvv 3.3 ebr e i cöavb K qkwu ivm I cvkvgvk oi cöwzkvi 49 e envwik cvv 3.4 ebr e i ivm I cvkvgvko ch e Y 56 BDwbU 4 Rxe ewpî I cöwz ek 61-79 cvv 4.1 Rxe ewp Î i iyz 61 cvv 4.2 ebr, giyr I RjR cwi ek I Rxe ewpî 65 cvv 4.3 Rxe ewpî msi Yi cö qvrbxqzv 69 cvv 4.4 Rxe ewpî web ó eb DRvo, g bvkvjpvi I KxUbvkK cö qv Mi 72 cöfve cvv 4.5 Rxe ewpî msi Y b vkbvj cvk, wpwoqvlvbv I evuvwbk vj Mv W bi cöfve 75 Z_ m~î 80

cvv wb ` kbv Òeb I Rxe ewpî Ó Kvm ebwu we klfv e K wl I cjøx Dbœqb zj Gi wegwrgw cövmöv gi QvÎ `i Rb jlv n q Q Avcwb Rv bb, `~i wk Y wk Ki mve wyk Dcw wz bb ZvB cv Vi Kv bv KwVb welq hb Avcbvi eys Z Amyweav bv nq mw` K ` wó i LB Kvm ebwu jlv n q Q Kvm ebwui Avw½K I Dc vcbv ZvB cöpwjz cvv eb _ K wkqyuv wfbœ ai bi h nzz mivmwi wk Ki mvnvh QvovB Kvm ebwu Avcbv K wb R c o eys Z n e, ZvB GwU Kxfv e co eb cö_ gb Zv R b wbb G Z Kvm ebwu co Z I eys Z Avcbvi myweav n e ebwui iƒc ilv Òeb I Rxe ewpî Ó Kvm ebwu PviwU BDwb U wef³ cöwzwu BDwb U GKvwaK cvv i q Q cvv msl v wba viy Kiv n q Q cöwzwu BDwb Ui welqe i Ici wbf i K i BDwb Ui cvv jv K Avjv`v K i mvrv bv n ji G `i g a GKwU hvmm~î i q Q BDwb Ui f~wgkv cöwzwu BDwb Ui ïiy ZB i q Q GKwU f~wgkv f~wgkvq BDwb Ui welqe i D Ïk Ges iyz ms c Zz j aiv n q Q BDwbUwU Z Kx Kx welq wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q ms c ZviI D jøl i q Q G Z Avcwb BDwb Ui ïiy ZB R b hv Qb cv Vi g~j Av jvp m~wp Kx? cv Vi D Ïk j Ki eb cöwzwu cv Vi ïiy Z GK ev GKvwaK mywbw` ó D Ïk `qv Av Q cöwzwu D Ïk K K `ª K ib cv Vi welqe mnrfv e ey bv Kiv n q Q cvv k l cv Vi D Ïk jv AR b Kiv m e n q Q Kx bv Zv wb R wb RB g~j vqb Ki eb GRb cvv k l ^g~j vqb cökœ i q Q G Z Avcwb cvvwu KZUzKz eys Z cvi jb Zv wba viy Ki Z cvi eb AvBK bi e envi cv Vi welqe jv GK` wó Z ey S bqvi Rb cö qvrb Abymv i Kvm ebwui wewfbœ RvqMvq wewfbœ ai bi cözxk ev AvBKb e envi Kiv n q Q, hv ` L Avcwb mn RB welqe i Dc vcbv Ges Avcbvi KiYxq Kx Zv eys Z cvi eb wb gœ G Kvm eb q e eüz wewfbœ ai bi AvBK bi A_ wb ` k Kiv n jvñ = co~b I j Kiyb = Avewk K cvv/mvigg = cv Vi D Ïk = Qwe `Lyb

= Abykxjb/P ovší g~j vqb = cv VvËi g~j vqb = DËigvjv = Z_ m~î e wjlb cv Vi iyz c~y wk Yxq Ask K AviI AvKl Yxq K i cö`k bi Rb gv S gv SB Òe wjl bió gva g Zz j aiv n q Q cöwzwu Òe wjlbó g bv hvm w` q co~b Ges g b ivl Z Póv Kiyb Abykxjb Avcwb cvvwu fv jvfv e eys Z cvi Qb wk bv Zv hvpvb Kivi Rb cv Vi gv S Kv bv Kv bv RvqMvq `qv i q Q Abykxjb Abykxjb jv Avcbv K mgvav Ki Z n e Gme Abykxjb Avcbvi Ávb I ` Zv e w Z mnvqzv Ki e mvigg cöwzwu cv VB mvigg `qv Av Q mvigg c o Avcwb wbw` ó cv Vi welqe m ú K AwZ mn RB aviyv wb Z cvi eb cv VvËi g~j vqb cöwzwu cv Vi k l Avcwb KZUzKz eys Z c i Qb Zv hvpvb qi Rb i q Q cv VvËi g~j vqb cvvwu fv jvfv e evsvi ci cv VvËi g~j vq bi cökœ jvi DËi `qvi Póv Kiyb AZci Avcbvi `qv DËi BDwbU k l `qv DË ii mv _ wgwj q wbb me jv DËi mwvk n j ciez x cvv ïiy Kiyb, Ab _vq cvvwu cybivq co~b P~ovšÍ g~j vqb cöwz BDwb Ui k l i q Q P~ovš g~j vqb G Z msw ß I ipbvg~jk cökœ Av Q G cökœ jvi DËi ˆZwi Kivi Póv Kiyb, hv Avcbv K cix vq fv jv djvdj Ki Z mvnvh Ki e G Î Ab vb Z_ m~ Îi mvnvh wb Z cv ib GQvov cö qvr b Avcbvi wudu ii mv _I K_v ej Z cv ib BDwb Ui me jv cvv fv jvfv e co j P ovší g~j vq bi cökœ jv mgvav b Kv bv Amyweav n e bv

BDwbU 1 eb I e bi iyz BDwbU 1 eb I e bi iæz e bi m ½ Kg ewk Avgiv mk jb cwiwpz mvaviyfv e eb ej Z MvQcvjv Øviv Av Qvw`Z we Í Z GjvKv K eysv bv nq hlv b wewfbœ cökvi RxeRš, cvwl, cvkvgvko cöf wz cövk wzkfv e GKm ½ emevm K i gvbe mf Zvi wekv k eb GK wekvj m ú` fvûv ii f wgkv cvjb K i Avm Q eb wqj Avw` gvby li Avkªq I Lv ` i Drm ez gvbkv ji e bi f wgkv Acwimxg Kv bv ` ki Av_ mvgvwrk Dbœqb Ges cwi ek msi Y e bi iyz i q Q Kv bv ` k ebm ú `i KgwZ ev NvUwZ n j m ` ki A_ bwzk AMÖMwZ we klfv e evavmö nq KviY, RbM Yi wewfbœ Pvwn`v, h_v Nievwo I AvmevecÎ ˆZwi, Lv` Drcv`b, wkíkvilvbvq KuvPvgvj mieivn, ijmvwo, gvuimvwo, jâ, bškv cöf wz ˆZwii Rb Kv Vi Pvwn`v guv Z ebm ú `i IciB wbf i Ki Z nq GKBfv e ebm ú `i Ici wbf i Ki Z nq Ilya KviLvbvi KvuPvgvj, is, evwb k, R vjvwb cöf wz ˆZwii Rb I ZvQvov GKwU ` ki mvgwmök AvenvIqv, Rjevqy cöf wz ebr cwi ek Øviv wbqwš Z n q _v K eb cövk wzk Lv` wkí wn m e KvR K i _v K gvbyl I Ab vb cövwykzj cöz wksev c iv fv e Lv ` i Rb eb I ebm ú `i Ici wbf ikxj m Ÿ vcwi eb cövk wzk fvimvg i v K i _v K G BDwb Ui wewfbœ cv V e bi msáv I aviyv; A_ bwzk iyz ; cwi ekmz iyz Ges evsjv ` ki gvbwp Î e bi Ae vb m ú K ZvwË K I e envwikmn msw ßfv e Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q cvv 1.1 e bi msáv I aviyv G cvv k l Avcwb e bi msáv D`vniYmn e vl v Ki Z cvi eb e bi mvgwmök aviyv jvf Ki Z cvi eb Ges Zv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb e bi mvaviy cökvi f` wjl Z cvi eb Abvevw` Rwg Z myôz e e vcbvq Drcv`bgyLx e I cövwym ú `i mgvnvi K eb e j AvBbMZ w`k w` q e bi msáv wfbœ MvQcvjvwenxb GjvKv KI ebf~wg ejv hv e hw` mikvi Zv ebf~wg wn m e NvlYv K ib e bi msáv mnrfv e eb n jv bvbv ikg MvQcvjvi mgv ivn AvwfavwbK A _ Abvevw` Rwg Z myôz e e vcbvq Drcv`bgyLx e I cövwym ú `i mgvnvi K eb e j AZGe mvaviyfv e eb n jv wewfbœ ai bi Dw `i mgv ek hlv b wewfbœ ai bi cövyx cövk wzkfv e GK Î emevm K i AZGe, eb n jv GKwU cövk wzk m ú` hv MvQcvjv Øviv Av Qvw`Z we Z GjvKv Ges wewfbœ cökvi RxeRš, cvwl, KxUcZ½ cöf wz Gi Awe Q` Ask e bi aviyv AvBbMZ w`k w` q e bi msáv wfbœ ik gi hgb Kv bv Rwg hv mikvi eb GjvKv wn m e NvlYv K i Qb Zv K ebf~wg ejv nq Kv RB MvQcvjv bb Ggb GjvKv KI ebf~wg ejv hv e hw` mikvi m GjvKv K ebf~wg wn m e NvlYv w` q _v Kb hgb cve Z GjvKvq GK ai bi eb Av Q hv K A kªwyfz³ eb ejv nq G Rwg e e vcbvi `vwqz Rjv cökvm Ki G Rwg Z cvnvwo A ji jv Kiv Szg Pvl K i _v K cvnvwo GjvKvi RbmsL v e w i Kvi Y Gme Rwg Z AZ wak Szg Pv li d j f wg q Ges ebm ú` DRvo n q M Q ez gv b mlv b MvQcvjvi msl v K g M Q evsjv ` ki me gvu 2.56 wgwjqb n±i (6.32 wgwjqb GKi) ebf~wgi g a 0.73 wgwjqb n±i (1.80 wgwjqb GKi) ebf~wg G A kªwyfz³ eb ( bvu t 1 n±i = 2.47 GKi)

