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wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 15 m Þ ^i 2005 eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm

MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : m Þ ^i 2005 cöökvkk cö Q` A i web vm I A½m¾v gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx XvKv 1212 : mv R`yi ingvb : gv. AvKivg nv mb : eª vk wcö Uvm 87-88 (cyivzb) 41 (bzzb) e K-wm U½x wkí GjvKv MvRxcyi 1710 2003-Gi M elyv wi cvu jv _ K evqvbk Z 8wU Ges 2004-Gi 9wU wi cv U i mvi-ms c Ges 3wU we kl cöeü G msl vq cökvk Kiv n jv gzvg Zi Rb m úv`k ev cökvkk `vqx b nb cöeümg~ n Dc vwcz mkj gzvgz M elk ev jlkm Yi GKvš wbr ^ m úv`bv cwil` m úv`k m`m : nvmvb kixd Avn g` : Avwgbyj Avjg I KvwbR dv Zgv Nirjash: Summary of selected BRAC research reports of 2003 & 2004, Number 15, September 2005. Published by BRAC, Research and Evaluation Division, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.

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^v welqk RÛvi I h²v: evsjv ` ki cöw Z RÛvi ms e`bkxj GKwU Kg m~wpi g~j vqb 84 evsjv ` ki knivâ j Ges cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvq i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic - 2003 92 cöexy `i cöv_wgk ^v mev Dbœqb cökí kxl K ebmjvbb Rwic 2003 Gi djvdj 99 evsjv ` k ^v Î mgzv Ae jvkb: evsjv `k nj_ BKz BwU IqvP (wegbpbwwe D): Rwic - 2002 102 evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ªi Dci cwipvwjz GKwU AbymÜvbx mgx v 107 evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv 114 mš vb Rb `v bi Î Av m wbkhy³ cvwb cvb Kivi cöfve 125 evsjv ` k AwZ `wi`ª `i g a cvwb I cqtwb vkb e e vi wpî 128 evsjv ` k Jlwa Dw ` Pv li m vebv: bv Uv ii AwfÁZv 133

wbh vm 2005 m Þ ^i;15:1-8 eª vk z`ªfy cö`v bi gva g `wi`ª gvby li we klz gwnjv `i gzvqb m e `vwi`ª we gvp b RvwZms Ni wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîv AR b z`ªfy Kvh µg Ab Zg cöavb PvwjKv kw³ wn m e cwimwyz n q Q wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîvi GKwU Ab Zg D Ïk n Q 2015 mv ji g a AwZ `wi`ªzv Ges zav A a K Kwg q Avbv m úv`kxq Avš R vwzk z`ªfy eqi 2005 Ges wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîv Mixe gvbyl Z_v bvixi gzvq b z`ªfy Kvh µ gi f~wgkv e vck G Dcjw _ KB RvwZmsN 2005 mvj K ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqiõ wn m e NvlYv K i Q z`ªfy Kvh µ gi m~pbv Ggb GK aviyv _ K ïi nq h cöwzwu gvby li g a B cö Qbœ gzv i q Q Z e `wi`ª gvby li m gzv Kv R jvmv bvi my hvm bb KejgvÎ mb my hvmwu K i `qv M j MÖv gi Mixe gvby li c wb Ri fvm wb RB cwiez b Kiv m e Avi G ai bi ` wófw½ _ KB z`ªfy Kvh µ gi hvîv ïi nq Mixe gvbyl webv Rvgvb Z, webv eükx Z UvKv b e m UvKv Kv R jvwm q wb Ri Avq evov e Ges F Yi UvKv dizi ` e GgbwU cª_g cö_g KD fve Z cv iwb wkš ev e `Lv Mj Mixe gvbyl z`ªf Yi UvKv Kv R jvwm q wvkb mgqgz Zvi wkw cwi kva Ki Q ZvB, mviv we k i Mixe gvbyl K z`ªfy Kvh µ gi AvIZvq Avb Z Ges G D ` vm K Av iv MwZkxj Ki Z wbh vm 1

m úv`kxq ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqiõ D`hvc bi D ` vm bqv n q Q 1997 mv j hy³iv óªi IqvwksUb wwwmõ Z AbywôZ nq y`ªfy kxl m jb G m jb _ K c w_exi 100 wgwjqb AwZ `wi`ª cwievi K we klz Gme cwiev ii gwnjv ì ỳ ªF Yi AvIZvq Avbvi Kvh µg K emevb Ki ZB G ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqiõ m úwk Z aviyvi m~îcvz AwZ `wi`ª cwiev ii gwnjviv z`ª FY cvevi gva g AvZ Kg ms vb Ges Ab vb Avw_ K I e emvwqk Kvh µ g Ask wb Z m g n eb e j Avkv Kiv n Q ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqiõ Kvh µg ev evq b cuvpwu j wbw` ó Kiv n q Q Gme j mg~n m`m `kmg~n K, RvwZms Ni wewfbœ ms v jv K Ges m e vcwi ỳ ªFY Kvh µg ev evq b wb qvwrz Askx`vi ì UKmB Avw_ KLv Zi wekv k mnvqzv Ki e Ges wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîv AR b mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb Ki e ms c G cuvpwu êwkó n Q Ñ 1. wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîv AR b z`ªf Yi Ae`vb g~j vqb Kiv Ges GZ`msµvš Kvh µg GwM q wb q hviqv 2. Dbœq bi wewfbœ Î z`ªf Yi cöavb cöavb w`k m ú K Rbm PZbZv e w Kiv 3. Avw_ K LvZ K e vckfv e DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges `wi`ª ì cöwz Kj vygylx GKwU Avw_ K Lv Zi wekv k KvR Kiv 4. Avw_ K mevmg~n UKmB Ki Z mg_ b `qv hv Z z`ªfy mev cö`vbkvixmy `wi`ª I AwZ `wi`ª ì Av iv Kvh Ki mev cö`vb Ki Z cv i GKB mv _ z`ªfy Gi bxwzgvjvi mwvk cö qv Mi gva g `vzv ms v I mikvwi wefvm jvi Kvh gzv Av iv evov bv hv Z z`ªfy ms vmg~n Av iv mnvqzv jv f mg_ nq 5. z`ªf Yi mvdj K we Z Ki Z, KŠkjMZ Askx`vwiZ K mg_ b w` Z I GwM q wb Z m Rbkxj Ges bzzb Askx`vwiZ K DrmvwnZ Ki Z n e Avi G Askx`vwiZ I mn hvwmzv M o DV Z n e wewfbœ ` ki mikvi, RvwZms Ni wewfbœ ms v, Ab vb emikvwi I mikvwi ms v, wbh vm 2

m úv`kxq mykxj mgvr Ges emikvwi ms vmg~ ni g a mb mv _ bzzb bzzb Î Kvh µg we Z Ki Z Ab vb z`ªfy ms vmg~ ni g a I m úk M o Zzj Z n e ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqi 2005Õ D`hvc bi cvkvcvwk `vwi`ª we gvp b RvwZms Ni wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîv AR b z`ªf Yi Dci i Z v ivc Kiv n Q we klfv e wg jwbqvg kxl êV K AskMÖnYKvix wek bz e ` bzzb mnmªv ãi ïi Z wewfbœ ` k weivrgvb `vwi`ª, zav I ivm, cwi e ki Ae q, bvixi cöwz êlg `~i Ki Z Ges we k i Dbœqb cöwµqvq Askx`vwiZ evov Z AvUwU Dbœqb j I j gvîv w i K ib G wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîvq Aš f y³ i q Q 2015 mv ji g a Pig `vwi`ª A a K Kwg q Avbv Ges GBPAvBwf/GBWm I g v jwiqv iv Mi we vi iva Kiv G wg jwbqvg NvlYvq i Z v ivc Kiv n q Q gvbevwakvi, mykvmb, MYZš vqb, we iva cöwz iva Ges kvwš vc bi Dci ^v Lv Zi Dbœqb, bvix-cyi l êlg `~i Kiv I mve Rbxb cöv_wgk wk v wbwðz Kivi gva g 2015 mv ji g a Pig `vwi`ª A a K bvwg q Avbvi A½xKvi e ³ Kiv n q Q wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîvq G Î ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqi 2005Õ y`ªf Yi f~wgkv K Av iv emevb Ki Z mnvqzv Ki e y`ªfy Kg m~wp ev evq b eª vk AMªYx f~wgkv cvjb K i Avm Q eª v Ki cªwzôvzv Pqvicvm b dr j nvmvb Av e` ÔAvš R vwzk y`ªfy eqi 2005Õ D`hvcb Dcj MwVZ Dc `óv MÖ ci Ab Zg m`m wbe vwpz n q Qb RvwZmsN mvaviy cwil` KZ K M nxz wm vš gvzv ek m`m `k jv ÔAvš R vwzk y`ªfy eqi 2005Õ D`hvc bi Rb RvZxq KwgwU MVb K i Q evsjv ` ki G ai bi GKwU RvZxq KwgwU MwVZ n q Q G RvZxq KwgwU ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqi 2005Õ m ú K Rbm PbZv m wó Z wewfbœ ai bi cöpviyv Pvjv e G Dcj ipbv cöwz hvwmzv, WvKwUwKU cökvkmn RvZxq ˆ`wbKmg~ n we kl msl v cökvk Kiv n e GQvov ÔState of Microcredit ev z`ªf Y evsjv ` ki Ae v kxl K GKwU cyw KvI cökvk Kiv n e eqie vcx ỳ ª&FY MÖnYKvix myweav fvmx ì mv _ Avjvc- Av jvpbv I fve wewbgq Ae vnz _vk e mviv eqi a i z`ªf Yi wewfbœ wbh vm 3

m úv`kxq w`k wb q mwgbvi, wm úvwrqvg, i vwj cövgvy wpî cö`k b BZ vw` Abyôv bi Av qvrb Kiv n e wewfbœ msmvb ÔAvš R vwzk ỳ ªFY eqi 2005Õ LwPZ K v jûvi, cv vi, Wvqwi, c vw I Lvg cökvk Ki Q eª vki ÔAvš R vwzk z`ªfy eqi 2005Õ Dcj cv vi cökvk K i Q `vwi`ª we gvp bi mvgwmök Kg Kv Ê Ges wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîv AR b me ii RbMY K m ú ³ KivB G cöpviyvi g~j j ỳ ªFY I Ifvij vwcs z`ªfy I Mixe gvbyl K wb q eª vk QvovI KvR Ki Q MÖvgxY e vsk, cöwkkv, Avkv, mikvwi ch v q wc KGmGd mn Av iv A bk QvU eo GbwRI Kg c wz wfbœ wfbœ n ji Giv mevb z`ªfy Kvh µg K `wi`ª gvby li `vi Mvovq cuš Q w` Q Z e G Î Ifvij vwcs-gi mgm vi `Lv `q Gai bi Ifvij vwcs-gi d j ỳ ªF Yi Dci bwzevpk cöfve c o Ifvij vc `~i Ki Z z`ªfy cö`vbkvix ms v jvi g a Avjvc-Av jvpbvi D ` vm bqv n q Q Ges eª vk, MÖvgxY e vsk, Avkv I Ab vb GbwRI ì g a GK mg SvZv ^v i Kiv n q Q G e vcv i gvv ch v q Kg x ì g a mve wyk hvmv hvm ivlv ìkvi GQvov mdj I D ` vmx FYMÖnxZv ì wpwýz K i Zv ì F Yi cwigvy cö qvrb Abymv i evov bv h Z cv i Ges cök íi cök wz Abymv i wkw i gqv` wba vi Yi Î bgbxqzv MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i eª vk I y`ªfy Kvh µg evsjv ` k eªª vk z`ªfy Kvh µ gi c_ cö`k K 1974 mv j eª vk z`ªfy Kvh µg Pvjy K i eª vk MÖvgxY Rb Mvôx K mymsmwvz Ki Q, MÖvg msmv bi gva g m`m ì mâq e o Q, Zviv cöwk Y c q Q Ges wewfbœ Avqea bg~jk Kv R Zv ì FY cö`vb Kiv n Q eª v Ki z`ªfy Kvh µ gi j mg~n n Q MÖvgxY `wi`ª gwnjv ì mnr k Z FY `qv, `wi`ª Rb Mvôx ev gwnjv ì cöwk Yi gva g mvg_ evov bv, RxebhvÎvi cö qvrb guv Z Zv ì K m g K i Zvjv, DcvR bg~jk Kv R wbh vm 4