eb I e bi iyz we k eb K `yfv M fvm Kiv n q Q hgb cövk wzk I gvby li ˆZwi eb e bi cöavb fvmmg~n we k eb K cöv_wgkfv e `yfv M fvm Kiv n q Q h_v cövk wzk eb I gvby li ˆZwi eb wb œ Zv D jøl Kiv n jv 1. cövk wzk eb t h eb cövk wzk wµqvkjv ci d j A_ vr cövk wzk wbq g M o I V Zv K cövk wzk eb e j evsjv ` ki cövk wzk e bi g a fviqvj I gaycy ii kvj ev MRvwi eb; my `ieb; e nëi wm ju, PÆMÖvg, ev `ievb, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo I K evrv ii eb cöf wz D jøl hvm evsjv ` ki cövk wzk eb K Avevi Pvifv M fvm Kiv n q Q hgb K. cvnvwo eb L. g vb MÖvf (mangrove) A_v r jeyv ^y wksev jvbv cvwbi eb M. fviqvj I gaycy ii kvj ev MRvwi eb N. Ab vb eb 2. gvby li ˆZwi eb t h eb gvbyl cwikwízfv e MvQ jvwm q m wó K i Q Zv K Avgiv gvby li ˆZwi eb e j _vwk hgb ivdrv bi ivevi eb; e nëi wm ju, iv½vgvwu, ev `ievb, LvMovQwo I PÆMÖv gi m b eb; DcK j A ji euv ai eb cöf wz Kv bv ` ki AvenvIqv, Rjevqy I Ae v bi wfwë Z m ` ki ebvâj M o I V Kv bv ` ki AvenvIqv, Rjevqy I Ae v bi wfwë Z m ` ki ebvâj M o I V m Kvi Y bvwzkx Zvò, Pigfvevcbœ ev kxzcöavb ` ki MvQcvjv GKiKg nq bv eis wfbœ wfbœ ik gi nq Avevi GKB Rjevqy Z vb f ` G KK RvqMvq G KK ai bi MvQ `Lv hvq G ` ki me RvqMv Z GKB ai bi MvQ `Lv hvq bv hgb my `ieb GjvKvi jvbv cvwb A j h MvQ R b ( hgb my `wi) Zv Ab RvqMvq R b bv Abyiƒcfv e, Avgv `i evwoi Av kcv k hme MvQcvjv Av Q ( hgb Avg, KvuVvj) Zv Avevi my `ie b bb e bi aib we k wewfbœ ai bi eb i q Q wewfbœfv e Gme e bi kªwywefvm Kiv n q _v K hgb fš MvwjK Ae v bi wfwë Z, e env ii wfwë Z cöf wz fš MvwjK Ae v bi wfwë Z eb K DògÛjxq eb, bvwzkx Zvò eb, Pigfvevcbœ eb, kxzcöavb A ji eb cöf wz Z fvm Kiv hvq ZvQvov e env ii wfwë Z eb K wo ev wu ^vi eb (Timber forest), DW eb (Wood forest) cöf wz Z fvm Kiv hvq vb I we Í wz f ` G ` ki ebvâj Pvifv M wef³ h_v 1. cvnvwo eb, 2. g vb MÖvf ev jeyv ^y eb, 3. mgzjf wgi eb I 4. MÖvgxY eb PÆMÖvg, K evrvi, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo, ev `ievb I wm ju wefv Mi wewfbœ Rjvi cvnvwo A ji eb K cvnvwo eb e j vb I we Í wz f ` evsjv ` ki ebvâj K Pvifv M fvm Kiv hvq h_v 1. cvnvwo eb (Hill forest) 2. g vb MÖvf ev jeyv ^y ev jvbv cvwbi eb (Mangrove forest) 3. mgzjf wgi eb (Plainland forest) 4. MÖvgxY eb (Village forest) cvnvwo eb PÆMÖvg, K evrvi, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo, ev `ievb I wm ju wefv Mi wewfbœ Rjvi cvnvwo A j h ai bi eb `Lv hvq Zv K cvnvwo eb e j m b, Mvgvi, MR b, Pvcvwjk cöf wz G A ji cöavb MvQ G A ji wbpz GjvKvq cviqv hvq Rviyj, wnrj, gv `vi, wcuvwj cöf wz zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 2

eb I e bi iyz cörvwzi MvQ cvnvwo eb cövq 0.67 wgwjqb n±i RvqMv Ry o we Í Z G ebvâ ji cövq 75% cövk wzkfv e m ó wpî 1 t cvnvwo eb e nëi Lyjbv I K evrv ii P Kvwiqvq mgy `ªi RvqvifvUvhy³ jvbv cvwb AÂ j h eb `Lv hvq Zv K g vb MÖvf ev jeyv ^y eb e j g vb MÖvf ev jvbv cvwbi eb e nëi Lyjbv A_ vr Lyjbv, ev MinvU I mvz xiv Rjv Ges K evrvi Rjvi P Kvwiqvq mg~ `ªi RvqvifvUvhy³ jvbv cvwb AÂ j h eb `Lv hvq Zv K g vb MÖvf ev jeyv ^y eb e j wek wel vz my `ieb g vb MÖvf eb evsjv ` ki my `ieb we k i g a GKK fzl Û me P q eo jeyv ^y eb G e bi cöavb MvQ my `wi ZvQvov i q Q MIqv, Mivb, KIov, KuvKov, ay `j, evbb, MvjcvZv, nuzvj BZ vw` G eb cövq 0.59 wgwjqb n±i GjvKv Ry o we Í Z zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 3

eb I e bi iyz MvRxcy ii fviqv ji Mo, Uv½vBj I gqgbwms ni gaycy ii Mo, w`bvrcyi I iscyi Rjvi kvjeb K mgzjf wgi eb ejv nq mgzjf wgi eb wpî 2 t g vb MÖvf ev jeyv ^y eb MvRxcy ii fviqv ji Mo; Uv½vBj I gqgbwms ni gaycy ii Mo; w`bvrcyi I iscyi Rjvi kvjeb K mgzjf wgi eb ejv nq Gme e bi cöavb e n jv kvj Ab vb Mv Qi g a KoB, nj`y, ni MvRv, evù ijvwv D jøl hvm kvjeb g~jz cövk wzkfv e M o I V G eb K MRvwi ebi ejv nq wpî 3 t mgzjf wgi eb emzevwo I Gi Av kcv ki Lvwj RvqMvq hme MvQcvjv `Lv hvq Zv wb qb ˆZwi nq MÖvgxY eb MÖvgxY eb emzevwo I Gi Av kcv ki Lvwj RvqMvq h mg Í MvQcvjv `Lv hvq Zv wb qb ˆZwi nq MÖvgxY eb mvaviyz ` ki Pvwn`vi cövq 80% KvV, R vjvwb KvV Ges euv ki Pvwn`v G ai bi MÖvgxY eb ev emzevwo n Z guv bv nq ` ki cövq 0.27 wgwjqb n±i Rwg Z G ai bi ebvâ ji we Í wz Avg, Rvg, KvuVvj, wjpz, wkï, KoB, gnmwb, bvwi Kj, mycvwi, Zvj, LRyi, euvk I Ab vb eûwea MvQ MÖvgxY e b i q Q zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 4

eb I e bi iyz wpî 4 t MÖvgxY eb Abykxjb (Activity) t evsjv ` ki wewfbœ ai bi e bi cöavb cöavb Mv Qi bvg wjwce Kiyb evsjv ` ki ebf~wgi cwigvy gvu f wgi 17.8% G ebf~wgi 10.3% eb Awa`ß ii AvIZvaxb, 5.1% A kªwyfz³ eb, 1.9% MÖvgxY eb Ges 0.05% GjvKv Ry o Pv I ivevi evmvb evsjv ` k e bi cwigvy evsjv ` k ebf~wgi cwigvy gvu f wgi 17.8% (A_ vr 2.56 wgwjqb n±i) G ebf~wgi g a 1.49 wgwjqb n±i (A_ vr 10.3%) eb Awa`ß ii AvIZvaxb, 0.73 wgwjqb n±i (A_ vr 5.1%) A kªwyfz³ eb hv Rjv cökvm Ki AvIZvaxb, 0.27 wgwjqb n±i (A_ vr 1.9%) i q Q e w³gvwjkvbvaxb MÖvgxY eb Ges 0.07 wgwjqb n±i (A_ vr 0.05%) GjvKv Ry o Pv I ivevi evmvb i q Q wpî 5-G ebf~wg I Ab vb f~wgi cwigvy `Lv bv n q Q (d i gv vi cø vb-1993) ebf wg K wlrwg knivâj Rjvf wg Ab vb 64.20 8.60 6.50 3.40 17.80 wpî 5 t evsjv ` k ebf wg, K wl Rwg, knivâj, Rjvf wg I Ab vb Rwgi kzkiv cwigvy (%) evsjv ` k ebf wgi cwigvy cövq 17.8% n ji Zv mviv ` k mgfv e we Í Z bq AwaKvsk ebf wg ` ki c~e I `w Yc~e vâj Ges `w Ycwðgv j Aew Z we ÍxY cwðg I DËicwðgv j ebf wgi cwigvy LyeB Kg cwi e ki fvimvg i vi Rb G cwigvy eb LyeB AcÖZzj Kv RB e bi cwigvy evov bvi c` c bqv cö qvrb zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 5

eb I e bi iyz mvigg t Abvevw` Rwg Z myôz e e vcbvq Drcv`bgyLx e I cövwym ú `i mgvnvi K eb e j Z e AvBbMZ w`k w` q e bi msáv wfbœ MvQcvjv bb Ggb GjvKv KI ebf~wg ejv hv e hw` mikvi NvlYv K ib we k eb K cöv_wgkfv e `yfv M fvm Kiv n q Q hgb 1. cövk wzk eb I 2. gvby li ˆZwi eb Kv bv ` ki AvenvIqv, Rjevqy I Ae v bi wfwë Z m ` ki ebvâj M o I V evsjv ` ki ebf~wgi cwigvy gvu f wgi 17.8% G ebf~wgi 10.3% eb Awa`ß ii AvIZvaxb, 5.1% A kªwyfz³ eb, 1.9% MÖvgxY eb Ges 0.05% GjvKv Ry o Pv I ivevi evmvb vb I we Í wz f ` G ` ki ebvâj Pvifv M wef³ h_v 1. cvnvwo eb, 2. g vb MÖvf eb, 3. mgzjf wgi eb, 4. MÖvgxY eb PÆMÖvg, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo, ev `ievb I e nëi wm ju Rjvi cvnvwo A j i q Q cvnvwo eb e nëi Lyjbv I K evrvi Rjvi P Kvwiqvq mgy `ªi RvqvifvUvhy³ jvbv cvwb A j `Lv hvq g vb MÖvf eb MvRxcy ii fviqv ji Mo; Uv½vBj I gqgbwms ni gaycy ii Mo; w`bvrcyi I iscyi Rjvi kvjeb K mgzjf wgi eb e j emzevwo I Gi Av kcv ki Lvwj RvqMvi MvQcvjv wb q m wó nq MÖvgxY eb zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 6

eb I e bi iyz cv VvËi g~j vqb 1.1 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b 1 ebr cwi ek wk wb q M o I V? K) ïay MvQcvjv wb q L) MvQcvjv I Z YjZv wb q M) we ÍxY GjvKv Ry o eb wb q N) MvQcvjv, Z YjZv, RxeRš, cvwl, KxUcZ½ cöf wz wb q 2 cövk wzk eb K Kqfv M fvm Kiv n q Q? K) `yb fv M L) wzb fv M M) Pvi fv M N) cuvp fv M 3 fviqvj I gaycy ii kvj ev MRvwi eb Kgb ai bi eb? K) gvby li ˆZwi eb L) AfqviY M) cövk wzk eb N) cvnvwo eb 4 MÖvgxY eb _ K Avgv `i ` k kzkiv KZ fvm KvV I euv ki Pvwn`v wguv bv n q _v K? K) cövq 100 fvm L) cövq 80 fvm M) cövq 60 fvm N) cövq 50 fvm 5 evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY e bi cwigvy KZ? K) 0.27 wgwjqb n±i L) 0.35 wgwjqb n±i M) 0.30 wgwjqb n±i N) 0.41 wgwjqb n±i 6 evsjv ` k ebf wgi cwigvy gvu f wgi kzkiv KZ fvm? K) 10.1 fvm L) 15.2 fvm M) 17.8 fvm N) 20.1 fvm zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 7

eb I e bi iyz cvv 1.2 e bi A_ bwzk iyz G cvv k l Avcwb Kv Vi cöavb Dr mi bvg ej Z cvi eb AvmevecÎ I bvbv cökvi hš cvwz ˆZwi Z ebm ú `i Ae`vb ey bv Ki Z cvi eb R vjvwb wn m e ebm ú `i iæz ey bv Ki Z cvi eb wk íi KuvPvgvj mieiv n e bi iæz Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb flr Dw `i cöavb Drm wn m e e bi Ae`vb wjl Z cvi eb gvby li Kg ms vb, Lv`, cywó, ˆe `wkk gỳ ªv AR b, ch Ub wkí, eb v wbqš Y I Ab vb Kg Kv Û e bi A_ bwzk iæz ey bv Ki Z cvi eb Avgv `i Rxebavi Yi DcKi Yi A bk wkqyb eb _ K Drcbœ K l Ki jv½j- Rvqvj I Ab vb K wl hš cvwz, AvmevecÎ, Nievwo, wewfbœ ai bi hvbevnb, w`qvkjvb qi KvwV I ev, ˆe`ÿ wzk LuywU cöf wz ˆZwii Rb Avgiv g~jz Kv Vi Ici wbf ikxj eb Ges ebm ú` Avgv `i Rxeb K mevi Aj cöwzw`b, cöwz gyn~ Z wecyjfv e mg K i P j Q gvwui Mfx i jy vwqz Mv Qi wkko _ K ïiy K i m e v P P ovi cîwu ch ší Avgv `i Rxe b Ae`vb i L P j Q Avgv `i Rxebavi Yi DcKi Yi A bk wkqyb eb _ K Drcbœ Avgv `i Nievwo, Awdm-Av`vjZ, zj-k jr ev wek we` vj qi hw` KB ` wó w`bbv Kb, me ÎB Kv bv bv Kv bv ebm ú `i Dcw wz Pv L co e cöavbz KvV, R vjvwb, wkíkvilvbvi KuvPvgvj, Lv` km, kvkmewr, flr Dcv`vb BZ vw` eb _ K AvniY Kiv nq GQvov eb So, R jv Q vm, eb v, Abve wó BZ vw` `y hv M _ K RbRxeb i v K i _v K eb Ges ebm ú` _ K h ai bi A_ bwzk DcKvi cviqv hvq wb P Zv msw ßfv e Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q KvV KvV Avgv `i ˆ`bw `b Rxe bi cöwzwu gyn~ Z cö qvrb K l Ki jv½j- Rvqvj _ K ïiæ K i bvbv ai bi K wl hš cvwz, AvmevecÎ, Nievwo ˆZwii cöavb DcKiY n jv KvV GQvovI b`xc _i hvbevnb bškv _ K ïiæ K i mgỳ ªMvgx wekvj RvnvR Ges jc _i hvbevnb VjvMvwo, wikkv _ K `ª yzmvgx ijmvwo I i ji wúcvi ˆZwii Ab Zg cöavb DcKiY KvV w`qvkjvb qi KvwV I ev _ K ïiæ K i wewfbœ cökvi wrwbmcî KvV w` q ˆZwi Kiv nq ˆe`ÿ wzk jvb bi LuywUmn wewfbœ cökvi LuywUi Rb Avek K nq Kv Vi GQvovI cöwzw` bi e envh A bk wrwbmb KvV w` q ˆZwi Avi G Kv Vi cöavb DrmB n jv eb R vjvwb wpî 6 t m` KvUv KvV e env ii Rb ïkv bv n Q zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 8

eb I e bi iyz mviv ` k Drcvw`Z Kv Vi 65% R vjvwb KvV wn m e e eüz nq ` ki eû wkíkvilvbv, hgb KY dzjx KvM Ri wgj, iqb KviLvbv, wm j Ui gû KviLvbv, Lyjbv wbdrwcö U KviLvbv cöf wz Pj Q ebr KuvPvgv ji Ici wfwë K i Mv Qi wkko, evkj, cvzv ev Ab vb Ask flr DcKi Yi cöavb Drm mviv ` k hz KvV Drcvw`Z nq, Zvi cövq 65% e eüz nq R vjvwb KvV wn m e Avevi wewfbœ R vjvwbm~ Îi g a Mv Qi cvzv, KvV, KvVKqjv I K wl dm ji Ae eüz Askmg~n R vjvwb wn m e me vwak e eüz n q _v K cjøx A ji Rbmvavi Yi R vjvwbi cöavb Drm n jv MvQcvjv ZvB MvQcvjv Avgv `i RvZxq A_ bxwz Z GK iyz c~y Ae`vb ivl Q wk íi KuvPvgvj ` ki fvwi wkíkvilvbv jvi wekvj GK Ask M o I V Q ebm ú `i Ici wfwë K i hgb KY dzjx KvM Ri wgj, iqb KviLvbv, wm j Ui gû KviLvbv, Lyjbv wbdrwcö U KviLvbv, w`qvkjvb KviLvbv cöf wz Abyiƒcfv e KzwUiwk í e eüz KuvPvgv jii weivu Ask Avm Q ebr DcKiY, hgb euvk, ez I wewfbœ jzv bv MvQ _ K GKw` K wewfbœ ebr DcKiY Gme wkíkvilvbv Pvjy ivl Q, Ab w` K Gme wkíkvilvbv RbM Yi Kg ms v bi Î iæz c~y f wgkv ivl Q j j kªgrxex gvbylmn A bk ckvrxex I we klá Gme wkíkvilvbvq wb qvwrz i q Qb A_ vr cöz Ges c iv fv e ebm ú` RvZxq A_ bxwz Z iyz c~y f wgkv cvjb Ki Q flr e bi Kv bv Kv bv Mv Qi wkko, evkj ev cvzv _ K im ei K i Zv w` q ˆZwi n Q wewfbœ ai bi Ilya, ivmvqwbk c`v_, Zj, io, evwb k, ivevi BZ vw` KweivwR, Avqy e w` Ges nvwgi wpwkrmvi cövq hvezxq KvuPvgvj msm nxz nq eb _ K ivmvqwbk Dcv`v b ˆZwi cömvab mvgmöxi wzki cöfv ei d j Aaybv ebr Dcv`vb _ K ˆZwi cömvab mvgmöx wek Ry o RbwcÖqZv AR b Ki Z ïiy K i Q ZvQvov eb _ KB Avm Q DrK ógv bi gay I gvg eb Øviv cövk wzk cöwzi v `qvj m wó K i `k K SoSÅv, U Y Wv, R jv Qvm BZ vw`i wz _ K eûjvs k i v Kiv m e cövk wzk cöwzi v eÿ n Avgv `i ` k cövqb So R jv Q v mi d j cöpzi jvk AvnZ I wbnz nq Nievwo, Mevw`cï, djg~j I dmjmn ` ki wewfbœ m ú `i Acwimxg wz mvwaz nq eb Øviv cövk wzk cöwzi v `qvj m wói gva g `k K SoSÅv, U Y Wv, R jv Q vm BZ vw`i wz _ K eûjvs k i v Kiv m e Abyiƒcfv e, eb v cövqb Avgv `i ` k AmsL evwoni, Mevw`cï I wecyj cwigvy Lv` km fvwm q wb q hvq eb m wói gva g `k K eb vi Ac~iYxq wzi nvz _ K i v Kiv h Z cv i Gfv e eb Øviv cövk wzk cöwzi v eÿ n ˆZwi K i ` ki A_ bxwz K wecyj wz _ K i v Kiv h Z cv i wpî 7 t wbg GKwU g~j evb flr e wpî 8 t cövk wzk cöwzi v eÿ n m wó Z DcK jxq eb zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 9