m úv`kxq Zv ì wb qvwrz Kiv Ges mâ q DØy Kiv, MÖv gi gvby li Av qi i e w i gva g ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœqb K Z ivwš^z Kiv Ges Zv ì mâq jvfrbk Kv R wewb qvm K i Zv ì K Av_ -mvgvwrkfv e cöwzwôz n Z mnvqzv Kiv eª v Ki z`ªfy Kg m~wpi j n Q, f~wgnxb `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Av_ mvgvwrk Dbœqb mvab K i Zv ì K mgv R cöwzwôz Kiv wewfbœ ai bi `wi`ª ì Pvwn`vi cöwz ` wó w` q eª vk Pvi ik gi Kvh µg nv Z wb q Q cö_gz, ÔA_ DcvR bi gva g `yt gwnjv ì DbœqbÕ ev Income Generation for Vulnerable Group Development (IGVGD) bv g 1987 mv j eª vk GKwU ^Zš Kg m~wp Pvjy K i G Kg m~wpi AvIZvq GKRb K MÖvg msmv bi m`m n Z n e Ges MÖvg msmv bi m`m K wewfbœ wel q mnvqzv I cöwk Y `qv nq I eª v Ki mv _ mâ q DrmvwnZ Kiv nq Gfv e m z`ªfy cvevi Dchy³ n q D V wøzxqz, Avw_ K w`k _ K mwµq `wi`ª ì Rb i q Q Ô`vweÕ Kvh µg hvi AvIZvq FY MÖnYKvixi msl v ez gv b 38 jvl 12 nvrvi Z ZxqZ, z`ª Ges cövwš K K lk ì wb q ÔDbœwZÕ bvgk Kvh µg MwVZ n q Q hvi AvIZvq FY MÖnYKvixi msl v GLb 2,20,722 PZz_ Z, z`ª D ` v³v ì wb q MwVZ n q Q ÔcÖMwZÕ bv g Av ikwu Kvh µg hvi AvIZvq FY MÖnYKvixi cwigvy 65,551 eª vk Zuvi z`ªfy Kvh µ gi AvIZvq Ryb 2005 ch š ` ki 64wU Rjvq 155,065wU MÖvg msmv bi gva g cövq 65 j MÖvg msmvb m` m i Kv Q z`ªfy cuš Q w` q Q G Î FY cwi kv ai nvi wqj 98.74% Ges MÖvg msmvb m` m ì mâq Rgvi cwigvy wqj 841 KvwU UvKvi Dc i 1985 mv j eª vk Mixe gwnjv ì g~javivi Dbœqb Kg m~wpi mv _ m ú ³ Ki Z Lv` mnvqzvi cvkvcvwk wek Lv` Kg m~wpi mv _ hš_fv e Avqea K Kg m~wp MÖnY K i eª vk G ì mâqgylx K i I wewfbœ wel q cöwk Y `q GQvov eª v Ki ^v Kg m~wpi AvIZvqI Zv ì bqv nq d j Gme Mixe gwnjv ì Lv ` i wbðqzv Av m, mâq ev o Ges ciez x Z Zviv hb cövß wbh vm 5

m úv`kxq cöwk Ymg~n djcöm~fv e Kv R jvwm q Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœqb Ki Z cv i mrb Zv ì z`ªf Yi AvIZvq Avbv nq z`ªfy wb q KvR Ki Z wm q `Lv Mj h, AwZ `wi`ª RbMY wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi AvIZvi evb i i q M Q G ì K Dbœq bi g~j mªvzavivq Aš fy ³ Ki Z Ges mnvqzv cö`v bi j eª vk 2002 mv ji Rvbyqvwi gv m GKwU Kg m~wp MÖnY K i hv Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction-Targeting the Ultra Poor ev CFPR/TUP bv g cwiwpz Mixe ì Rb AvBwRwfwRwW Kg m~wpi mv _ G Kg m~wpi wgj _vk ji bzzb G Kg m~wpi Kvh µg wfbœ G Kg m~wp Z Lye m PZbZvi mv _ AwZ `wi`ª wbe vpb K i Zv ì m ú` MV b mnvqzvi Rb we kl wewb qvm Kg m~wp, cöwk Y, ^v I mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv n q Q ez gv b evsjv ` ki 7wU Rjvi 10,000 AwZ `wi`ª cwiev i G Kg m~wp Pj Q 2002 _ K 2006 mv ji g a 70,000 AwZ `wi`ª cwievi K G Kg m~wpi AvIZvq Avbvi cwikíbv i q Q mvgwmökfv e G Kg m~wpi j n Q AwZ `wi`ª ì g~j A_ bwzk Kg Kv Êi g a wb q Avmvi mwvk c_wu evz j `qv wbtm ` n KvRwU mnrmva bq G Î Av iv Rvbvi, evsvi I Dcjw i welq i q Q cö qvrb i q Q Av iv M elyvi AwZ `wi`ª ì Rb GLb my hvm m wó Ki Z n e, Zv ì m PZbZv evov Z n e mywpwš Z KŠkj I c wz MÖnY Ki Z n e hv AwZ `wi`ª ì mnvqzv Ki e cö qvrbxq m ú` M o Zzj Z, hvi Øviv Zv ì mgm vi Ab vb RwUj w`k jv gvkvwejv Kiv m e n e Avi GgbwU Kiv bv M j Lv` ev m ú ì fz ywk Zv ì Rb ZZUv mnvqk n e bv ` Zv vbvš ii cvkvcvwk ^v mev cvevi Î mnvqzv w` Z n e mâq K mymsmwvz Kivi gva g m ú` m wói c_ mymg Kiv m e n e z`ªfy cö`vb ZLb mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb Ki e GQvov MÖv gi mgvrcwz ì mymsmwvz Kivi gva g AwZ `wi`ª ì Rb Zuv ì mg_ b AR b I mnvqk cwi ek m wó Ki Z n e wbh vm 6

m úv`kxq cövwš K Rb Mvôx Ges SuywKc~Y ckvq wb qvwrz bvix y`ªfy Kg m~wp ev evqb Ki Z wm q `Lv hvq cövwš K Rb Mvôx I SuywKc~Y ckvq wb qvwrz bvixiv G Kg m~wpi evb ib _ K M Q wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j 6-Gi j gvîv 7 I 8-G ejv n q Q 2015 mv ji g a GBPAvBwf/GBWm, g v jwiqv Ges Ab vb iv Mi we vi iva Ges ivmxi msl v n«vm Ki Z n e KviY Zv bv Kiv M j z`ªfy Kvh µ gi mvgwmök D Ïk B e _ n q hv e SuywKc~Y ckvq wb qvwrz bvixiv GBPAvBwf/GBWm Gi cöz SuywKi g a i q Q G ì K G SuywKc~Y ckv _ K mwi q Avb Z y`ªfy GKwU mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i z`ªfy cö`v bi cvkvcvwk ^v welqk m PZbZv m wó Ges mswk ó wewfbœ wel q cöwk Y w` q SuywKc~Y ckvq wb qvwrz bvix ì RxebhvÎvi MwZcÖK wz e` j `qv h Z cv i GQvov f~wgnxb I Avwèvmx gwnjv ì K_vI Avgv ì we epbvq ivl Z n e GLv b D j L h, eª vk Zvi GBPAvBwf/GBWm Kg m~wpi AvIZvq G m ú K m PZbZv e w i cvkvcvwk MÖvg msmv bi gva g hšbcj xwfwëk hšbkg x ì Rb z`ªfy cö`v bi e e vi wb q Q, hv Z Zviv Avw_ K wbivcëv jv f mg_ nq GQvov eª vk Ges GwmW m vifvbfvj dvd Ûkb hš_fv e GwmW mš v mi wkkvi gwnjv ì mnvqzv w` Q z`ªfy Kvh µ gi AvIZvq wewfbœ Avqea K Kv R wewb qv Mi Rb G FY cö`vb Kiv n Q hv Z Gme gwnjviv wb Ri cv q ùvov Z m g nb wk kvix g q ì A_ bwzk gzvq bi j Employment and livelihood for Adolescents (ELA) Kvh µg bqv n q Q G Kvh µ gi AvIZvq cövß z`ªfy ELA MÖvg msmvb m`m iv cöv_wgkfv e e q K i nuvmgyiwm I cï-cvj b, bvm vix, grm cvj b Ges Ab vb ai bi z`ª e emvq wbh vm 7

m úv`kxq bvixi gzvqb I z`ªfy z`ªf Yi me P q Avkve ÄK w`k n Q G Kvh µ gi we wz Z bvixi wm vš bevi gzv e o Q m úwë msµvš wm vš MÖn Yi Î, cwievi cwikíbvq Ges g q mš v bi wk v Ae vnz ivlvi Î bvix GLb gzvgz w` Z cvi Q Avi Gi PvwjKv kw³ wn m e KvR Ki Q ỳ ªFY Kg m~wp wemz wîk eq iii ewk mgqe vcx wekwkz z`ªfy Kvh µg _ K GUv úó n q D V Q h my hvm c j Mixe gvbylivi Av_ -mvgvwrk Î Ae`vb ivl Z cv i z`ªfy Kvh µg `vwi`ª we gvp b Myi Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q Ges `wi`ª gvby li gzvq b, we klz gwnjv `i gzvq b Ae`vb ivl Q ÔAvš Rv wzk z`ªfy eqi 2005Õ D`hvcb `vwi`ª we gvp b z`ªf Yi i Z m ú K Rbm PZbZv m wó Z we kl my hvm m wó K i Q ỳ ªF Yi BwZevPK w`kmg~n m ú K AwfÁZv wewbgq I mviv wek e vcx Mix ei AbyK~ j Avw_ K LvZ K UKmB K i Zzj Z G Kg m~wp K Av iv DbœZ I mg Ki Z n e wgwjwbqvg Dbœqb j mg~n AR b we klz 2015 mv ji g a AwZ `wi`ª gvby li msl v A a K bvwg q Avbvi Î I RÛvi mgzv AR b Ges bvixi gzvq bi c_ K mymg Ki Z ÔAvš R vwzk y`ªfy eqi 2005Õ D`hvcb mỳ ~icªmvix Ae`vb ivl e wbtm ` n AvjZvgvm cvkv nvmvb kixd Avn g` wbh vm 8

wbh vm 2005 m Þ ^i;15:9-14 eª vk eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Ávb I Z_ -Drm GLb wek gvbwp Î vb K i wb q Q Avi G Z_ fvêv i we k i h Kvb vb _ K h KD mn RB cö ekvwakvi cv e G I qemvb Ui gva g eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi I qemvbu D Øvab Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ `vwi`ª we gvp b bzzb Ges m Rbkxj GK m vebvi Øvi Ly j ` e Ggb ` wófw½ cvly K i MZ 24 GwcÖj 2005 Zvwi L D Øvab nj eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi wbr ^ I qemvbu GLb Avcwb KejgvÎ gvd mi GKwU wk Ki gva g cuš Q h Z cv ib eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi wewfbœ Kg Kv Êi G Kev i Øvi cöv š Avi ZvB www.bracresearch.org wvkvbv wewkó I qemvbuwu D Øvab K i eª v Ki cöwzôvzv I Pqvicvm b Rbve dr j nvmvb Av e` e jb, Ô`vwi`ª we gvp b Avgv `i Pjgvb cö Póvq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ kw³kvjx gva g wn m e KvR Ki Z cv iõ wzwb AviI e jb, ÔG I qemvbuwu n Q Z_ -Dr mi GKwU AmvaviY fvêvi eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Ávb I Z_ -Drm GLb wek gvbwp Î vb K i wb q Q Avi G Z_ fvêv i we k i h Kvb vb _ K h KD mn RB cö ekvwakvi cv e G I qemvb Ui gva gõ Rbve Av e` e jb, ÔG I qemvb Ui gva g nv Z Kj g Kv Ri AwfÁZvi mv _ M elyvjä Áv bi ms hvm vwcz n e hv eª v Ki wk Y cöwµqv K mg Ki eõ wi cvu ˆZwi Ges fvly fvlvš i K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 9

I qemvbu D Øvab Abyôv b e³e ivl Z wm q eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cwipvjk Bgivb gwzb e jb, ÔG I qemvbuwu Avgiv Áv bi Z_ fvêvi wn m e M o Zzj Z PvB hv Dbœqb m úwk Z Avgv ì Kg Kv Ê mg w Avb eõ wzwb e jb, Ôeª v Ki Dbœqb Kvh µg Avgv ì M elyvi Î n ji, Avgiv PvB G I qemvbu K we k lyag x wpš v PZbvi c vudg wn m e e envi Ki ZÕ wzwb e jb, ÔG I qemvb U ïaygvî eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi wbr ^ Z_ B _vk e bv, Dbœqb m úwk Z AviI A bk Z_ Ges me kl welqvwì Gi gva g Rvbv hv eõ G I qemvb U vb c q Q eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi wewfbœ M elyv wi cvu, IqvwK s ccvi, g bvmövd Ges Ôwbh vmõ (M elyv wi cv U i evsjv mvi-ms c) eª vk m Uvi gnvlvjx Z AbywôZ G Abvo î Abyôv b AviI Dcw Z wq jb, ZË veavqk mikv ii mv ek Dc `óv Rbvev ivwkqv G ingvb, eª v Ki Dc `óv Rbve dvi K G PŠayix, wbe vnx cwipvjk Rbve Avãyj gyqx` PŠayix, eª vk wek we` vj qi DcvPvh W. Rvwgjyi irv PŠayix, AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi cwipvjk Rbvev myjzvbv Kvgvjmn wewfbœ `vzv ms vi cöwzwbwa, wewkó Dbœqb M elk, wk vwe` I kxl vbxq ˆ`wbKmg~ ni mvsevw`ke ` Ges eª v Ki wewfbœ wefv Mi Kg xe ` [Abyôv b eª v Ki cöwzôvzv I Pqvicvm b dr j nvmvb Av e` Ges eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cwipvjk Bgivb gwzb h e³e cö`vb K ib, Zvi evsjv fvlvš i Ôwbh vmõ-gi cvvk ì Rb Zz j aiv nj ] wbh vm 10