eb I e bi iyz eb RxeRš i wbivc` Avevm j e bi g~j evb KvV, gay, cïcvwl, flr MvQcvjv we ` k ißvwb K i ˆe `wkk gỳ ªv AR b Kiv hvq eb I ebm ú` Avgv `i e w³mz, cvwievwik I RvZxq Rxe bi GK Acwinvh Abyl½ wewea Kg Kv Û e bi Ae`vb eb RxeRš i wbivc` Avevm j e b evmkvix eb cövyx, hgb evn, nwiy, evbi, nvwz, ebweovj, eb ïki, wewfbœ ai bi cvwl, mvc, e vo, Kzwgi, Bmvc I Ab vb mixm c, gšgvwq I Ab vb KxUcZ½ cöf wz ebm ú` msi Y iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i _v K ebm ú` A bk jv Ki RxweKvi Ab Zg cöavb Aej ^b, hgb R vjvwb KvV, gay, nvmjv cvzv, MvjcvZv cöf wz msmön K i eû jvk RxweKv wbe vn K ib eb SoZzdvb I eb v _ K i v K i e bi g~j evb KvV, gay, cïcvwl, flr MvQcvjv we ` k ißvwb K i ˆe `wkk gỳ ªv AR b Kiv hvq ZvQvov eb ch Ub wk íi cömv i cöavb f wgkv cvjb K i Dc ii Av jvpbv _ K Avgiv wbðqb Abyaveb Ki Z cvwi h, eb Ges ebm ú` Avgv `i e w³mz, cvwievwik Ges RvZxq Rxe bi GK Acwinvh Abyl½ Avgv `i e w³mz Ges RvZxq A_ bxwzi wekvj GK Ask ebm ú `i Ici wbf ikxj AZGe wbwø avq ejv hvq h, Avgv `i RvZxq Rxe b e bi A_ bwzk iæz Acwimxg wpî 9 t gšgvwq my `ie bi Ab Zg A_ bwzk m ú` wpî 10 t my `ie bi gyýxmä n Z cv i GKwU PgrKvi ch Ub K `ª zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 10

eb I e bi iyz Abykxjb (Activity) t Avcbvi g Z e bi cöavb A_ bwzk iæz Kx? hyw³mn Zv wjwce Kiæb mvigg t eb I ebm ú` Avgv `i Rxeb K mevi Aj cöwz gyn~ Z mg K i P j Q Avgv `i Rxebavi Yi DcKi Yi A bk wkqyb eb _ K Drcbœ K l Ki jv½j- Rvqvj I Ab vb K wl hš cvwz, AvmevecÎ, Nievwo, wewfbœ ai bi hvbevnb, w`qvkjvb qi KvwV I ev, ˆe`ÿ wzk LuywU cöf wz ˆZwii Rb Avgiv Kv Vi Ici wbf ikxj mviv ` k Drcvw`Z Kv Vi cövq 65% R vjvwb wn m e e eüz nq Mv Qi wkko, evkj, cvzv ev Ab vb Ask flr DcKi Yi cöavb Drm ` ki eû wkíkvilvbv, hgb KY dzjx KvM Ri wgj, iqb KviLvbv, wm j Ui gû KviLvbv, Lyjbv wbdrwcö U KviLvbv cöf wz Pj Q ebr KuvPvgv ji Ici wfwë K i eb Øviv cövk wzk cöwzi v `qvj m wói gva g `k K SoSÅv, U Y Wv, R jv Q vm BZ vw`i wz _ K eûjvs k i v Kiv m e eb _ K gay, R vjvwb KvV, nvmjv cvzv, MvjcvZv BZ vw` msmön K i A bk jvk RxweKv wbe vn K i _v K Kv RB eb I ebm ú` Avgv `i e w³mz, cvwievwik Ges RvZxq Rxe bi Acwinvh Abyl½ zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 11

eb I e bi iyz cv VvËi g~j vqb 1.2 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b 1 ` ki ebm ú `i Ici wfwë K i Kx M o I V? K) eo eo Nievwo L) wkíkvilvbv M) hvzvqvz e e vi AeKvVv gv N) wk v cöwzôvb 2 eb ` ki A bk jv Ki Rb Kx? K) Avkªq j L) cöwzi vi cöavb Dcvq M) RxweKvi Ab Zg cöavb Aej ^b N) ivmevjvb _ K i vi Dcvq 3 KzwUi wk í e eüz KuvPvgv ji cöavb Ask Kx? K) euvk I ez L) ez I jzv bv MvQ M) evuk, ez I jzv bv MvQ N) eo eo e 4 RxeRš i cöavb wbivc` Avkªq j Kvb&wU? K) evwoni L) eb M) ZLvgvi N) cvnvwo GjvKv 5 KweivwR, Avqy e w` I nvwgi Ilya wk íi cöavb KuvPvgvj Kv_v _ K cviqv hvq? K) eb _ K L) KjKviLvbv _ K M) ZLvgvi _ K N) emzevwo _ K zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 12

eb I e bi iyz cvv 1.3 e bi cwi ekmz iyz G cvv k l Avcwb Rjevqyi Ici e bi cöfve wkiƒc Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb cövk wzk `y hv M cöwz iv a e bi f wgkv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb evqygûj K weï ivlv I cwi ek msi Y e bi f wgkv Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb Rxe ewpî msi Y e bi Ae`vb wjl Z I ej Z cvi eb wpëwe bv` b e bi Ae`vb eyws q wjl Z cvi eb eb cövyxi eu P _vkvi Rb me vwak iz c~y Dcv`vb Aw Rb wbqwgz mieivn K i P j Q ebvâj e e vcbvi gva g Rjevqy w wzkxj ivlv ev cwiez b NUv bv hvq eb Kxfv e cwi ek K cöfvwez K i eb Kxfv e Avgv `i A_ bxwz K mg K i P j Q Zv Avgiv cvv 1.2 _ K R bwq A_ bwzk iæz QvovI eb bxi e Ges A` k fv e gvbylmn c w_ex Z wepiykxj mkj cövyxi eu P _vkvi Rb me vwak iæz c~y Dcv`vb Aw Rb wbqwgz mieivn K i P j Q GQvovI GwU gvbylmn mkj cövyxi Rxebavi Yi Rb Dchy³ cwi ek m wói Î GK AwZ iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i P j Q eb kã `~ly I cvwb `~ly iv a iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i eb gvwui De izv Ges f Mf cvwbi Íi e w Z mnvqzv K i GQvovI eb eb v, SoR jv Q vm, aywjso BZ vw` iv a mnvqzv K i GLv b cwi ek msi Y e bi D jøwlz iæz mg~n mwe Ív i ey bv Kiv n q Q K. Rjevqyi Ici e bi cöfve Avgiv Rvwb h, Kv bv GjvKvi Rjevqy H GjvKvi gvwu, f cök wz, b`b`x, mgy `ªi ˆbKU m e vcwi ebvâj Øviv wbqwš Z n q _v K eb e ZxZ Ab vb jvi mvgwmök cwiez b mvab gvby li c m e bq wkš gvbyl ebvâj e e vcbvi gva g Rjevqy w wzkxj ivl Z ev cwiez b NUv Z cv i eb Kxfv e Rjevqyi Ici cöfve we Ívi Ki Z cv i Zv wb P ms c wee Z n jv eb cövk wzk cwi ek kxzj, my `i, g bvig I ^v Ki iv L e bi MvQ cö ^` bi gva g Rjxq ev úi cwigvy e w K i e wócvz NUvq eb gvwu Z ˆRec`v_ mieivn K i f wgi De izv evovq eb Pigfvevcbœ AvenvIqv K mgfvevcbœ K i Zv j eb evqyi MwZ em wbqš Y K i eb cvwbpµ (Hydrological cycle) wbqš Y K i eb MÖxb nvdr B d± (Green house effect) iva K i zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 13

eb I e bi iyz eb gvwu q I f wgaÿm iva K i Ges So, R jv Q v mi ZxeªZv n«vm K i L. cövk wzk `y hv M eb cövk wzk `y h v Mi Avk¼v Ges q wzi cwigvy n«vm K i MvQcvjv Kve b-wvb- A vbw MÖnY K i Ges evqy Z Aw Rb Q o w` q evqyi Dcv`v bi fvimvg i v K i eb gvwu q I f wgaÿm iva K i Ges So, R jv Q v mi ZxeªZv n«vm K i eb gvwu q iva K i e j b`b`x bve _v K I eb v Kg nq M. evqygûj weï ivlv I cwi ek msi Y wpî 11 t cök wzk `y hv M cöwz iv a DcK jxq A j ebvqb eb evqygû ji Aw Rb I Kve b-wvb-a vb Wi fvimvg Z_v cwi ek msi Y AZ ší iyz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i e bi MvQ evzv m f m eov bv QvB, aywjkyv, iyy I welv³ ivmvqwbk M vm kvly K i cwi ek weï iv L eb evqygû ji DòZv e w i Rb `vqx wewfbœ ai bi M vm wbqš Yi gva g evqygûj K kxzj ivl Z mvnvh Ki Q eb Aw Rb ˆZwii KviLvbv evqygû j wbw` ó cwigvy Aw Rb I Kve b-wvb-a vbw i q Q gvbylmn mkj cövyx k vmcök v mi mgq Aw Rb MÖnY K i Ges Kve b-wvb-a vbw Z vm K i hw` Kv bv Kvi Y evqygû ji wbw` ó Kve b-wvb-a vb Wi cwigvy e o hvq, Z e Zv c w_ex Z gvbylmn mkj cövwykz ji Rxebavi Yi Rb gvivík SuywKc~Y n q `uvovq MvQ gvby li cwiz ³ Kve b-wvb- A vbw MÖnY K i Ges Av jvkms køl Yi gva g cö qvrbxq Aw Rb ˆZwi K i Zv evzv m Q o `q eb evqygû ji Aw Rb I Kve b-wvb-a vb Wi fvimvg Z_v cwi ek msi Y AZ ší iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i eb evqy kvak MvQ ïay h cövyxi cwiz ³ Kve b-wvb-a vbwb ï l wb Q Zv bq Avgv `i evqygû j f m eov Q AZ ší z`ªvwz z`ª aywjkbv, QvB, iyy Ges wewfbœ cökv ii ivmvqwbk M vm wewfbœ wk íi er I hvbevn bi Kv jv auvqvb g~jz Gm ei Drm Gm ei Kvi Y gvby li mvaviy A vjvwr mn K vývi ivm ch ší n Z cv i e bi MvQ Gme QvB, aywjkyv, iyy I welv³ ivmvqwbk M v mi A bklvwb kvly K i wb q cwi ek K weï iv L wkš evqygû j Gme QvB, aywjkyv, iyy I welv³ ivmvqwbk M v mi cwigvy AvksKvRbK nv i e w cv Q weavq AcÖZzj MvQcvjv Zvi m ½ Zvj wgwj q cwi ek K weï ivl Z cvi Q bv d j e bi MvQ wb RB GLb Gm ei Øviv wzmö Í n Q Ges GKB mv _ gvby li Rb I Zv gvivík SuywKc~Y n q IV Q eb evqy kxzjkvix MÖxb nvdm cöwzwµqvi d j evqygû ji DòZv µgvmz e o P j Q evqygû ji DòZv µgvmz e w i d j ce Z kªyx KZ K a i ivlv ei di A bklvwb M j hv e Ges cvwbi AvqZb e w cv e d j mgy `ª cvwbi D PZv e o hv e Ges Kvjµ g mgzj I wbæf wg cwi ewóz `kmg~n mgy `ªi wb P Zwj q hv e GKBmv _ AwZe wó I Abve wói AvksKvI `Lv ` e wewfbœ A j d j A bk cövyx I Dw ` cörvwz wejyß n q hv e MÖxb nvdm cöwzwµqvi Ab Zg cöavb KviY n Q wek Ry o wewfbœ fvwi wkí _ K wbm Z Kve b- WvB-A vbw, wg _b, K v iv- d v iv-kve b M vm G wzbwui g a Kve b-wvb-a vbwb evqygû j me P q ewk e w cv Q AZGe mn RB Aby gq h, evqygû j Kve b-wvb- A vb Wi cwigvy wbqš Yi g a ivlvi Rb mnr Dcvq ei Kiv cö qvrb G Î e bi f wgkvb me vwak zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 14

eb I e bi iyz GQvovI MvQ _ K cöwzw`b cöpzi cwigv Y Rjxq ev c evqygû j wg k hv Q cö ^` bi gva g GKwU eo MvQ Mi gi w` b cövq 1816 wjuvi (400 M vjb) ch ší cvwb ev c cwiyz Ki Z cv i d j, evqy K kxzj ivl Z, we kl K i Mi gi w` b, Mv Qi f wgkv AZzjbxq Abykxjb (Activity) t eb Kxfv e evqygûj K kxzj iv L Zv wb Ri fvlvq eyws q wjlyb Rxe ewpî msi Yi gva g eb mkj Dw ` I cövyx cörvwzi eu P _vkvi Î mnvqk f wgkv cvjb Ki Q eb Rxe ewp Î i msi K c w_exi mkj RxeB ci ú ii Ici Kg ewk wbf ikxj d j cövyx I Dw `RM Zi w` K ZvKv j we qi mv _ `Lv hvq h, G `i G Ki cö qvr b A b i m wó n q Q D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq, nwiy bv _vk j my `ie bi i qj e½j UvBMvi eu P _vk Z cvi Zv bv Avevi my `ieb bv _vk j evn ev nwiy wkqyib Aw ÍZ _vk Zv bv Abyiƒcfv e wewfbœ cvkvgvko bv _vk j A bk cvwl eu P _vk Z cvi Zv bv myzivs c w_ex Z Aw ÍZ kxj cö Z K Dw ` I cövyx cörvwzi eu P Ges wu K _vkvi Rb MZ AwaKvi I cö qvrb i q Q Avevi G Dw ` I cövyx cörvwz jv cöz Ges c iv fv e gvby li Kj v YB wb qvwrz i q Q eb mkj Dw ` I cövyx cörvwzi eu P _vkvi Î AZ ší mnvqk f wgkv cvjb K i _v K K- my `ie bi KIovMvQ I evbi zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 15

eb I e bi iyz eb wpëwe bv` bi Rb ˆewPÎ c~y cövk wzk cwi ek L- my `ie bi wpîv nwiy wpî 12 (K, L) t my `ie bi KIov MvQ, evbi I nwiy Rxe ewp Î i Awe Q` Ask wpëwe bv` b e bi cöfve gvbyl KvR Ki Z Ki Z GK mgq gvbwmkfv e Aembœ n q c o gvby li G Aemv` `~i Kivi Rb bvbvcökvi Ljvayjv, cöwz hvwmzv, ågy, eb fvrb BZ vw` Av qvrb Kivi cö qvrb n q c o Dc iv³ wpëwe bv` bi Rb e bi Qvqv ewóz cwi ek, wbg j evqy, b`b`x, e ivwr, ey bvdzj, eb cövyx cöf wz AvKl Yxq DrK ó Dcv`vb Kv RB eb wpëwe bv` bi Rb ˆewPÎ c~y cövk wzk cwi ek wpî 13 t ey bvdzj wpëwe bv` bi Ab Zg Drm zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 16

eb I e bi iyz wpî 14 t eb åg Y cöpzi Avb ` cviqv hvq mvigg t gvbyl ebvâj e e vcbvi gva g Rjevqy w wzkxj ivl Z ev cwiez b NUv Z cv i cövyxkzj eu P _vkvi cöavb Dcv`vb Aw Rb wbqwgz mieivn K i P j Q eb GQvovI eb kã I cvwb `~ly iv a Ges gvwui De izv, f Mf cvwbi Íi e w Z mnvqzv K i eb gvwu q I f wgaÿm iva K i Ges So I R jv Q v mi ZxeªZv n«vm K i evqygû ji Aw Rb I Kve b- WvB-A vb Wi fvimvg Z_v cwi ek msi Y AZ ší iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i e bi MvQ evzv m f m eov bv QvB, aywjkyv, iyy I welv³ ivmvqwbk M v mi A bklvwb kvly K i cwi ek K weï iv L evqygû ji DòZv e w i Rb `vqx wewfbœ ai bi M vm, hgb Kve b- WvB-A vbw, wg _b, K v iv- d v iv-kve b cöf wz wbqš Yi gva g evqygûj K kxzj iv L eb Rxe ewpî msi Yi gva g mkj Dw ` I cövyx cörvwzi eu P _vkvi Î mnvqk f wgkv cvjb K i e bi Qvqv ewóz cwi ek, wbg j evqy, b`b`x, e ivwr, ey bvdzj, eb cövyx BZ vw` wpëwe bv` bi Rb ˆewPÎ c~y cövk wzk cwi ek cv VvËi g~j vqb 1.3 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b 1 ebvâj e e vcbvi gva g gvbyl Kx Ki Z cv i? K) f cök wzi cwiez b L) b`b`xi cwiez b M) Rjevqyi w wzkxjzv ev cwiez b N) Rjevqyi cwiez b 2 e bi MvQcvjv evqy Z Aw Rb Q o Kx mi fvimvg i v K i? K) cwi e ki L) evqyi Dcv`v bi M) cvwli wbivc` Avev ji N) cövk wzk `y h v Mi 3 eb Kxfv e e wócvz NUv Z mvnvh K i? K) e bi MvQ cö ^` bi gva g R jxq ev ci cwigvy e w Kivi d j L) e bi MvQ R jxq ev c AvKl Yi gva g M) e bi MvQ Rjevqy I evqyi MwZ em wbqš Y Kivi d j N) e bi MvQ Av jvkms køly Kivi d j zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 17

eb I e bi iyz zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 18

eb I e bi iyz e venvwik cvv 1.4 evsjv ` ki gvbwp Î e bi Ae vb G Abykxjb k l Avcwb evsjv ` ki gvbwpî Gu K Zv Z wewfbœ ai bi e bi Ae vb wpwýz Ki Z cvi eb cövmw½k Z_ evsjv ` k Pvi ai bi eb i q Q hgb cvnvwo eb, g vb MÖvf eb, mgzjf wgi eb I MÖvgxY eb PÆMÖvg, K evrvi, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo, ev `ievb I wm ju wefv Mi wewfbœ Rjvq cvnvwo eb `Lv hvq Lyjbv, ev MinvU, mvz xiv I K evrvi Rjvi P Kvwiqvq g vb MÖvf eb Aew Z MvRxcyi, Uv½vBj, gqgbwmsn, w`bvrcyi I iscyi Rjvi kvjeb wb qb mgzjf wgi eb evsjv ` ki h Kv bv A jb emzevwo I Gi Av kcv k MÖvgxY eb `Lv hvq wpî 15 t evsjv ` ki gvbwp Î wewfbœ ai bi e bi (MÖvgxY eb ev `) Ae vb zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 19

eb I e bi iyz DcKiY Uªwms ccvi, cwýj, ivevi (Eraser), j, Rgm wk c BZ vw` Kv Ri avc Avcbvi Kvm eb q cö`ë evsjv ` ki eb GjvKv wb ` wkz gvbwpîwu fv jvfv e ch e Y Kiyb Gevi Kvm eb qi gvbwp Îi Dci Rgm wk c w` q Uªwms ccviwu fv jvfv e AvUKvb cwýj w` q gvbwpîwu Uªwms ccv i AvuKzb gvbwp Î wewfbœ Rjvi mxgvbv wb ` k Kiæb Ges wewfbœ ai bi eb GjvKv wpwýz Kiæb G Î wewfbœ ai bi eb GjvKv K Avjv`vfv e kyv³ Kivi j cwýj w` q Avjv`v wb ` kk (Legend) AvuKzb gvbwpîwu wpwýz (Leveling) Kiæb Gevi e envwik LvZvi m ½ gvbwpîwu mshy³ Kiæb I cy iv cöwµqvwu avivevwnkfv e LvZvq wjlyb I wudui K `wl q ^v i wbb zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 20

eb I e bi iyz P~ovšÍ g~j vqb BDwbU 1 msw ß I ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 eb ej Z Kx eysvq? 2 eb KZ cökvi I Kx Kx? 3 cövk wzk eb I gvby li ˆZwi e bi `ywu K i D`vniY w`b 4 evsjv ` ki eb K Kq fv M fvm Kiv n q Q I Kx Kx? 5 e bi A_ bwzk iæ Z i cöavb w`k Kx Kx? 6 eb cövyx Kxfv e eb msi Y K i _v K? 7 e bi cwi ekmz iæ Z i cö vc U Rjevqyi Ici Gi cöfve Kx Kx? 8 eb Kxfv e cwi ek K weï ivl Z mnvqzv K i? 9 e bi A_ bwzk iæ Z i weeiy w`b 10 eb K Kb Aw Rb ˆZwii KviLvbv e j? DËigvjv BDwbU 1 cvv 1.1 1 N 2 M 3 M 4 L 5 K 6 M cvv 1.2 1 L 2 M 3 M 4 L 5 K cvv 1.3 1 M 2 K 3 K zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi vj ww fjc g U 21