I qemvbu D Øvab Ònv Z Kj g Kv Ri AwfÁZvi mv _ M elyvjä Áv bi ms hvm vwcz n eó - dr j nvmvb Av e` bzzb I qemvbu ˆZwii Rb AviBwWÕ K Avgvi Awfb `b G I qemvbuwu D j L hvm Z_ fvêvi wn m e KvR Ki e eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Ávb I Z_ Drm GLb wek gvbwp Î vb K i wb q Q Avi G Z_ fvêv i we k i h Kvb vb _ K h KD mn RB G I qemvb Ui gva g cö ekvwakvi cv e wîk eq ii ewk mgq a i eª vk AR b K i Q Dbœqb msµvš Áv bi GKwU Zvrch c~y Ask GLb Avgiv KejgvÎ gvd mi GKwU wk Ki gva g cuš Q h Z cvwi eª vk M elyv wefv Mi wewfbœ Kg Kv Êi G Kev i Øvi cöv š G I qemvb Ui gva g eª v Ki mvdj m ú K Ges Dbœqb Î weivrgvb wewfbœ P v jä m ú K we k i Ab vb ì Rvbvi Dcvq mnr n e bzzb I qemvbuwu Avgv ì Rb hvmv hv Mi GK bzzb w`mš D b vpb Ki e ckv`vi e w³em Ges M elk ì g a êwk K m úk vwcz n j eª v Ki wk Y cöwµqv mg n e G ai bi m úk eª vk M elyv wefvm I G wefv Mi M elk ì hgb DcKv i Avm e, Zgwb Gi gva g M elyvi gvb AviI DbœZ n e mvsmvwbk ch v q eª vk beÿb qi `kk _ KB Zvi nw Awd m z`ªfy, wk v I ^v Kvh µ g DcvË we k l Y Kw úduvi c wzi mnvqzv wb Q eª v Ki 1,367wU AvÂwjK I kvlv Awd m ez gv b Kw úduv i me Z_ vw` msi Y Kiv n Q eª v Ki cöwzwu wefv Mi ^Zš GgAvBGm mj i q Q hlv b wbf~ jzvi mv _ Aweivgfv e Dcv Ëi cöwzwjwc cöwµqvkiy, mâq I msi Y Kiv n Q eª vk wk v Kvh µ gi 44wU AvÂwjK Awd mi g a 42wU ZB Kw úduvi mvwf m i q Q wbh vm 11

I qemvbu D Øvab Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i Î Mixe gvby li cö ekvwakvi Ges e envi Db y³ Ki Z Mixe gvby li gzvqb AvR AZ vek K Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Z Mixe gvby li G ai bi cö ekvwakvi GK we qki m vebvi `yqvi Ly j ` e Z_ cöhyw³ e env ii gva g z`ª Drcv`Kiv Kx Drcv`b Ki e, KLb Zv wewµ Ki e, Kx `v g wewµ Ki e - G m úwk Z Z _ i AwaKZi Z_ wbf i wm vš wb Z mg_ n e, d j Zv ì c mwvk wm vš bqvi mnr n e `wi`ª gvbyl I gwnjviv wewfbœ mev mvwf m Zv m ^v, wk v, AvBbx mnvqzv hv-b nvk bv Kb AvBwmwUi Kj v Y mn R c Z m g n e z`ªfy Kvh µg hgb Mixe gvby li FY bv cvevi cöwzeükzv `~i K i Q, Zgwb AvBwmwU Mixe gvby li Z_ bv cvevi cöwzeükzv jv `~i Ki e AvBwmwU n e Bbdi gkb wg Wjg vb wvk hfv e z`ªf Yi Kvi Y Ô µwwu wg Wjg v bi vb AcmvwiZ n q Q, Zgwb Z_ jv fi i Z c~y Drm wn m e cwimwyz n q AvBwmwU Bbdi gkb wgwjg v bi vb AcmviY Ki e eª vk GKwU RvZxq Zviwenxb eªwe vû wm g ˆZwii KvR Ki Q G wm g GKwU B Uvi bu e vk evb myweav cö`vb Ki e evsjv ` ki mkj As k G e e v B Uvi b U cö ekvwakvi ` e G cwikíbvi AvIZvq `ke vcx UvIqvi wbg vy Kiv n e, hv eªwe vê buiqv K i gva g gvevbj GK mm cö`vb Ki e MÖvgxY dv bi mn hvwmzvq eª vk GKwU WvB i±wi mvwf m Pvjy K i Q G Kj m Uv i MÖvgxY dvb _ K Wvqvj K i dvb b î Ges mn hvwmzv PvB Z cvi eb evsjv ` k GKwU Kvh Ki Kj m UviwfwËK wkí M o ZvjvB Avgv ì `xn gqv`x j Avgv ì G j ev evq b i Z c~y evav n Q Avgv ì ` wófw½mz Ae vb we klz Ggb GKwU e g~j aviyv i q Q h, `wi`ª ì AvBwmwU e env ii mvg_ bb GB aviyvi ekez x n q AvBwmwUi myweav _ K Avgiv Mixe gvbyl Ges gwnjv ì ewâz Ki Z cvwi bv G ì Kv Q AvBwmwUi mydj cuš Q èvi Rb AvR Avgv ì bzzb m Rbkxj Dcvq Luy R ei Ki Z n e ab ev` mevb K wbh vm 12

I qemvbu D Øvab ÒG I qemvbuwu Dbœqb m úwk Z Avgv ì Kg Kv Ê mg w Avb eó - Bgivb gwzb eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi bzzb I qemvbu D Øvab Dcj AvR Avgiv GLv b mg ez n qwq Avgv ì Rb GwU GKwU ivgvâki NUbv Ges welqwu K Avgiv mfv eb `L Z PvB I qemvbuwui we` gvb mvwf m Avcbv ì Kgb jvm Q Ges G K AviI fv jv Ki Z Kx Kiv cö qvrb ZvI Avcbv ì Kv Q Avgiv Rvb Z AvMÖnx G I qemvbuwu Avgiv Áv bi Z_ fvêvi wn m e M o Zzj Z PvB, hv Dbœqb m úwk Z Avgv ì Kg Kv Ê mg w Avb e eª v Ki Dbœqb Kvh µg Avgv ì M elyvi Î n ji, Avgiv G I qemvbu K e vckwfwëk Dbœqbg~jK wk Y I we k lyag x wpš v- PZbvi c vudg wn m e e envi Ki Z PvB BwZnv mi wkqzuv cybive wë Kiv hvk eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi hvîv ïi nq 1975 mv j eª vk hlb AvKvi-AvK wz Z z`ª wqj ZLbI Gi Dbœqb Kvh µ gi cöavb wfwë wn m e Ávb AR b, cvi úwik evsvcov Ges g~j vq bi Dci i Z v ivc Kiv nz Avgv ì M elyv jv Avwki `k Ki ga fvm ch š cvi úwik evsvcovi Dci ewk K `ªxf~Z wqj Ges g~j vq bi cöwz Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg cövavb `qv nz Gici _ K Kvh µgmg~n Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk cöv qvwmk n q D V ga Avwki `kk, we klz beÿb qi `k K mgv R eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m~wpi Kvh KvwiZv Ges Gi cöfve g~j vqb Kiv Avgv ì M elyv Kv Ri cöavb Dcvq n q ùvovq KviY msmvb ZLbB GwM q h Z cvi e, hlb Kg m~wpi cuf~wg, gvv ch v qi ev e AwfÁZv Ges Kg kw³ m ú K aviyv fv jvfv e Rvbv _v K Kg m~wp cöyq b Ges eª v Ki cöwz Av v Ávcb K i ewa Z gvîvq evb ii wewb qvm AvKl Y G ai bi M elyv Kvh µg MÖnY we klfv e i Z c~y wbh vm 13

I qemvbu D Øvab bzzb mnmªv ãi Avwef ve Ges wg jwbqvg Dbœqb j gvîvi Av jv K Avgv ì Kg m~wp Ges Gi cöfve K g~j vqb Ki Z n e `L Z n e Avgv ì Kv Ri Kv_vq dvivk i q Q, MÖnY Ki Z n e bzzb bzzb P v jä bzzb mnmªv ãi cö vc U Avgv ì Kg m~wpmg~n, mgv R Gi cöfve Ges bzzb bzzb P v jä wb q wewfbœ cö kœi DËi êwk K cö vc U Avgv ì w` Z n e Kg Îi dvivkmg~n Ges bzzb bzzb P v jä gvkvwejvi wewfbœ welq m ú K, Gi RwUjZv, cvi úwik wbf ikxjzv, wbqgzvwš K I web vmmz ev ezv Ges Avgv ì Kv Ri mv _ G ì m úk fv jvfv e eys Z n e eª vk M elyv wefv Mi Kv Q AvR G welqwub bzzb P v jä îƒc bzzb mnmªv ãi cuf~wg Z Avgv ì bzzb I qemvbu GB bzzb P v jä gvkvwejvq i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki e eªª vk M elyvi G I qemvbu ˆZwi Z mnvqzv `qvq Avwg KvbvWxq wmwvõ K ab ev` Rvbvw Q AvMvLvb dvd Ûkb KvbvWvi mv _ AwZ `wi`ª ì wb q Avgv ì h jvwb s cvu bvikxc Kg m~wp i q Q Zvi AvIZvq G mnvqzv `qv n q Q D j L h, 2002 mvj _ K eª vk G Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Q G Kvh µ gi bvg Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction AvR Ki G D Øvabx Abyôvb ïay GKwU I qemvbu D Øvab bq, eis Gi gva g Avgiv avwez ne Ggb GK cöz vkvi w` K, hv n e AviI ewk cövmw½k, AviI ewk Av`vb-cÖ`vbg~jK, AviI cö ekvwakvi hvm I wg_w Œqv m úbœ Ges e envwik Dbœqb M elyvi Rb AviI kw³kvjx I Kvh Ki c vudg wewfbœ wpš vavivi wekvk NUv Z Ges kvwyz Kvh µg MÖn Y Avgv ì cö Póvq Ab ì AwR Z Áv bi mv _ ˆgÎxeÜb vc b cvi úwik ms hvm, msjvc I wg_w Œqvi cö qvrb i q Q wbh vm 14

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:15-21 eª vk Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi g~javivq AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Aš f y³ Kivi KŠkj LuyR Z Avš R vwzk gzwewbgq mfv I RvZxq m jb AbywôZ nvmvb kixd Avn g` AwZ `wi`ª RbMY hviv GhverKvj wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi AvIZvi evb i i q M Qb Zuv ì K Dbœq bi g~j mªvzavivq wkfv e Aš fy ³ Kiv hvq Zv wb q `k-we ` k we i M elyv, wpš v-fvebv I Avjvc-Av jvpbv Pj Q m cöwz G eq ii 20-22 k gvp G wel qi Dci MvRxcy ii iv R `ªcy i `yõw`be vcx GKwU Avš R vwzk gzwewbgq mfv Ges XvKvq GKwU RvZxq ch v qi m jb AbywôZ n q Q b`vij v Ûi `vzvms v CORDAID I evsjv ` ki 17wU emikvwi Dbœqb ms v hviv AwZ `wi`ª ì wb q KvR K i Zv ì GKwU buiqvk NADEP (Network for Alternative Development of Extreme Poor) hš_fv e G m j bi Av qvrb K i mvzwu ` ki 25 Rb Dbœqb Kg x/m elk, mikvwi Kg KZ v I `vzvms vi cöwzwbwa G gzwewbgq mfvq hvm `b Gi Av M Zuviv kicyi Rjvi wsbvbmvwz I wk kvimä Rjvi wbkjx I wk kvimä mì Dc Rjvi cöz š AÂ j NADEP-Gi mn hvmx cöwzôvbmg~n AwZ `wi`ª RbM Yi Rb Kx KvR Ki Q Zv m irwg b ch e Y K ib ciez x Z `yõw` bi gzwewbgq mfvq Zuviv Zuv ì AwfÁZvi Av jv K we i Avjvc-Av jvpbv K ib Ges 6wU cöeü/ Km vww Dc vcb K ib cöeü jv n Q: 1 ga Avwd«Kvi wcmgx ì cövwš KxKiY (K v gi b) 2 `w Y-Avwd«Kvi GwZg Ges SuywKc~Y wkï ì Ae v (`w Y Avwd«Kv) Proceedings of the national conference on mainstreaming the extreme-poor: a challenge for the millennium kxl K GKwU Kg kvjvi Kvh weeiyxi mvi-ms c (2005) wbh vm 15