BDwbU 2 e bi aib BDwbU 2 e bi aib evsjv ` ki cövk wzk m ú `i g a eb AZ ší iæz c~y m ú` evsjv ` ki wewfbœ AÂj I Zvi cwi e ki Ici wbf i K i e bi aib, GgbKx ebvâ ji e i g a I wewfbœzv cwijw Z nq e bi DcKvwiZv Acwimxg ebm ú` _ K Avgiv Nievwo, AvmevecÎ, K wl hš cvwz cöf wz ˆZwii Rb KvV c q _vwk ZvQvov eb _ K R vjvwb, euvk, ez, nvmjv, Qb, MvjcvZv, flr Dw ` Ges wkíkvilvbvi KvuPvgvj c q _vwk eb cövk wzk fvimvg ervq iv L I Avgv `i K cövk wzk `y hv M _ K i v K i Kv bv ` ki cövk wzk fvimvg i vi Rb e bi iæz c~y f wgkv i q Q RbmsL v `ª yzmwz Z e w i Kvi Y MvQcvjv K U ebf wgi cwigvy Kwg q djv n Q vb I we Í wz f ` evsjv ` ki eb K Pvi fv M fvm Kiv hvq h_v cvnvwo eb, g vb MÖvf ev jeyv ^y eb, mgzjf wgi eb Ges MÖvgxY eb G BDwb Ui wewfbœ cv V G Pvi ai bi e bi ˆewkó, Ae vb, we Í wz, Ae`vb cöf wzi Ici we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q cvv 2.1 cvnvwo eb G cvv k l Avcwb cvnvwo e bi we Í wz Ges m ú `i cwigvy wjl Z cvi eb cvnvwo e bi e ivwr Ges eb cövyx m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb cvnvwo e bi ez gvb ebvqb Kg KvÛ ej Z cvi eb cvnvwo e bi iæz e vl v Ki Z cvi eb PÆMÖvg, K evrvi, ev `ievb, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo I e nëi wm ju A ji cve Z GjvKvi cövk wzk ebb cvnvwo eb cvnvwo e bi we Í wz Ges m ú `i cwigvy PÆMÖvg, K evrvi, ev `ievb, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo Ges e nëi wm ju A ji cve Z GjvKvq h cövk wzk eb i q Q Zv KB cvnvwo eb wn m e wpwýz Kiv n q _v K G AÂj jvi gvu cvnvwo e bi AvqZb 0.67 wgwjqb n±i G e bi 11% i q Q PÆMÖvg I K evrvi Rjvq, 78% i q Q ev `ievb, iv½vgvwu I LvMovQwo Rjvq Ges 9% i q Q wm ju, mybvgmä, gšjexevrvi I nwemä Rjvq GKwU mgx v _ K Rvbv hvq h, cvnvwo e b gvu Kvôm ú `i cwigvy cövq 28,32,059 NbwgUvi (`k KvwU NbdzU) D jøl h, G m ú ` Kej 30-36 m. wg. (12-14 BwÂ) e vmwewkó MvQ K AšÍfz ³ Kiv n q Q 10 m. wg. (4 BwÂ) ev Z`ya e vmwewkó Mv Qi wn me Kej ivwcz Mv Qi msl v wbiƒc Yi Rb ivlv n q Q ( bvu t 1 NbwgUvi = 35.31 NbdzU) 1985-Õ86 mv j cvnvwo eb _ K 2,74,709.7 NbwgUvi (97.0 j NbdzU) KvV Ges cövq 8,15,633 NbwgUvi (2.88 KvwU NbdzU) R vjvwb AvniY Kiv n q Q Abyiƒcfv e 1986-Õ87 mv j AvniY Kiv n q Q cövq 1,47,267 NbwgUvi (52.0 j NbdzU) KvV Ges cövq 4,72,953.8 NbwgUvi (1.67 KvwU NbdzU) R vjvwb cvnvwo eb wpinwir I cb gvpx e i eb G A j wpinwir eb m wói Ab Zg cöavb KviY n Q GLv b eq i M o 250 m. wg. e wócvz n q _v K Ges GLvbKvi DòZv cövq 34 0 mjwmqvm

e bi aib cvnvwo e bi cöavb e m b, Mvgvi, kxjkob, Pvcvwjk, P úv, gnmwb, K`g, MR b, Rviyj BZ vw` cvnvwo e bi e cvnvwo e bi cöavb cöavb e n jv m b, Mvgvi, kxjkob, Pvcvwjk, P úv, gnmwb, K`g, MR b, Rviyj BZ vw` Gme MvQ QvovI cvnvwo e bi Ab Zg cöavb m ú` n jv euvk, ez Ges bvbv ai bi jzv bv Dw ` D jøwlz MvQ QvovI eû ikg MvQMvQiv wew ßfv e cvnvwo GjvKvq Qwo q wqwu q i q Q Pv evmvb jvi Ae vbi cvnvwo GjvKvq wm ju wefv Mi wewfbœ Rjv ZB wmsnfvm Pv evmvb Aew Z ez gv b cvnvwo GjvKvq A bk jv ivevi evmvb m wó Kiv n q Q cvnvwo e b i q Q wewfbœ ai bi Íb cvqx cövyx, mixm c, cvwl Ges KxUcZ½ eb cövyx wpî 16 t cvnv oi Xv j Pv evmvb cvnvwo e b e, euvk, ez I jzv QvovI i q Q wewfbœ ai bi Íb cvqx cövyx, mixm c, cvwl Ges KxUcZ½ Íb cvqx cövyxi g a nvwz, wewfbœ cörvwzi evn, evbi, Djø yk, fvjyk, nwiy BZ vw`b cöavb mixm ci g a cöavb n jv wewfbœ ai bi mvc, wmiwmwu BZ vw` wmwiwmwui g a Avevi cöavb n jv mvbvjx I Kv jv B cvnvwo e bi cvwli g a wel vz n jv eb gvim, gqbv, g_yqv, fxgivr, wewfbœ ai bi UzbUzwb, bvpz b, KvV VvKiv, a bk BZ vw` GQvovI i q Q AmsL cörvwzi cvwl KY dzjx cvwbwe`ÿ r cökí vc bi d j m ó n«` Drcvw`Z gvq iv½vgvwu, ev `ievb I LvMovQwo Rjvi gv Qi Ab Zg cöavb Dr m cwiyz n q Q Abykxjb (Activity) t cvnvwo e bi Dw ` I cövyxi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb cvnvwo e b cöwz eqi cövq 12,145.75 n±i Rwg Z g~j evb I `ª yz ea bkxj MvQ jvmv bv n Q cvnvwo e b ez gvb ebvqb ez gv b cvnvwo e b g~j evb Ges `ª yz ea bkxj MvQ jvmv bvi cwikíbv ev Íevqbvaxb i q Q G ch ší cövq 1.04 j n±i cvnvwo eb GjvKvq g~j evb Ges `ª yz ea bkxj MvQ jvmv bv n q Q ez gv b cöwz eqi cövq 12,145.75 n±i ebvâ j g~j evb Ges `ª yz ea bkxj MvQ jvmv bv n Q Qq eqi P µi `ª yz ea bkxj MvQmg~n g~jz R vjvwb KvV mieiv ni Rb jvmv bv n q _v K c vší i, h_vµ g 12, 18 I 40 eqi P µi MvQmg~n peeling logs, LyuwU Ges zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 22

e bi aib saw logs Drcv` bi j jvmv bv n q _v K GQvovI wkqy wkqy cvnvwo A j ivevi Drcv` bi j ivevi evmvbi m wó Kiv n Q wpî 17 t cvnvwo e b ebvqb cvnvwo e bi evuk, ez, Kvôm ú `i Ici wbf i K i M o I V Q wewfbœ ai bi wkíkvilvbv ZvB RvZxq A_ bxwz Z cvnvwo e bi iæz Acwimxg cvnvwo e bi iæz evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Z cvnvwo e bi iæz Acwimxg vbxq cvnvwo A j euv ki AdzišÍ Dr mi K_v we epbv K i iv½vgvwu Rjvi P `ª Nvbvq KY dzjx KvM Ri Kj vwcz n q Q Abyiƒcfv e, P `ª Nvbv iqb wgjm& vwcz n q Q cvnvwo MvQcvjv K KuvPvgvj wn m e e env ii j GKBfv e wm ju ccvi I cví wgj vwcz n q Q vbxq euvk, ez, Nvm BZ vw` KuvPvgvj wn m e e env ii j PÆMÖv g ebwkí Dbœqb K c v ik bi KviLvbv vwcz n q Q cvnvwo eb _ K cövß Kvôm ú `i mø env ii j GQvovI mviv ` ki hvezxq Kvôwbwg Z Avmevec Îi GK wekvj AskB wbwg Z nq cvnvwo eb _ K cövß Kvôm ú` _ K ij jvb b e eüz wúcv ii cöavb mieivn Av m cvnvwo eb _ K GQvovI e nëi wm ju A j M o I V Q QvU QvU euvk I ez wkíkvilvbv ch Ub K cv ikb vcb K i Q Uzwi úu hv w` q ˆe `wkk gỳ ªv AR b Kiv m e n Q mvigg t PÆMÖvg, K evrvi, ev `ievb, iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo Ges e nëi wm ju A ji cve Z GjvKvi cövk wzk eb KB cvnvwo eb wn m e wpwýz Kiv nq cvnvwo e b eq i M o 250 m. wg. e wócvz n q _v K Ges GLvbKvi DòZv cövq 34 0 mjwmqvm cvnvwo e b ez gv b cöwz eqi cövq 12,145.75 n±i Rwg Z g~j evb Ges `ª yz ea bkxj MvQ jvmv bv n Q GLvbKvi cöavb cöavb e n jv m b, Mvgvi, kxjkob, Pvcvwjk, P úv, gnmwb, K`g, MR b, Rviæj BZ vw` cvnvwo e b i q Q wewfbœ ai bi Íb cvqx cövyx, mixm c, cvwl Ges KxUcZ½ e bi evuk, ez, Kvôm ú `i Ici wbf i K i M o I V Q wewfbœ ai bi wkíkvilvbv ZvB RvZxq A_ bxwz Z cvnvwo e bi iæz Acwimxg zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 23

e bi aib cv VvËi g~j vqb 2.1 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk wpý ( ) w`b 1 cvnvwo e bi wmsnfvm Kvb& Kvb& Rjv Ry o i q Q? K) PUªMÖvg I K evrvi L) ev `ievb, iv½vgvwu I LvMovQwo M) wm ju wefv Mi mkj Rjv N) e nëi wm ju I PÆMÖvg 2 cvnvwo e b wpinwir e Rb v bvi Ab Zg KviY Kx? K) e bi gvwu Z cöpzi ˆRe I A Re mvi i q Q L) cöpzi e wócvz (eq i M o 250 m. wg.) nq Ges DòZv cövq 34 0 mjwmqvm e j M) e b e i wbivcëv ewk N) eb wefv Mi m PZbZvi Rb 3 cvnvwo e bi gvu AvqZb KZ? K) 0.37 wgwjqb n±i L) 0.47 wgwjqb n±i M) 0.57 wgwjqb n±i N) 0.67 wgwjqb n±i 4 P `ª Nvbvq vwcz KvMR K ji cöavb KuvPvgvj Kx? K) euvk L) ez M) Nvm N) KvV zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 24

e bi aib cvv 2.2 g vb MÖvf eb G cvv k l Avcwb g vb MÖvf eb I Gi ˆewk ó i weeiy w` Z cvi eb g vb MÖvf e bi we Í wz wek`fv e ey bv Ki Z cvi eb my `ie bi e Av Qv`b Ges ez gvb Ae v wjl Z cvi eb my `ieb _ K cövß m ú `i ey bv w` Z cvi eb evsjv ` ki Ab vb DcK jxq eb m ^ Ü ej Z cvi eb g vb MÖvf e bi iæz e vl v Ki Z cvi eb Rvqv ii mgq wbqwgz e eav b g vb MÖvf e bi AwaKvsk GjvKv jvbv cvwb Z wbgw¾z _v K Mv Qi exr Mv Q _vk ZB AsKzwiZ nq ewki fvm Mv Qi wkko miy n q gvwui Dc i D V Av m G jv K k vmg~j e j g vb MÖvf eb I Gi ˆewkó g vb MÖvf (Mangrove) kãwu czz MxR g vb (Mangue) Ges MÖvf (Grove) G `ywu k ãi wgj b ˆZwi n q Q Mangue A_ GKwU ^Zš MvQ; Avi Grove A_ _vkv ev Svo A_ vr h e b GKwU ^Zš cörvwzi MvQ GKm ½ Svo eu a R b G Mangrove- KB evsjvq Mivb ev mªvzr eb e j mgỳ ª DcK j hlv b RvqvifvUv eq, h mkj wbpz I mgzj RvqMv ev P i mgy `ªi jey I b`xi wgwó Dfq cvwbi mªvz XD L j hvq, hlvbkvi gvwu K` gv³ I mgzj, hme Lvuwo ev gvnbvq mgỳ ª Zi ½i zäzv I evzv mi cövej Kg Ges hlvbkvi Rjevqy Dò I Av`ª mlv bb g vb MÖvf Svo eu a R b Rvqv ii mgq wbqwgz e eav b wkqz mg qi Rb g vb MÖvf ev jvbvr ji e bi AwaKvsk GjvKv jeyv³ cvwb Z wbgw¾z _v K ZLb e bi MvQcvjv jv G jeyv³ cvwb w` q wm³ nq eb nq we ašz g vb MÖvf eb, we kl K i my `ieb Ry o i q Q AmsL b`x, bvjv, Lvj, fvivwb (`yb b`xi ga Kvi ms hvm j), Lvuwo ev gvnbv BZ vw` my `ie bi K qkwu cöavb b`x n jv nwiynvuv, cïi, gvjâ I ivqg½j G e bi MvQcvjvi ˆewkó Ab vb eb _ K wkqyuv wfbœ ai bi MvQ jv jeyv³ cvwb Z RxebaviY Ki Z cv i Mv Qi exr Mv Q _vk ZB AsKzwiZ nq G ai bi AsKz iv`mg K RivqyR AsKz iv`mg e j GQvov g vb MÖvf eb GjvKvi ewki fvm Mv Qi wkko miæ n q gvwui Dc i D V Av m G jv K k vmg~j, k~jv ev wbd g Uv dvi (Pneumatophore) e j cy iv my `ie bi gvwu K` gv³ Ges k~jvq fiv G e b Ggb A bk `ym g GjvKv i q Q hlv b GLbI Kv bv gvby li c`wpý c o wb GLv b Kv bv vqx evwm `v bb my `ieb GjvKvq eq i 190-254 m. wg. e wócvz n q _v K G eb ` ki KvV Ges R vjvwbi GKK e nëg Drm wpî 18 t g vb MÖvf e bi Mv Qi cöavb ˆewkó n jv Gi k vmg~j zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 25

e bi aib my `ieb we k i me e nr g vb MÖvf eb hv evsjv ` ki `w YcwðgvÂj Ges fvi Zi cwðge ½i M½v b`xi gvnbvq cövq 10 j n±i GjvKv Ry o we Í Z g vb MÖvf e bi we Í wz evsjv ` ki `w Yv ji DcK jxq GjvKv Ges K evrv ii P Kvwiqvq g vb MÖvf eb `L Z cviqv hvq my `ieb we k i me e nr GKK Drcv`bkxj g vb MÖvf eb hv evsjv ` ki `w YcwðgvÂj Ges fvi Zi cwðge ½i M½v b`xi gvnbvq cövq 10 j n±i GjvKv Ry o we Í Z G e bi cövq 62% evsjv ` ki ev MinvU, Lyjbv I mvz xiv Rjvq Ges evwk Ask cwðge ½i 24 cimbv Rjvq Aew Z fš MvwjKfv e my `ie bi Ae vb 21 0-30 _ K 22 0-30 DËi `ªvwNgvsk ch ší Ges 89 0 _ K 90 0 c~e A vs ki g a evsjv ` ki my `ieb c~ e mvz xiv _ K cwð g ev MinvU ch ší we Í Z G ` ki my `ie bi AvqZb cövq 6,221 em wk.wg. Ges we Í wz cövq 5.77 j n±i hvi g a jfvm 4.16 j n±i Ges evwk Ask RjfvM hv QvU QvU Lvwo, bvjv, Lvj Øviv Rv ji g Zv ewóz h nzz QvU Lvwo, bvjv, Lvj eo b`x jvi m ½ mshy³ ZvB G e bi cö Z KwU AskB bškv w` q hvzvqvz Kiv m e wpî 19 t my `ieb we k i me P q eo g vb MÖvf eb my `ie b cövq 330 cörvwzi jeyv ^y Dw `, 120 cörvwzi gvq, 8 cörvwzi DfPi cövyx, 50 cörwzi mixm c, 270 cörvwzi cvwl, 42 cörvwzi Íb cvqx cövyx Ges 60 cörvwzi wpswo I KvuKovRvZxq cövyx i q Q e bi wewfbœ m ú` my `ieb wewfbœ w`k w` q mg hw`i GwU cövq cuvpk eqi c~ e cövk wzk m ú` wn m e ^xk Z n qwqj, wkš weávbm Zfv e Gi e e vcbv Avi n q Q gvî 120 eqi c~ e Rxe ewp Î i w`k w` q my `ieb AZ ší mg G e bb wek wel vz evn, i qj e½j UvBMvi evm K i G e b cövq 330 cörvwzi jeyv ^y Dw ` i q Q ZvQvov i q Q 120 cörvwzi gvq, 8 cörvwzi DfPi cövyx, 50 cörvwzi mixm c, 270 cörvwzi cvwl, 42 cörvwzi Íb cvqx cövyx Ges 60 cörvwzi wpswo I KvuKovRvZxq cövyx my `ie bi AvKl Yxq eb cövyxi g a i qj e½j UvBMvi, wpîv nwiy, eb ïki, evbi, Kzwgi, Kv gvu (nv½i), Wjwdb, ARMi I Ab vb mvc, bvbv cörvwzi cvwl, gšgvwq I Ab vb KxUcZ½ Ges bvbv cörvwzi gvq D jøl hvm my `ie bi cöavb e n Q my `wi ZvQvov Ab vb Kvôj e i g a i q Q MIqv, Mivb, evbb, KvuKov, cïi, ay `j, Avgyi, KIov BZ vw` AKvôj Dw `i g a kb, û `v, wmj jzv, Kqv, MvjcvZv I nuzvj cöavb MvjcvZv N ii QvDwb, eov BZ vw`i Kv R e eüz nq my `wi, cïi cöf wz _ K DbœZgv bi KvV cviqv hvq hv _ K AZ ší greyz AvmevecÎ ˆZwi nq zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 26