g~javivq AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ Kivi KŠkj nvmvb kixd Avn g` 3 ci i evmv-evwo Z KvR K i Ggb gwnjv ì Dci GKwU Km vww ( ci ) 4 ev ezvi wbwi L `vwi `ª i gb vwz K we k ly (`w Y Avwd«Kv) 5 Lv` wbivcëv weav b GKwU fvizxq cöwzôv bi D ` vm (fviz) 6 AwZ `wi`ª ì wb q NADEP-Gi AwfÁZv (evsjv `k) AskMÖnYKvixMY wzbwu z`ª` j wef³ n q wbgœwjwlz welq jvi Dci e vck Av jvkcvz K ib Ges wkqz mywbw` ó cö kœi DËi Luv Rb welq jv n Q: 1. Kviv cövwš K ch v qi Rb Mvôx hv ì Kv Q GLbI Dbœqb Kg KvÊ cuš Qwb? Kb Zviv Dbœq bi g~javivi evb i c o Av Q? Ges Zv ì G Ae vi Rb `vqx g~j KviYmg~n wpwýz Kiv; 2. ez gv b wewfbœ ch v q Kx ai bi Dbœqb KŠkj e envi n Q Ges G KŠkjmg~n KZUzKz Kvh Kwi ev Gi mxgve ZvB ev KZUzKz? Ges 3. AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi DbœqbK í wewfbœ ch v q Ab ikgfv e Avi Kx Kiv h Z cv i? z`ª` ji gzvg Zi Av jv K cwi k l Zuviv wbgœwjwlz mycvwikgvjv cöyqb K ib mycvwikgvjv Kg kvjvi Av jvpbv _ K hv ewi q G m Q Zv Z `Lv hv Q h - h Rb Mvôx GLbI Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi g~j mªvzavivi evb i i q M Q ev hv ì Kv Q GLbI Dbœqb Kg KvÊ cušqv bv m e nqwb Zviv mgv R bvbv ikg eâbvi wkkvi n Q ev mgv Ri GKcÖv š c o Av Q, A_ bwzkfv e ewâz, b vh AwaKvi _ K ewâz Ges m e vcwi wb R ì e vcv i Zuviv wb Riv wm vš wb Z cvi Qbv ZuvivI h ` ki bvmwik GUv A b KB fy j hvb ZvB me m wzµ g G wm vš bqv nq h G Rb Mvôx K GLb _ K Pig `wi`ª, nz`wi`ª ev AwZ`wi`ª bv e j ÔAwZ cövwš K bvmwikõ ev ÔMost wbh vm 16

g~javivq AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ Kivi KŠkj nvmvb kixd Avn g` marginalized citizen ejv n e ZvivI h wbr wbr ` ki bvmwik, Zv ìi h bvmwik AwaKvi i q Q Zv evsv bvi Rb B bvmwik ev citizen kãwu GLv b e envi Kiv n q Q h Kvi Y AvR Zv ì G Ae v Zv g~jz `yõai bi - evwn K Ges Af š ixy cöavb evwn K KviY n Q G Rb Mvôxi mv _ Kvb wkqzi Askx`vwi Z gzvevb ì Awb Qv ev A gzv hv êlg ev c cvwzz Ges ev` `qvi cöeyzv (exclusion) m wó K i G QvovI wek vqb, Awfevmb, bmivqb, cövk wzk `y h vm, ev gvby li m wó Kiv `y h vmi Kg `vqx bq GgbwK `vzvms v, mikvi Ges emikvwi Dbœqb ms vmg~ ni Kv Ri c wzmg~n G Rb Mvôx K Av iv cövwš K ch v q wb q h Z cv i KviY A bk mgq Zviv G Rb Mvôxi g~j eva, a vbaviyv I AvPvi-e envi, BZ vw` we epbvq Av bb bv Aciw` K Af š ixy KviY jv Zv ì wb R ì g a B wbwnz _v K hgb: wj½, eqm, ag, RvwZmËv, ^v Ges kvixwik I gvbwmk A gzv, AvZ gh v`vi Afve, J`vm, A` Zv, Ges `y h vm KvwU q DVvi A gzv Gme wkqz we epbv K i AviI wkqz Dbœqb Kjv KŠkj evov bvi cö qvrbxqzv Dcjwä Kiv nq Ges wfbœfv e KvR Kivi Rb wkqz civgk `qv nq mycvwikmg~n wewfbœ i Avjv`v K i Dc vwcz Kiv nq hv Z Kviv Kx Ki eb Zv úó eysv hvq mvaviy ii mycvwikgvjv Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi mv _ RwoZ mk ji g bvfv e cwiez b Avb Z n e hgb g~j eva, ` wófw½ I AvPvi-e envi n Z n e AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi mnvqk BwZevPK g bvfve I fvlvi e envi Ki Z n e mvgvwrk êl g i w` K we kl ` wó w` Z n e hgb, ag, RvwZmËv, bvix-cyi l êlg, eqm, kªyx BZ vw` gvbyl wn m e gh v`v cö`vb I h_vh_ g~j vqb Ki Z n e AwZ `wi`ª AbyK j ˆgÎxeÜb M o Zvjv MYZvwš K cöwµqv I mykvmb wbwðzkiy Ges mvgvwrk wbivcëvi aviyvmz cwiez b wbh vm 17

g~javivq AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ Kivi KŠkj nvmvb kixd Avn g` mvgvwrk ii mycvwikgvjv AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi mvg_ Ges cö Qbœ kw³ K g~j vqb K i Zv ì K wb q mgv Ri wfwë M o Zvjv Ges Zv ì K mgvr cwiez bi gva g wn m e e envi Kiv AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi mnvqk cöpwjz g~j eva Rvi`vi Kiv ag xq bzvmn mgv Ri Ab vb bz e ` K Ges msmvbmg~n K AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi DbœqbK í Kv R jvmv bv GbwRI/mykxj mgv Ri Rb mycvwikgvjv AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi Dbœqb cöwµqvq GbwRI ì mnvqzv w` Z n e, G Î GbwRIiv AbyNU Ki f~wgkv cvjb K i GW fvk vwm I mvgvwrk b vqwepvi cövwß wbwðz Ki Z cv i AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôx K eâbv _ K i v Ki Z mykxj mgvr I Ab vb msmvb jvi g a GbwRIiv m PZbZv m wó Ki Z cv i, Ges mkj K wb q AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi DbœqbK í GKwU RvU m wó Kiv h Z cv i AwZ cövwš K Ges ewâz Rb Mvôxi DbœqbK í wb ew`z cövy Kg x m wói j msmv bi fz ib GKwU mnvqk cwi ek ˆZwi Ki Z n e mikv ii Î mycvwikgvjv AwZ cövwš K RbM Yi Rb M nxz cökímg~ ni Rb bxwzgvjv cöyq b, ev evq b Ges Ae jvk b GbwRI ì AwR Z Ávb, AwfÁZv I m RbkxjZv K Kv R jvmv bv h Z cv i wk vµ gi ms vi mvab K i AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi AwaKvi I cwiwpwz m úwk Z Z_ Zz j aiv G D Ï k mikvwi bxwzgvjv I c wzi cybtg~j vqb Kiv G Î wewb qvm, cwikíbv, KŠkjMZ w`k, Revew`wnZv I ^ QZv m ú K k ZcÎ ˆZwi I cökvk Kiv wbh vm 18

g~javivq AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ Kivi KŠkj nvmvb kixd Avn g` `vzv Mvôxi Rb mycvwikgvjv AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi mv _ KvR Kivi Î `vzv ì mywbw` ó bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e G Î bxwzgvjv cöyq b bgbxqzv, SuywK gvkvwejvi gzv Ges `xn gqv`x A½xKvi _vk Z n e vbxq, RvZxq I Avš R vwzk ch v q mgš^q _vk Z n e Avš R vwzk Î mycvwikgvjv Avš R vwzk ch v qi m j b AwZ `wi`ª AbyK j GW fvk vwm cwipvjbv Kiv G Î Avš R vwzk buiqv K i mv _ hvmv hvm M o Zzj Z n e ciez x Z 22 k gvp XvKvq AbywôZ nq GKwU RvZxq ch v qi m jb G m j b Dcwi j vwlz mycvwikgvjv P~ovš Kiv nq AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôx K wkfv e Dbœq bi g~j mªvzavivq Avbv hvq m j CORDAID ek wkqz D ` vm wb q Q G wel q Zv ì a vbaviyv wb q Zuviv wewfbœ ` k Zv ì mn hvmx cöwzôvbmg~ ni mv _ Avjvc-Av jvpbv K i Q Ges Zuviv G j KvR Kivi Rb A½xKvive n q Q bzzb ai bi Kvh cöyvjx I KŠkj cix v-wbix v Kivi Rb B Zvg a B wkqz cvbju cökí I M elyv Kg KvÊ nv Z bqv n q Q CORDAID Ges Zvi mn hvmx cöwzôvbmg~ ni g a hviv G cöwµqvi mv _ RwoZ Zv ì mk ji mv _ AwfÁZv wewbg qi j ga ez x ch v q G gzwewbgq mfvi Av qvrb Kiv nq ciez x Kvh µg I KŠkj wba vi Y G Avš R vwzk gzwewbgq mfv Ges RvZxq m j bi i Z Acwimxg m j b Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I j vwub Av gwikvi vbxq cöwzôvbmg~ ni 25 Rb cöwzwbwa I ivr bwzk bz e `, mikvwi Kg KZ v, `kx-we `kx GbwRI cöwzwbwa I wewfbœ `vzv ms vi cöwzwbwamn me gvu 88 Rb AskMÖnY K ib kicyi Rjvi wsbvbmvwz Dc Rjvi gykvwigv LvZzb I ewikvj Rjvi eveymä Dc Rjvi gwb emg Zuv ì cövgvy Rxebv jl AZ š mvejxjfv e Zuv ì wb Ri fvlvq Dc vcb K ib hv Dcw Z mk ji cöksmv cvq Zviv wbh vm 19

g~javivq AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ Kivi KŠkj nvmvb kixd Avn g` ek wkqz cö kœi DËiI `b Zuviv `yõrbb NADEP-Gi `yõwu mn hvmx GbwRI-i m`m Pig `vwi `ª i msáv, AwZ `wi`ª Kviv, Kb Zviv GZ `wi`ª, KbBev Zviv G Ae v _ K ewi q Avm Z cv i bv, Ges G Pig `wi`ª Ae v _ K DËi Yi Rb Avš R vwzk ch v q Kx ai bi bxwzmz wm vš ev Dbœqb Kvh µg bqv hvq Zvi Dci hy³iv R i Chronic Poverty Research Centre-Gi M elk K v ib gyi Zvi wkqz M elyvjä djvdj Dc vcb K ib GQvov AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi Dbœq b NADEP Ges CORDAID- Gi cwikíbv, Kvh µg Ges AwfÁZvmg~n wb q GKwU bvwz`xn Dc vcbv wqj hvi Dci AskMÖnYKvixMY e vck Av jvpbv K i Qb Dc vwcz mycvwikgvjvi Dci we vwiz Avjvc-Av jvpbvi ci m j bi kl c e Zv me m wzµ g P~ovš Kiv nq Ges M nxz nq GB P~ovš mycvwikgvjvi Av jv K KvR Kivi Rb mk j GKgZ cvly K ib wewfbœ ` ki ev e Ae vi cwi cöw Z G mycvwikgvjv Kvh Kix Kiv h Z cv i P~ovš mycvwikgvjv Dbœqb cöwµqvi mv _ mswk ó mkj K (GbwRI, mikvwi ms v Ges `vzv Mvôx) AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi cöwz Zv ì g~j eva, g bvfve Ges AvPvi-AvPi Y cwiez b Avb Z n e Avi G Î Zuv ì m ú K Ávb hgb evov Z n e, Zgwb Zv ì mgm v Dcjwä Ki Z n e AviI Mfxifv e AwZ `wi`ª RbM Yi bvmwik AwaKvi I gvbevwakvi wbwðz Ki Z MYZvwš K cöwµqv Ges mykvmb wbwðz Ki Z n e mvgvwrk wbivcëv m úwk Z aviyvi cwiez b GKwU Ri wi e vcvi cy iv welqwu K `vbkxjzvi (charity) ` wó KvY _ K we epbv bv K i RxweKvi wekvk NUv Z n e, m ú` Mo Z n e Ges UKmB Dbœqb wbwðz Ki Z n e wbh vm 20

g~javivq AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ Kivi KŠkj nvmvb kixd Avn g` AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi cöpwjz g~j eva Ges mnvqk AeKvVv gv Ges Zv ì kw³ I mvg _ i Dci wfwë K i GbwRImg~n AwZcÖvwš K Rb Mvôx K mymsmwvz K i Zv ì wb q GKwU mgvr Mo Z cv i AwZ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi Dbœq b mywbw` ó D Ïk I KŠkjmg~n wba viy K i mykxj mgvr I Ab vb Dbœqb mn hvmx ì wb q GKwU RvU ˆZwi Ki Z n e AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`vmg~n cwic~i Y mikvwi bxwzgvjv I c wzmg~ ni ch v jvpbv Ki Z n e D`vniY îƒc ejv hvq, cvv µ gi ms vi K i AwZ cövwš K RbM Yi cwiwpwz I AwaKvi m ú K Z_ mwbœ ewkz Ki Z n e `vzv ì G Î bgbxqzv cö`k b Ki Z n e, SuywK wb Z n e Ges `xn gqv`x A½xKv i Avm Z n e vbxq Ges RvZxq ch v q mikvi hv Z Mixe AbyK j ev AwZ cövwš K RbM Yi Kj vy wbf i ev RU cöyq b KvR K i mrb mykxj mgvr Ges `vzv ì mikv ii Dci Pvc m wó Ki Z n e wcavigmwc- Z AwZ `wi`ª RbM Yi Rb mywbw` ó KŠkjmg~n Aš fy ³ Ki Z n e m j bi kl c e cöavb AwZw_ wn m e Dcw Z wq jb MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikv ii Lv` I `z h vm e e vcbv gš x PŠayix Kvgvj Be b BDmyd wzwb g b K ib h, evsjv ` k AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi fvm Dbœq b G m j b M nxz mycvwikgvjvmg~n Ae`vb ivl Z m g n e GmKj mycvwikmg~n Kv R cwiyz Kivi Î wzwb e w³mzfv ei cöwzkö wz `b wbh vm 21

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:22-33 eª vk evsjv ` k wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v: cöwz iv ai Rb GLbB e e v wb Z n e AvNvZ Ges `yn UbvRwbZ Kvi Y evsjv ` k wkï g Zz cwiw wz Rvb Z 2003 mv j cö_gev ii gz e vck AvKv ii GKwU Rwic KvR cwipvjbv Kiv nq evsjv ` k cöwzeqi 30,000 wkï BbRywii Kvi Y gviv hvq, hvi cövq A a K 5 eq ii Kgeqmx, A_ vr cöwzw`b M o 83 Rb wkï gviv hvq BbRywiiI cöwz iva m e cö qvrb Kej Ri wiwfwë Z 5 eq ii Kgeqmx wkïmn me eqmx wkï ì Rb BbRywi cöwz iva Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv HwZnvwmKfv e wkï BbRywi wkímg `k jvi mv _ e vckfv e m úk hy³ Aek BDwb md/bb bv mw U (Innocenti) M elyv m Uvi cökvwkz M elyv wi cvu _ K `Lv hvq h, Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z 98 kzvsk wkïi g Zz N U BbRywiMZ Kvi Y Avi c w_exi ewkifvm wkïi Ae vb n Q G AÂjfy³ `k jv ZB BDwb m di GB M elyv _ K Rvbv hvq h, D P Av qi `k jvi P q wbgœ Ges ga g Av qi `k jv Z BbRywi _ K wkï g Zz i nvi cuvp Y ewk BbRywii cöavb cöavb KviY n Q hvbevnbmz `yn Ubv, cy o hviqv, c o wm q AvNvZ cviqv, welwµqv Ges Af š ixy BbRywi evsjv ` k wkï ì BbRywi ev AvNvZRwbZ Amȳ Zv I g Zz i nvi Rvb Z evsjv `k mikv ii ^v Awa`ßi, ^v I cwievi Kj vy gš Yvjq, evsjv `k wkï I gvz ^v Bbw wudu, _vbj v Ûi w` Gjv qý di mbd wp ìªb Ges BDwb md evsjv ` ki D ` v M 2003 mv j GKwU Rwic KvR cwipvwjz nq D³ RwicwUi wi cvu ipbvq wq jb me Rbve Avwgbyi ingvb, G KGg drjyi ingvb, mygbv mvwdbvr Ges wg. gvb Kj wjbvb g~j wi cvu Bangladesh health and injury survey report on children Rvbyqvwi 2005-G cökvwkz-gi Av jv K mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 22

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v MZ wzb`kke vcx cwipvwjz wkï ^v Kvh µ gi mdjzvq wkï g Zz i KviY jv Z m~wpz cwiez bi myev ` wkï g Zz i nvi D j L hvm fv e K g Q ez gv b evsjv ` k msµvgk iv M wkï g Zz i nvi K g Avm ji `yn Ubv I BbRywi Z g Zz i nvi e o hviqvq Zv evsjv ` k wkï ^v i cöwz ûgwk n q `Lv w` q Q GUv Abygvb Kiv nq h, evsjv ` k cöwz eqi cövq 30,000 wkï BbRywiRwbZ Kvi Y gviv hvq G `i A a Ki eqm cuvp eq ii wb P evsjv ` k BbRywi Ges `yn UbvRwbZ Kvi Y wkky g Zz cwiw wz Rvb Z 2003 mv j eqie vcx cö_g I me P q e vck AvKv ii GKwU Rwic KvR cwipvjbv Kiv nq G Rwi c mnvqzv K i ^v Awa`ßi, ^v I cwievi Kj vy gš Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi, evsjv `k wkï-gvz ^v Bbw wudu, _vbj v Ûi w` Gjv qý di mbd wp ìªb Ges BDwb md evsjv `k wkï BbRywii Dci mvgvwrk i evsjv ` ki g Zv GKwU Dbœqbkxj ` k G ai bi Rwic wqj GKwU e vckwfwëk KvR G Rwi ci AvIZvaxb cwievi wqj 171,366wU (MÖvgvÂ ji 88,380wU cwievi, Rjv kn ii 45,183wU cwievi Ges XvKv g UªvcwjUb kni _ K 37,803wU cwievi) G RwicwU mkj eqmx gvu 8,19,429 Rb e w³i Dci cwipvwjz nq Ges Gi g a 43 kzvsk A_ vr 3,51,651 Rb wqj Ab~aŸ 18 eq ii wkï G Rwi c hme wkï BbRywiRwbZ Amy Zvi Kvi Y ^v mev MÖnY K i Q ev Aš Z wzb w`b y j ev Kg Î Dcw Z n Z cv iwb ïaygvî mme BbRywi Aš fy ³ n q Q hme BbRywii d j wkï AwZ mvgvb AvNvZ c qwqj ev wpwkrmv mevi `ikvi nqwb mme Km Aš f y³ Kiv nqwb GLv b D j L h, wek ^v ms v BbRywi gv b cvwb Z Wvev, mok `yn Ubv, cövyxi Kvgo, c o hviqv, cy o hviqv, k vm iva, we`y r ú ó niqv, coš e i AvNvZ, hš cvwzi AvNvZ, welcvb, mwnsmzv I AvZ nz v KZ K cö`ë BbRywii msávq cvwb Z Wvev, mok `yn Ubv, cövyxi Kvgo, c o hviqv, cy o hviqv, k vm iva, we`ÿ r ú ó niqv, coš e yi AvNvZ, hš cvwzi AvNvZ, welcvb, mwnsmzv I AvZ nz v BZ vw` Aš f y³ Kiv n q Q ÔBbRywiÕi AvwfavwbK evsjv Abyev` hgb- Z, RLg ev AvNvZ, wek ^v wbh vm 23

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v ms vi msávq ewy Z mekõwu BbRywii cök Z A_ enb K i bv mkvi Y G cöwz e` b Bs iwr kã ÔBbRywiÕ e eüz n q Q BbRywi Kvi nq? mkj eqmx wkï ì A_ vr Rb _ K ïi K i 18 eq ii Kg eqmx h Kv bv wkïib BbRywi n Z cv i GK eq ii Kg eqmx wkï ì BbRywii AvksKv me P q Kg GK eqi eq m wkï hlb nuvu Z k L ZLbB `ª Znv i BbRywii AvksKv evo Z _v K Ges 1-4 eqi eqmx wkï ì Î G nvi me P q ewk 5 eq ii ci _ K 18 eqi eqm ch š wkï g Zÿ i cöavb KviY BbRywi mvaviyz G eqmx wkï ì g Zy I Amy Zv m úwk Z Z_ ^v mgx vq Kg i Z cvq 18 eqi _ K 29 eqi eqmx ì Î g Zÿ i cªavb KviY BbRywi Ges Gi d j A bk wkï Zv ì gv-evev K AKv j nvivq wkïi eqm evovi mv _ mv _ BbRywii AvksKvI evo Z _v K GK eq ii Kg eqmx wkï g Zz i kzkiv 2 fvm gvî BbRywiRwbZ; A_P 1-4 eqi, 5-9 eqi, 10-14 eqi Ges 15-17 eqi eqmx wkï ì Î h_vµ g kzkiv 29%, 48%, 52%, Ges 64% BbRywiRwbZ g Zÿ msnwuz nq GUv úó n q D V h, BbRywi Rxe bi wewfbœ ii mv _ m úwk Z cöwzwu wkïib BbRywii SuywK i q Q, Z e wewfbœ eqmx wkïi Î Gi aibwu wfbœzi 1-18 eq ii Kg eqmx wkï ì Amy Zvi cöavb KviY nj BbRywi c o hviqv, K U hviqv Ges mok `yn Ubv wkï BbRywii cöavb BbRywii AvksKv GK eq ii Kg eqmx wkï ì me P q Kg, Avi 1-4 eqi eqmx wkï ì Î me P q ewk KviY wkïiv e o DVvi mv _ mv _ Zv ì BbRywii aib, KviY Ges nv ii cwiez b nq QvU wkïiv mvaviyz c o hviqv, cy o hviqv, K U hviqv BZ vw` BbRywiRwbZ Amy Zvq fv M GKUz eo wkïiv cöavbz cvov, KvUv I mok `yn Ubvi wkkvi nq wbh vm 24

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v evsjv ` k cöwzw`b cövq 36 Rb wkï BbRywii Kvi Y vqxfv e c½y n q hvq BbRywiRwbZ c½yz c½y wkïi cwiev ii Kuv a vqxfv e GK wekvj A_ bwzk evsv Pvwc q `q evsjv ` k cöwzw`b cövq 36 Rb wkï BbRywii Kvi Y vqxfv e c½y n q hvq vqx BbRywiRwbZ c½y Z i cöavb KviY c o hviqv I cy o hviqv h mkj wkï BbRywii Kvi Y Amy nq Zv ì wkqymsl K vqxfv e c½yz eiy K i hlb GKRb wkï BbRywii Kvi Y vqxfv e c½y n q hvq ZLb AviI 2 R bi i Zi BbRywii Rb kj wpwkrmvi ìkvi nq 4 Rb 1-9 w`b nvmcvzv j wpwkrmvi Rb fwz nq Ges 64 R bi h Kv bv ai bi ^v mevi ìkvi nq h mkj Kvi Y wkïiv BbRywii m ylxb nq Zv wb gœ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: cvwb Z Wy e gviv hviqv evsjv ` k 1 eqi ev Zvi ewk eqmx wkï g Zz i cöavb KviY n Q cvwb Z Wy e gviv hviqv nuvu Z klvi eqm _ K ïi K i 4 eq ii Kg eqmx wkïiv me P q ewk cvwb Z Wy e gviv hvq kn ii P q MÖv g wkïiv ewk msl vq cvwb Z Wy e gviv hvq w` bi ejvq M n vwji Kv R e _vkvi Kvi Y gv qiv hlb wkï ì Dci mwvk bri ivl Z cv ib bv wvk ZLbB G `yn Ubv N U hvq cvwb Z Wy e g Z wzb-pzz_ vs ki AwaK wkï evwo _ K gvî 20 wguv ii g a Aew Z Rjvk q Wy e hvq ZvB cvwb Z Wy e wkï g Zy Kgv Z n j ìkvi wkï K mve wyk GKRb cövßeq e w³i ZË veav b ivlv Ges evwoi KvQvKvwQ Rjvk qi c _ cöwzeükzvi m wó Kiv `Lv M Q h, 5 eqi ev Zvi P q ewk eq mi wkïiv mvaviyz cvwb Z Wy e gviv hvq bv Avgv ì ` k MÖvgvÂ j wkïiv 4 eqi eqm _ K ^vfvwek wbq gb muvzvi KvUvq ` Zv AR b Ki Z ïi K i d j 9 eq ii g a cövq mevb muvzvi wk L hvq cvwb Z Wy e wkï g Zy Kgv Z n j wkï ì hz ZvovZvwo m e muvzvi klvb ìkvi ZvB ^v Kg xiv wewfbœ Lvbv cwi`k b wm q cvwb Z Wy e wkï g Zy i SzuwK m ú K gv q ì AeMZ Ki Z cv ib wbh vm 25