e bi aib GQvovI my `ieb R vjvwb Kv Vi GK weivu Drm my `ie bi e cöpzi msl vq gšpvk `Lv hvq Ges G _ K cöpzi cwigv Y gay AvniY Kiv nq gay I KvV msmön K i eû jvk RxweKv wbev n K i wpî 20 t my `ie bi Rxe ewpî zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 27

e bi aib ez gv b my `ie b 10 m.wg. Gi AwaK e v mi 1,06,37,213 NbwgUvi KvVmg MvQ i q Q e m ú` Ges Av Qv` bi cwigvy GK mgx vq Rvbv M Q h, ez gv b my `ie b 10 m. wg.-gi AwaK e v mi 1,06,37,213 NbwgUvi KvVmg MvQ i q Q wkš Kv Vi G cwigvy 1960 mv j hv wqj ez gv b Zvi gvî kzkiv 52 fvm wu K Av Q ïay ZvB bq, GKB mgx vq AviI `Lv M Q h, my `ieb _ K AvnwiZ Kv Vi YMZ gvbi Av Mi Zzjbvq A bk n«vm c q Q A_ vr my `ie bi e m ú` `ª yz aÿs mi w` K avwez n Q Awej ^ hw` my `ie bi e m ú` K aÿs mi nvz _ K i vi e e v Kiv bv nq, Zvn j µgvš^ q Gi Drcv`b hgb K g hv e, Zgwb cövß m ú `i YMZ gvbi n«vm cv e wpî 21 t g vb MÖvf e bi MIqv e my `ie bi 65% GjvKv 70% e, 30% GjvKv 30-70% e Ges 5% GjvKv 30% Gi Kg e Øviv Av Qvw`Z K evrv ii UKbvd _ K ewikvj Ges cuzqvlvjxi DcK jxq AÂj ch ší g vb MÖvf e bi MvQ, h_v KIov, KvuKov, evbb BZ vw` jvmv bv n Q mv úöwzk Avi GK mgx vq Rvbv M Q h, my `ie bi 65% GjvKv 70% e Øviv Av Qvw`Z; 30% GjvKv 30-70% e Øviv Av Qvw`Z Ges 5% GjvKv 30% Gi Kg e Øviv Av Qvw`Z my `ieb K i v Ges e ivwri YMZ gvb A zyœ ivlvi Rb GLvb _ K m ú` Avni Yi Î AZ ší mveavbzv Aej ^b Ki Z n e hv Z e GjvKvi cwigvy K g bv hvq Ab vb DcK jxq eb K evrvi Rjvi P Kvwiqv _vbvq g vb MÖvf eb i q Q GQvovI K evrv ii UKbvd _ K ïiæ K i ewikvj Ges cuzqvlvjx Rjvi DcK jxq A ji 1.27 j n±i GjvKv Ry o DcK jxq eb ˆZwii j e ivcy Kg KvÛI B Zvg a ïiæ n q Q Gme A ji g vb MÖvf e bi MvQ, h_v KIov, KvuKov, evbb BZ vw` jvmv bv n Q G DcK jxq eb GKw` K hgb SoR jv Qv mi ZvÛe _ K GjvKvevmx K A bkvs k i v Ki e Zgwb Ab w` K R vjvwb Ges gû ˆZwii KvV mieivn Ki e ez gv b cöwz eqi 2.83 nvrvi n±i DcK jxq GjvKv ebvqb Kiv n Q zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 28

e bi aib my `ie bi iæz Acwimxg G eb _ K cövß KvV, MvjcvZv, gay, gvg, gvq cöf wzi Ici eû jvk RxweKv wbev n K i g vb MÖvf e bi iæz g vb MÖvf eb wn m e my `ieb GKKfv e evsjv ` ki GKwU Ag~j m ú` G eb _ K cövß m ú` wewea Ges eûgylx G eb GKvav i AvmevecÎ ˆZwi Ges R vjvwb KvV mieivn Ki Q Aciw` K G e bi wel vz MvjcvZv N oi QvDwbi DcKiY wn m e e eüz n Q G eb _ K wecyj cwigvy gay Ges gvg AvniY Kiv n q _v K ZvQvov grm, wpswo Ges kvgykm ú `I my `ieb AZ ší m my `ieb Ges Acivci DcK jxq g vb MÖvf eb AwePjfv e `k K eb v, So Ges R jv Qv mi cöpûzv _ K i v K i Avm Q ez gv b my `ieb `Lvi Rb `kwe ` ki eû ch UK Avm Q my hvmmyweav e w Ges myôz e e vcbvq GLv b ch Ub wkí M o Zzj Z cvi j G _ K mikvi cöpzi ˆe `wkk g~`ªv AR b Ki Z cvi e Abykxjb (Activity) t g vb MÖvf e bi ˆewkó vejx I m ú`mg~n wjwce Kiæb mvigg t czz MxR Mangue Ges Grove wg j Mangrove k ãi DrcwË Gi A_ h e b GKwU ^Zš cörvwzi MvQ Svo eu a R b G jvbv R ji e bi cöavb ˆewkó n Q GLv b wkqy we kl ai bi MvQ R b hv Ab vb ebvâ j `Lv hvq bv my `ieb we k i me e nr g vb MÖvf eb hv evsjv ` ki `w YcwðgvÂj Ges fvi Zi cwðge ½i M½v b`xi gvnbvq cövq 10 j n±i GjvKv Ry o we Í Z my `ie b cövq 330 cörvwzi g vb MÖvf Dw `, 120 cörvwzi gvq, 8 cörvwzi DfPi cövyx, 50 cörvwzi mixm c, 270 cörvwzi cvwl, 42 cörwzi Íb cvqx cövyx Ges 60 cörvwzi wpswo I KvuKovRvZxq cövyx i q Q GLvbKvi cöavb Dw ` n jv my `wi, MIqv, Mivb, evbb, KvuKov, cïi, ay `j, Avgyi, KIov, MvjcvZv BZ vw` my `ie b wek wel vz i qj e½j UvBMvi evm K i my `ie bi 65% GjvKv 70% e, 30% GjvKv 30-70% e Ges 5% GjvKv 30% Gi Kg e Øviv Av Qvw`Z K evrv ii UKbvd _ K ewikvj Ges cuzqvlvjxi DcK jxq AÂ j g vb MÖvf e bi MvQ, h_v KIov, KvuKov, evbb BZ vw` jvmv bv n Q my `ie bi iæz Acwimxg G eb _ K cövß KvV, MvjcvZv, gay, gvg, gvq, wpswo, kvgyk cöf wzi Ici eû jvk RxweKv wbev n K i zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 29

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e bi aib wpî 22 t mgzjf wgi e b ez gvb ebvqb mdjzv Avb Z n j GLbI A bk mgm v i q M Q hv AbwZwej ^ mgvavb Kiv cö qvrb G mgm v jvi g a MÖnY hvm fvm`lj ^Z vqxwfwë Z wba viy, Avw_ K msku, Rwgi Abye izv, K wldmj ˆZwi Kivi Rb cö qvrbxq KvwiMwi wb ` kbvi Afve BZ vw` Ab Zg G mg Í mgm v mgvav bi j mikvi B Zvg a cö qvrbxq c` c Z_v bxwzgvjv cöbqy K i Qb GKwU AvšÍR vwzk ms vi Rixc _ K Rvbv hvq h, Gme e b ez gv b AvbygvwbK kzkiv 32 fvm e Av Qv`b i q Q cövk wzkfv e M o DVvi gva g kvj ev MRvwi Mv Qi cvkvcvwk mvgvwrk ebvq bi gva g ez gv b Avg, Rvg, KvuVvj, Rviæj, kxjkob, AvgjwK, e niv, BDK vwjþvm, AvKvkgwb cöf wz cörvwzi e I ivcy Kiv n Q wpî 23 t mgzjf wg Z K wlebvqb mgzjf~wgi Gme e b wecyj cwigvy e m ú` i q Q mgzjf wgi e bi kvj KvV LyuwU wn m e e eüz nq m ú `i cwigvy GLvbKvi e m ú `i cwigvy wby qi Rb KL bv Kv bv cökvi Rixc Pvjv bv nq wb, ZvB cök Z m ú `i cwigvy Rvbv hvq bv Z e Abygvb Kiv n q _v K h, mgzjf~wgi Gme e b wecyj cwigvy e m ú` i q Q mgzjf wgi e bi iæz mgzjf~wgi eb _ K cövß kvj MvQ evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j Nievwo wbg v Yi Ab Zg cöavb DcKiY LuywU wn m e e eüz n q _v K GQvovI G kvj MvQ _ K wecyj cwigvy R vjvwb cviqv hvq G e b wkqvj, mrviæ, evnwvkv, ebweovj, ewr cöf wz cövyx `Lv hvq ZvQvov KvK, `v qj, NyNy Ges AviI bvbv cörvwzi cvwl `Lv hvq GQvovI i q Q wewfbœ ai bi mvc, wmiwmwu, KxUcZ½ BZ vw` mvigg t MvRxcy ii fviqv ji Mo; Uv½vBj I gqgbwms ni gaycy ii Mo wb q mgzjf wgi e bi K `ªxq AÂj Ges iscyi I w`bvrcyi AÂj wb q DËivÂj MwVZ 1950 mv j c~e evsjv mikvi GK ÔG ±i (Act)Õ e j Rwg`vix cö_v evwzj K i G e bi myôz e e vcbvi `vwqz mikv ii ivr ^ wefv Mi Aax b b Í K ib mgzjf wgi e b ez gv b AvbygvwbK 32% e Av Qv`b i q Q mgzjf wgi e bi cöavb e kvj mgzjf~wgi Gme e b wecyj cwigvy e m ú` i q Q mgzjf wgi e bi kvj KvV LyuwU wn m e e eüz nq GLv b eû cörvwzi eb cövyx, cvwl I KxUcZ½ `Lv hvq zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi vj ww fjc g U 32