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v hvbevnbrwbz BbRywi 1-4 Ges 5-9 eqi eqmx Q j wkï ì Zzjbvq g q wkï ì g a hvbenbrwbz gvivz K `yn Ubvi nvi ewk `L Z cviqv hvq 10-14 eq ii wkï ì g a gvivz K hvbevnbrwbz `yn Ubvi nvi Q j wkï ì g a wqj 3 Y ewk (11.6/100,000) wqj g q wkky ì Î G nvi Kg (3.9/100,000) wqj ewk gvivz K bq, Ggb hvbevnbrwbz BbRywii nvi wkï ì 15-17 eqi eq m m e v P `L Z cviqv hvq eqm evovi mv _ G nvi Q j wkï ì Î e w cvq, wkš g q wkï ì Î n«vm cvq evsjv ` k bvix-cyi li wj½mz f~wgkvi Gi gva g cöwzdwjz nq KviY 10 eq ii ewk eqmx g q wkïiv Q j wkï ì Zzjbvq Kg msl vq N ii evb i mgq KvUvq d j hvbevnbmz `yn Ubvq Q j wkïi BbRywii nvi 10 eqi eq mi c i e o hvq Q j wkïiv iv vq evbmvb Kj Pvjvq, Aciw` K g q wkïiv K`vwPr mvb Kj Pvjv bvi my hvm cvq Gme wkïiv ewkifvm Î gvui Mvwo, evm, UªvK, wi v BZ vwì mv _ msn l i Kvi Y AvNvZ cvq hvbevnbrwbz `yn Ubv n Q gvivz K ai bi `yn Ubvi wøzxq cöavbzg KviY 1-17 eqi eqmx wkï g Zy i wewfbœ Kvi Yi g a hvbevnbrwbz BbRywii Ae vb lôzg v b G ai bi `yn Ubvq nzvnz wkïiv gvivz K BbRywi _ K ïi K i vqx c½yz eiy Ki Z eva nq Ges `xn w`be vcx nvmcvzv j _vkvi cö qvrbxqzvi `Lv `q cöwz eqi gvivz K BbRywiRwbZ vqx c½yz eiy K i 1,360 R bii ewk wkï, A_ vr cöwzw`b cövq PviRb wkï vqx c½y Z i wkkvi nq hvbevnbrwbz `yn Ubv e Ü evsjv ` ki Rb ìkvi Zvr wyk, AviI ewk UKmB Ges AviI ewk Kvh Ki hvbenbrwbz `yn Ubv m ú K wkï ì cöwk Y `qv h Z cv i Kg c wzi cöv_wgk I gva wgk wk vµ g ivw UªvwdK e e vcbv m ú K ìkvix wb ` kbv _vk Z n e `yn Ubv NU j wk Ki Z n e m m ú K wkï ì cöwk Y `qv h Z cv i d j wkï ì mv vkv m½x-mv_x ì wbh vm 26

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v mnvqzvq `yn Ubv ciez x q wz ev AvNv Zi gvîv Kwg q Avbv m eci n e zj wk K ì G Î cö qvrbxq cöwk Y `qv h Z cv i hv Z Zviv ciez x Z QvÎQvÎx ì `yn Ubv Gwo q Pj Z ev ciez x e e v wn m e Kx Ki Z n e Zv AeMZ Ki Z cv ib cy o hviqv evsjv ` k cöwz eqi 340 R bii ewk wkï gvivz Kfv e cy o gviv hvq, A_ vr cöwzw`b 1 Rb wkï cy o gviv hvq Gi g a 90% `yn Ubv evwo ZB N U hvi A a KiI ewk N U evwoi ivbœv N i GK eq ii Kg eqmx Ges 1-4 eqi eqmx wkïiv cy o gviv hvq me P q ewk GQvov 1-4 eqi eqmx wkïiv cy o Amy nq me P q ewk evsjv ` k Mig cvwb ev fv Zi gv o cy o wkïiv vqxfv e wekjv½ n q hvq ÔnuvwUnuvwU cv cv Kiv 1-4 eqi eqmx wkïiv cöavbz Mig QuvB qi Dci c i wm q BbRywii wkkvi nq 5-9 eq ii wkïiv Db y³ Av bi g a c o wm q cy o hvq wkï ì vqxfv e wekjv½zvi wøzxq cöavb KviY n Q cy o hviqv G Î 3,400 R bii ewk wkï vqxfv e c½y n q hvq cöwzw`b cövq 9 Rb c½yz eiy K i wkïiv vqxfv e c½y bv n ji cy o AvnZ nevi Kvi Y `xn mgq zj hviqv _ K ewâz nq nvmcvzv j fwz niqvi LiP Ges wpwkrmv LiPI e o hvq evsjv ` ki wewfbœ Lvbvq wkï ì cy o hvevi cö vc U Ôwbivc` nvg cövmªvgõ Pvjy Kiv h Z cv i G ai bi Kvh µg Lvbvi ivbœv N ii Ae vb _ K wkï K wbivc` `~i Z ivl Z gv q ì hgb m PZb Ki e, Zgwb wkï ì cy o hvevi nvi Kg e wbh vm 27

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v c o hviqv wkï ì vqx c½y Z i KviY n Q c o hviqv G Rwic _ K Rvbv hvq h, cöwzw`b 10 R bii ewk wkï c o wm q vqxfv e c½y n q hvq wkï ì BbRywiMZ Amy Zvi GK-Z Zxqvsk N U c o hvevi Kvi Y cöwzeqi AvovB jv LiI ewk wkï c o wm q AvnZ nq BbRywii Kvi Y hme wkï nvmcvzv j fwz nq Zv ì AwaKvsk MvQ _ K c o AvnZ nq Gme wkïi g a 1 eq ii Kg eqmx wkï ì c o wm q g Zÿ nvi me P q ewk 1 eq ii Kg eqmx wkïiv weqvbv ev Uwej _ K c o hvq, hlv b wkïi gv ev hzœcö`vbkvix wkïwu K ewm q ev ïb q iv Lb K U hviqv evwo Z euwu, `v, Qzwi BZ vw` _vkvi d j K U hvevi NUbv wkï ì Rb GKwU mvaviy NUbv n q ùvwo q Q 5-9 eq ii wkï ì Î K U hviqvi nvi me vwak e j Rwi c Rvbv M Q MÖvgvÂ j aviv jv K wl hš cvwz wkï ì nv Zi bvmv j _vkvi Kvi Y kn ii P q MÖv gi wkï ì K U wm q AvnZ nevi SuywK A bk ewk cöavbz Qzwi, Kv Ges G RvZxq aviv jv h š i Øviv wkïiv i Zi `yn Ubvi m ylxb nq Gfv e 350 Rb wkï cöwzw`b K U wm q AvnZ nq Ges G ì g a cöwzw`b 5 Rb vqxfv e wekjv½ n q hvq ckvrwbz BbRywi K wl wbf i cwiev ii Q j g qivi AwZ Aí eqm _ KB Pvlvev`, dmj Zvjv Ges dmj weµ q evevgv K mnvqzv K i _v K KvR Ki Z wm q Zviv wewfbœ K wl hš cvwzi ms ú k Av m Ges A bk mgq fqven `yn Ubvi m ylxb nb Rwi c `Lv hvq h, cöwzw`b cövq 50 Rb wkky K wlhš cvwzi Øviv AvNvZcÖvß nq Ges G ì 3 Rb ciez x Z vqxfv e c½y n q hvq Ab w` K knivâ ji P q MÖvgvÂ j K wlhš cvwzi gva g wkï BbRywii nvi cövq wø Y 1-4 Ges 5-9 eqi eqmx g q ì Zzjbvq Q j ì wbh vm 28

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v hš cvwzrwbz BbRywii nvi cövq wø Y wk kvi-wk kvix ì Î (10-14 eqi Ges 15-17 eqi) G cv_ K cövq wø Y kni GjvKvq we klz wbgœ ga weë cwiev ii wkïiv wewfbœ KjKviLvbvq kªwg Ki Kv R wb qvwrz nq m Kvi Y Zv ì wkí KviLvbvRwbZ BbRywii SuywK ewk _v K G Î hme gwkb e envi Kiv nq Zvi AwaKvskB cöwk YcÖvß Ges cövßeq e w³ KZ K e env ii Dc hvmx wkï ì G jv e env ii Kvb wbivc` e e v bb cövyxi Kvgo ev AvNvZRwbZ BbRywi K wl cöavb MÖvgvÂ j AwaKvsk wkï cövq me mgqb K wlkv R e envi niqv ej` Ges M ncvwjz Mi, QvMj, KzKzi, weovj Ges KL bv KL bv mv ci ms ú k I Av m Gme cövyx ì mvaviyz Kvb cöwz lak wukv `qv nq bv A bk cövyx we klz KzKzi RjvZ ¼ Avµvš nq G iv M Avµvš KzKzi gvbyl K Kvgov j mwvk mg q mywpwkrmv bv c j ivmxi g Zz ch š n Z cv i ewkifvm ^v mev K `ª RjvZ ¼i cöwz lak Ges welv³ mv ci Kvg oi welwµqv cöwz iv a cöwz lak cviqv hvq bv Av jvp Rwi ci cwimsl v b `Lv M Q, wewfbœ cövyxi Kvg o cöwzeqi cövq 2,700 Rb wkï cövy nvivq Gi A a K gviv hvq RjvZ¼ Avµvš KzKz ii Kvg o Avi evwk A a K gviv hvq welv³ mv ci Kvg o GQvov cövq 59,000 Rb wkï cöwz eqi wewfbœ cövyxi Kvgo, jvw_, cv qi Pv c A_ev Muy Zvq AvnZ nq cövk wzk `y h vmrwbz BbRywi cöwz eqi N~wY So, mvb K vb Ges we klz eb vi mgq MÖvgvÂ j A bk wkï cvwb Z Wy e gviv hvq eb vi mgq cvwb Z Wy e me P q ewk wkï g Zy eiy K i GQvov Gmgq mv ci Kvg o I we`y r c ó n q A bk wkky gviv hvq wbh vm 29

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v B QvK Z BbRywi gvivgvwi, nz v I AvZ nz v B QvK Z BbRywii Aš f y³ GmKj úk KvZi welq jvi mwvk Z_ I msl v Rvb Z Rwic Zgb GKwU Dc hvmx c wz bq ZeyI G Rwi c B QvK Z BbRywii AwZ D Pnvi cviqv M Q B QvK Z BbRywi eqm f ` wfbœ wfbœ n q _v K 14 eq ii wb P G ai bi BbRywi cöavbz wnsmvz K Kvh Kjv ci d j N U _v K Avevi Gi _ K ewk eq m mwnsmzv I AvZ nz v Dfq Kvi YB BbRywi n q _v K eqm evovi mv _ mv _ B QvK Z BbRywi AvbycvwZK nv i evo Z _v K AvZ nz v ˆK kv ii klfv M g Zz i cöavb KviY Rwi c `Lv hvq, cöwzeqi Avgv ì ` k 2000 Gi ewk wk kviwk kvix AvZ nz v K i Ges cöwzw`b AvZ nz v K i 6 Rb Gme wk kviwk kvix ì AvZ nz vi kzkiv 90 fvmb MÖvgvÂ j N U _v K D j L, DbœZ we k wk kvi ì AvZ nz vi nvi ewk, c vš i evsjv ` k wk kvix ì AwaK nv i AvZ nz v Ki Z `Lv hvq Gi gva g wj½mz êl g i w`k jvi úó n q D V evev-gv K nviv bvmz BbRywi evoš wkï ì gv-evevi g Zz i cöavb KviY wn m e BbRywi wpwýz n q Q gv A_ev evev, KL bviev Df qi g Zÿ GKwU wkïi ^vfvwek kvixwik, gvbwmk I mvgvwrkfv e e o IVv K fxlyfv e e vnz K i cöwz eqi cövq 7,900 Rb evev I 4,300 Rb gv BbRywi Z gviv hvq eq i 600 Gi ewk 18-19 eqi eqmx weevwnz gwnjv BbRywi Z gviv hvq A_ vr cöwzw`b BbRywii Kvi Y `yõwu wkï Zvi gv K nvivq AvZ nz vi Kvi Y me P q ewk msl K wkï Zvi gv K nvivq cövq 4,300 Rb gv BbRywi Z gviv hvq, d j wewfbœ Lvbvi cövq 22,000 Rb evev, bervzk I wkï cöv_wgk cwiph v cviqv _ K ewâz nq Kv bv wkï Zvi 1 eq ii Kg eq m hw` gv K nvivq, ZvÕn j m gvbwmkfv e mvsnvwzk wzmö nq Gfv e wkïwu ewâz nq gv qi `ya Ges cö qvrbxq cöwz lak wukv cvevi Î Gfv e cöwzw`b 2 Rb GK eq ii wbh vm 30

evsjv ` ki wkï BbRywii mvgwmök Ae v Kg eqmx wkï BbRywiMZ Kvi Y AKv j Zv ì gv K nvivq Avevi Gme gv qi BbRywiMZ g Zz i cªavb KviY n Q AvZ nz v cöwzeqi cövq 8 nvrvi evev Kv bv bv Kv bv BbRywi Z gviv hvq G wcz we qv Mi d j 22 nvrv ii wkqz ewk wkï Zv ì cwiev ii cöavb DcvR bkvix K nvivq Gme evev ì BbRywiRwbZ g Zÿ i cöavb KviY mok `yn Ubv GQvov mwnsmzv I AvZ nz vi NUbvq D j L hvm msl K evev cövy nvivb BbRywii Kvi Y 0-17 eqi eqmx wkï ì 38% evev gviv hvb cövq 7,900 Rb evev BbRywi Z gviv hvb Ges Gi d j cövq 30,000 gv, bervzk I wkï Zv ì cöavb DcvR bkvix K nvivq wkï BbRywi Ges mnmªv ãi Dbœqb j gvîv G mnmªv ãi g a wbw` ó Dbœq bi j KZ jv j I j gvîv w i Kiv n q Q hv Ôwg jwbqvg W fjc g U j Õ (MDG) bv g mycwiwpz G j jvi câgwu n Q 2015 mv ji g a AbyaŸ 5 eq ii wkï g Zz nvi 1990 mv ji wkï g Zz nv ii `yb-z Zxqvsk Kwg q Avbv evsjv ` ki Î Gi j gvîv ùvovq cöwz nvrvi RxweZ Rb MÖnYKvix wkïi g a 31 Rb G j AR bi Rb AbyaŸ 5 eq ii wkï ì BbRywiRwbZ g Zz Aek B cöwz iva Ki Z n e Avi ZvB wkï ^v Kg m~wp Z BbRywi cöwz iva Kvh µg Aš fy ³ Kiv ìkvi Avi Zv Kiv M j bervz Ki abyóskv i g Zz hgb cöwz iva Kiv M Q Zgwb k vm iv a g Zz I cöwz iva Kiv hv e nvg _ K 1 eqi eqmx wkï hgb i v c q Q, Zgwb wkï i v cv e cvwb Z Wy e givi nvz _ K G Rwi c BbRywiRwbZ Amȳ Zvi Kvi Y hme wkï ^v mev MÖnY K i Q, ev Kgc wzb w`b zj ev Kg Î hvm w` Z cv iwb KejgvÎ mme BbRywi Aš f y³ Kiv n q Q hme BbRywii d j wkï AwZ mvgvb AvNvZ c qwqj ev wpwkrmv mev MÖn Yi ìkvi nqwb m jv Aš fy ³ Kiv nqwb wbh vm 31

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bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv ivwd I Ab vb bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvrwbz mgm vi mgvav b Ges cyi li g bvfv ei cwiez bk í G M elyvi Av jv K KwZcq mycvwikgvjv Dc vwcz nj: mycvwikgvjv kvixwik ev gvbwmkfv e mgm vmö cyi l ì mwnsm-avpiy cwiez bi Rb Ges mwnsm AvPiY Qvov wkfv e mgm vi mgvavb Kiv h Z cv i Zv klv Z Kvh µg MÖnY Ki Z n e Zi Y ì Av em hv Z m Rbkxjfv e cökvwkz nq mrb h_vh_ wk Y cöwµqv AbymiY Kiv h mvgvwrk g~j eva I wek vm cyi l ì g a bvixi cöwz mwnsm AvPi Yi Rb `q Zvi cwiez b cöwk Y Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i cwiev ii wfz i Ges cwiev ii evb i cyi l I bvixi m ú K i Î BwZevPK g bvfve M o Zzj Z n e ZvÕn j bvixi cöwz mwnsm AvPiY n«vm cv e G cö vc U Ôbexb ` úwz Kvh µgõ MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i G Kvh µ gi D Ïk n e bexb ` úwzi Ávb I AwfÁZvi KvQvKvwQ hvevi Póv Kiv Gi gva g cwiev i mšnv` c~y m úk wekwkz n e, mš vb jvjb-cvj b `vwq Z i mge Ub NU e, cwiev ii g a kª gi mwvk wefvrb n e Ges Avqea K Kv Ri cwi ek m wó n e wewfbœ mn hvwmzvg~jk Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i hv Z bvix-cyi li hš_ AskMÖnY _v K Gme Kvh µg bvixi cöwz mšnv` c~y AvPiY ˆZwi Z mnvqk n e Ges bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv we ivax g bvfve M o DV e Gi d j bvixi KvR Kivi cwi ek DbœZ n e, my hvm e w cv e Ges GbwRI jvi z`ªfy Kg m~wp Z bvixi cö ekvwakvi e w cv e mwnsmzv wpwýzkiy I gvkvwejvq bvixi gzv I mvg_ e w Kiv D`vniY îƒc, cyi li mwnsmzvi wei m ve Kvh Ki c` c wb Z bvixi hvmv hv Mi ` Zv Ges GZ`msµvš m PZbZv evov Z n e msw ß mg qi g a bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvg~jk g bvfv ei cwiez b NUv Z n e wk v cöwzôv b hviv hv Qb bv we klz Zv ì Rb m PZbZvg~jK Kg m~wp MÖnY Ki Z n e G Î m PZbZv e w K í cvi úwik mn hvwmzv evov Z n e, m PZbZv e w i Rb AvPi Yi wbh vm 40

bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv ivwd I Ab vb cybwe b vm Ki Z n e, cöpviyv Pvjv Z n e Ges mwnsm NUbvi Ges Gi cöwzweavb m úwk Z Z _ i Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev wewbgq _vk Z n e Zvn jb mgv Ri gvbyl Dcjwä Ki Z cvi e h, bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv Avgv `i mgv Ri Rb GKwU eo mgm v bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv we ivax g bvfve RvMv Z cyi li g bvfve cwiez bi cöwµqv wk v cöwzôvb jv _ K ïi n Z cv i wk v m úwk Z bxwzgvjv jv cvv µg Ges wk v cö`vb c wzi Dci K `ªxf~Z _vk Z n e d j bvixi cöwz h_vh_ m vb `Lv bvi cöeyzv, AwaKvi cö`vb I mgvr Ges Kg Î b vh Zv weavbmn mswk ó g~j eva jv ^xk wz cv e AvBbMZ e vl v cö`v bi j AvBb K n Z n e úó Ges Aciv ai Rb ch vß kvw i e e v _vk Z n e Ggb e e v _vk Z n e hv Z RvZxq msm` GKevi h AvBb cöyqb Ki e Zv hb AKvh Ki bv nq Ggb e e vcbvi wekvk NUv Z n e hv bvixi gvbevwakvi Ae jvkb I msi Y Ki e wbh vm 41

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:42-47 eª vk evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk I AÂjMZ AmgZvi cö vc U cörbb ^v mev MÖnY Ave`yj v nj nv`x I gv. mikz Mwb cörbb ^v mev e env ii Î h _ó Av_ -mvgvwrk I AÂjMZ cv_ K we` gvb i q Q cve Z GjvKvi Avwèvmx Rb Mvôx Ges myweav ewâz MÖvgxY Rb Mvôxi ÎI cörbb ^v mev e env ii nvi Lye Kg 80% gwnjv gvî GK ai bi cörbb ^v mev MÖn Y mg_ n q Q Ges gvî 2% gwnjv cöme c~e Kvjxb, cöme ciez x, cöwz lak wukv I wbivc` cöme mev c Z mg_ n q Q mgwómz ch v q cörbb ^v mev MÖn Yi nvi LyeB Ach vß Ges evsjv ` k ^v Lv Z AmgZv weivr Ki Q ^v mev msµvš mgm v jv Avgv ì mgv R Mfxifv e cöw_z n q M Q Gi _ K DËi Y ìkvi AeKvVv gvmz cwiez b evsjv `k GKwU Mixe `k RbmsL vi cövq A a Ki (48%) emevm `vwi`ª mxgvi bx P wk vi gvb Kg _vkvq Ges ^v mev cviqv cöwzk j niqvq ivmvµvš niqvi SuywK Mixe ì ewk _v K m Kvi Y mv cöwzk eqi jv Z cöv_wgk ^v mevi cwiwa evo ji Mixe ì ^v mev cviqv _ K ewâz nevi aviv Ae vnz i q Q hwì evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY GjvKvmg~ n ^v mev buiqvk we Z n q Q Ges wemz `yõ`k K ^v Lv Z h _ó DbœwZ N U Q Z_vwc Mixe gwnjv ì Rxebhvc b mvgvb B cwiez b G m Q Socioeconomic and regional disparity in the utilization of reproductive health services in Bangladesh kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 42

AÂjMZ AmgZvi cö vc U cörbb ^v mev nv`x I Mwb G M elyvi D Ïk wqj evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk I AvÂwjK AmgZvi cö vc U cörbb ^v mevi e envi evov bv cörbb ^v mevi PviwU i - cöme c~e Kvjxb (antenatal) I cöme ciez x (postnatal) mev, gv K cöwz lak wukv cö`vb (maternal immunization) I wbivc` cöme (safe delivery) G M elyvi Aš f y³ wqj eª v Ki ÔIqvP cö R±Õ _ K G M elyvi DcvË bqv n q Q D j L h, ÔIqvP cö R±Õ n Q RbwgwZ I ^v e e v msµvš eª v Ki GKwU m viwf jbm ev Ae jvkb c wz hv Z 90,000-Gi ewk gvbyl K Aš fy ³ Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki `kwu MÖvgxY GjvKvi 85wU MÖvg, e nr g UªvcwjUb kn ii PviwU Q GjvKv Ges cve Z GjvKvi DcRvwZ Aay wlz cuvpwu Q GjvKv G m viwf jý ev Ae jvkb c wzi AvIZvaxb 1990 mvj _ K wewfbœ GbwRI Gme GjvKvq `vwi`ª we gvpb Kg m~wp ev evqb Ki Q ÔIqvP cö R ±iõ AvIZvaxb GjvKv cy iv evsjv ` ki Rb B cöwzwbwaz kxj e j a i bqv nq cöwz gv m `yõrb gwnjv I GKRb cyi l gvvkg x wbqwgzfv e me jv Lvbvq wm q ^v I RbwgwZ m úwk Z cövmw½k Z_ wjwce K i G Ae jvkb c wz hme gwnjv 2001 mv j gv n q Qb mme weevwnz gwnjvi (eqm <50 eqi) GKwU nvjbvmv` bgybv Dc vwcz K i mvgvwrk- RbwgwZ (socio-demographic) msµvš we vwiz Z_ msmö n GKwU mymsmwvz (structured) cökœgvjv e eüz nq gvu 1,182 Rb gwnjvi mv vrkvi bqv nq G msµvš DcvË msm nxz nq 2002 mv ji GwcÖj gv m cörbb ^v mevi PviwU w`k K G M elyvq cix v-wbix v K i `Lv n q Q 2001 mv j gv niqv cö Z K weevwnz gwnjvi KvQ _ K ^v mev m ú K Z_ msmön Kiv nq GKRb gwnjv hw` M f i wzbgvm _ K wbqwgz ^v cix v Kivq Ges Avqib U ve ju I wfuvwgb-g K vcmyj MÖnY K i Zvn j aiv nq h m Mf Kvjxb ^v mev MÖnY K i Q Avevi GKRb gwnjv hw` cöm ei c i 4 mßv ni g a Kgc GKevi wpwkrm Ki Kv Q hvb Zvn j D³ gwnjv wbh vm 43

AÂjMZ AmgZvi cö vc U cörbb ^v mev nv`x I Mwb ÔcÖme ciez xõ ^v mev wb q Qb e j aiv nq GKRb gwnjv hw` abyóskv ii `yb WvR wukv MÖnY K i Zvn j D³ gwnjv abyóskv ii cöwz lak MÖnY K i Q e j aiv nq hw` gwnjv ì mš vb cöme wk wb K ev nvmcvzv j wpwkrmk ev avîxi ZË veav b m úbœ nq Z e Zv K Ôwbivc` cömeõ ejv nq M elyvq cövß djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, cörbb ^v mev e env i h _ó Av_ -mvgvwrk Ges AÂjMZ cv_ K i q M Q AwZ `wi`ª ì gv S cörbb ^v mev e env ii nvi Lye Kg cve Z GjvKvi Avwèvmx Rb Mvôx Ges myweav ewâz MÖvgxY Rb Mvôxi ÎI cörbb ^v mev e env ii nvi Lye Kg G M elyvq gwnjv ì g a wbi izvi e vck we wz `L Z cviqv hvq A a KiI Kg (44.8%) gwnjv co Z I wjl Z cv ib Ab vb GjvKvi Zzjbvq cve Z AÂ ji Avwèvwm Rb Mvôxi g a mv izvi nvi Kg gvî 36% Lvbvi Pvl hvm Rwg i q Q kn ii Lvbvi Î Kvb Lvgvi `L Z cviqv hvqwb cve Z GjvKvq f~wgi gvwjkvbv wqj m e v P cövq 36.5% Mf ezx gwnjv Mf Kvjxb ^v mev c q Q hvi A a K cöme ciez x ^v mev MÖn Y mg_ n q Q cöm ei Rb nvmcvzv j ev wk wb K wpwkrmv mev cvevi nvi wqj 4.1% G Î ZLb RvZxq nvi wqj 7.9% G M elyvq cörbb ^v mev MÖn Y Av_ -mvgvwrk Ges AÂjMZ cv_ K Lye ewk `Lv hvq Lvbvi m ú` e w i mv _ mv _ cöme c~e Kvjxb, cöme ciez x mev MÖnY, gv qi cöwz lak MÖnY I wbivc` cöm ei Rb wpwkrmv mev MÖn Yi cwigvy D j LRbKfv e e w cvq, m ú` m~p Ki cöw Z ejv hvq h, ga g Ges Ab vb Kg `wi`ª kªyxi P q AwZ `wi`ª ì cöme c~e ez x wpwkrmv mev MÖn Yi nvi Lye Kg cöme ciez x wpwkrmv mevi ejv ZI GKB wpî `L Z cviqv hvq AwZ `wi`ª ì P q Kg `wi`ª ì g a nvmcvzv j cöme mev MÖnY cövq 8 Y ewk Mf avi Yi mgq cövq 82% Kg Mixe gwnjv cöwz lak MÖnY K i Q Acic gvî 59% AwZ `wi`ª gwnjv G mev MÖnY K i Q M elyvq `Lv hvq h, 80% gwnjv gvî GK wbh vm 44

AÂjMZ AmgZvi cö vc U cörbb ^v mev nv`x I Mwb ai bi cörbb ^v mev MÖn Y mg_ n q Q gvî 2% gwnjv Pvi ai bi A_ vr mkj cörbb ^v mevb c q Q Lvbvi m ú` m~p Ki cöw Z cörbb ^v mev MÖn Yi gvîvq cv_ K `L Z cviqv hvq hwì cövq 80% Kgc GKwU mev MÖnY K i Q, m Î AwZ `wi`ª ì g a ïaygvî GKwU ^v mev MÖn Yi AbycvZ n Q gvî 62.2% hviv Kgc `yõai bi ^v mev MÖnY K i Q Zv ì Î m ú` Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk wqj kni GjvKvq cörbb ^v mev cvevi nvi ewk KviY GLv b ewkifvm cöme nvmcvzv j n q _v K Ges cörbb ^v mev K `ª i q Q mev cö`v bi Rb Dcmsnvi G M elyv _ K `yõwu i Z c~y welq Rvbv hvq cö_gz, mgwómz ch v q cörbb ^v mev MÖn Yi nvi LyeB Ach vß wøzxqz, evsjv ` k ^v Lv Z AmgZv weivr Ki Q wewfbœ D`vniY _ K `Lv hvq h, cörbb ^v mevi AcÖZzjZvi Rb gwnjviv gvbm Z bq Ggb wekí wpwkrmv mev MÖn Y eva nq G M elyv _ K `Lv hvq h, wkw Z gwnjviv cömekvjxb cörbb ^v mev MÖn Yi i Z hgb Dcjwä Ki Z cv i, Zgwb m g nq D³ mevi h_vh_ e env i cörbb ^v mev cvevi Î Av_ -mvgvwrk I AÂjMZ cv_ K e vck myweav ewâz GjvKvq hme gwnjvi emevm Zviv Mf Kvjxb I cöme ciez x mg q Pigfv e eâbvi wkkvi nq wemz `yõ`k K cörbb ^v mev hwì we Z n q Q, ZeyI ^v mev cövwßi Î mgzv Av m wb, KviY G mevi wmsnfvmb `qv nq kniwfwëk K `ª jv _ K Gi d j cve Z GjvKvi Avwèvmx Rb Mvôxi g a Ges myweav ewâz MÖvgxY gwnjv ì g a cörbb ^v mev cövwßi nvi LyeB Kg wbh vm 45

AÂjMZ AmgZvi cö vc U cörbb ^v mev wemz `yõ`k K cörbb ^v mev evo ji Zv cövwßi Î mgzv Av m wb, KviY G mevi wmsnfvmb kni Kw `ªK nv`x I Mwb Mixe gvby li K_v wpš v K i ^v mev LvZ K web bv Kivq myweavcövß MÖvgxY GjvKv ZI `wi`ªª-a`wi`ª cv_ K Ae vnz i q Q Ab vb cörbb ^v mevi Zzjbvq gv q ì cöwz lak wukv MÖn Yi nvi h _ó ewk wqj, hwì G Î e vck Av_ -mvgvwrk Ges AÂjMZ cv_ K I cwijw Z nq gv q ì cöwz lak MÖn Yi D Pnvi G wb ` kbv `q h, we` gvb gv I wkï ^v mevi Aax bb e vck msl K Mf ezx gwnjv K Ab vb cörbb ^v mev `qv LyeB m eci Ab w` K cve Z GjvKvi Avwèvmx Rb Mvôxi g a cömekvjxb I cöme ciez x ^v mev MÖn Yi nvi LyeB Kg G M elyv cövwzôvwbk Wwjfvwi mvwf mi cö qvrbxqzv mȳ úófv e wpwýz K i RwUj ai bi Wwjfvwi K mi Î G ai bi mev fxly ìkvix kn ii Mixe ì g a cömekvjxb mg q nvmcvzv j hvevi nvi ewk G cöeyzv _ K Mixe gvby li K_v gv_vq i L ^v mev LvZ K web bv Kivq myweavcövß MÖvgxY GjvKv ZI `wi`ª- A`wi`ª cv_ K Ae vnz i q Q GwUB evsv hvq h, cövwzôvwbk e e vcbv _vk j cömekvjxb ^v mev MÖn Y Ab vb AÂ ji MixeivI GKBfv e GwM q Avm e G M elyv _ K AviI Rvbv hvq h, Av_ -mvgvwrk AmgZv QvovI AÂjMZ cv_ K mg~n wkqy Î e vck cöfve d j ^v mevq mgzv Avb Z M j we` gvb ^v mev e e vcbvq Mixe AbyK j Dcv`vbmg~ ni mgš^q NUv Z n e cörbb ^v mev MÖn Yi DcKvwiZv m ú K mvgvwrk ms e`bkxjzv m wó Ki Z n e wm vš bqvi Î Mixe ì Aš fy ³ Ki Z n e Mixeiv hv Z AwaK nv i gšwjk wpwkrmv mev c Z cv i Zv wbwðz Ki Z n e Mixe ì Rb cö`ë ^v mev K KejgvÎ Avw_ K mnvqzv w` jb n e bv, G K Ggbfv e myweb Ki Z n e hv Z Mixe gvbyliv h_vh_fv e cörbb ^v mev MÖnY Ki Z cv i gvz ^v Dbœq b bzzb cö Póv I c wzi cix v-wbix v Ae vnz ivl Z n e Gi gva g me P q Mixe I myweav ewâz ì Rb me P q Kvh Ki c wz cöyqb m eci n e wbh vm 46

AÂjMZ AmgZvi cö vc U cörbb ^v mev nv`x I Mwb `xn gqvw` cörbb ^v mev wfwëk bxwz cöyq b myweav ewâz GjvKv jv K cövavb w` Z n e ewk eqmx gwnjv ì eq wk vi AvIZvq G b cörbb ^v mev MÖn Yi DcKvwiZv m ú K gwnjv ì g a AvPiYMZ cwiez b Avb Z n e myweav ewâz ì Rb gvv ch v q ^v mev cuš Q w` q AÂjMZ AmgZv Kgv bv h Z cv i GKB mv _ wbivc` cöm ei Rb cöwk YcÖvß avîx mev jvf mnrjf Ki Z n e Acivci wekí e e vi g a ^v mevi wewfbœ ch v qi cybwe b vm AÂjMZ êlg Zv Kwg q Avb e Ges Avwèvmx Rb Mvôxi Rb ^v mev wbwðz n e G M elyv cörbb ^v mev Lv Z Ggb Kg m~wp MÖn Yi cö vebv `q hv nz`wi`ª Ges me P q myweav ewâz ì Rb ^v mevi Pvwn`v c~iy K AMÖvwaKvi w` e me P q cörbb ^v mev cvevi Î h AmgZv weivr Ki Q Zv mvgvwrkfv e m wó nq Mixe gvbyliv hv Z cörbb ^v mev c Z cv i mrb j wbw` ó ^v mev cö`v bi KŠkj MÖnY Ki Z n e G M elyvi djvdj _ K G wm v š Avmv hvq h, m cömvwiz Mixe AbyK j ^v mev Kg m~wp Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z myweav ewâz ì g a h_vh_fv e cörbb ^v mev cuš Q w` Z cv i M elyv _ K `Lv hvq h, cörbb ^v mev cvevi Î hme AmgZv i q Q Zvi AwaKvskB mvgvwrkfv e ˆZwi nq myweav ewâz ì Pvwn`vi cöwz AMÖvwaKvi w` q Ges h_vh_ bxwzmz cwiez b NwU q Gme AmgZv n«vm Kiv m e wbh vm 47

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:48-54 eª vk AwZ `wi`ª m`m ì mewr wecyb Ges Gi `xn Kvjxb vwqz cöjq eo qv bxjdvgvix Rjvi ˆmq`cyi Ges RjXvKv GjvKvq wubdwc m`m ì mewr Drcv`b Ges wecyb Kvh µ gi vwq Z i Dci G M elyvwu cwipvwjz nq wubdwc m`m ì mewr wecyb P v b j Drcv`K Ges fv³vi gvslv b ga ^Z fvmxi Dcw wz _vk ji kzkiv 70-80 fvm cy mivmwi Drcv`K _ K fv³vi Kv Q hvq wubdwc m`m iv cö_g eq ii P q wøzxq eq i ewk evrvigylx n q Q wubdwc m`m iv ez gv b evwoi P q evrv i cvbkv ii Kv Q ewk wewµ Ki Q cö_g eq ii P q wøzxq eq i mewri Drcv`b e o hviqvq wecyb P v b j cvbkv ii Dcw wz e o Q AwZ `wi`ª ì RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq bi j Ges Zv ì K Dbœqb Kg Kv Ê Aš fy ³ Kivi Rb 2002 mv j eª vk GKwU Kg m~wp nv Z bq hv CFPR/TUP (Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction-Targeting the Ultra Poor) bv g cwiwpz cö_gz M elyvi gva g AwZ `wi`ª ì wpwýz Kiv Ges Zv ì Kg m~wp Z Aš fy ³ Kivi cöwµqvwu wvk Kiv nq cuvp nvrvi AwZ `wi`ª gwnjv K G Kg m~wp Z Aš fy w³i j cö_ g bxjdvgvix, iscyi I KzwoMÖvg Rjvq Kvh µg ïi Kiv nq ciez x Z Av iv PviwU Rjvq Kvh µg m cömvwiz nq g~jz wkqz m ú` hgb Mi, QvMj, nuvm, gyiwm Ges G jv K ivlvi Rb cö qvrbxq Ni ˆZwii miävg ev bm` UvKv Marketing scenario and sustainability of vegetable enterprise of specially targeted ultra poor in north Bengal kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) wbh vm 48

AwZ `wi`ª m`m ì mewr wecyb cöjq eo qv Ges cöwz mßv n 70 UvKv K i bm` mvnvh `qv nq GQvov cöwk Y I ^v mevi `qv nq Zv ì Kvb Kvb AÂ j eª vk Rwg jxr wb q Zv ì `q mewr Drcv` bi Rb 2004 mv ji g gv m bxjdvgvix Rjvi ˆmq`cyi Ges RjXvKv GjvKvq wubdwc (Targeting Ultra Poor) m`m ì mewr Drcv`b I wecyb Kvh µ gi vwq Z i Dci GKwU M elyv Kiv nq RjXvKv cöz š GjvKvq Aew Z, Ab w` K ˆmq`cyi n Q kni GjvKvi KvQvKvwQ RjXvKvi 32wU Ges ˆmq`cy ii 47wU Lvbv _ K Z_ Avbv nq mewr Avev`Kvix mekõwu Lvbv KB M elyvq Aš fy ³ Kiv n qwqj mewr wecyb c wz wecyb c wzi `yõwu Dcv`vb- wecyb P v bj Ges wecyb Kvh µg wecyb P v bj wubdwc m`m ì mewr wecyb P v b j Drcv`K Ges fv³vi gvslv b ga ^Z fvmxi Dcw wz _vk ji kzkiv 70-80 fvm cy mivmwi Drcv`K _ K fv³vi wbku hvq GwU wecy bi GKwU BwZevPK w`k m ú` cviqvi cö_g eq ii Zzjbvq wøzxq eq i wubdwc m`m ì mewr wecyb P v b j wbgœwjwlz cwiez b j Kiv M Q: 1. wubdwc m`m iv cö_g eq ii Zzjbvq wøzxq eq i Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk evrvigylx n q Q KviY wubdwc m`m iv ez gv b evwoi P q evrv i cvbkv ii Kv Q ewk wewµ K i 2. cö_g eq ii Zzjbvq wøzxq eq i fv³vi wbku weµq K g M Q KviY, cvbkv ii Kv Q mgcwigvy wewµ e o M Q 3. cö_g eq ii Zzjbvq wøzxq eq i mewri Drcv`b e w cviqvq wecyb P v b j cvbkv ii Dcw wz e o Q ZvQvov wubdwc m`m ivi GK Î cöpzi weµq Ki Z cv i e j cvbkv ii Kv Q h Z cq ` Ki Q wbh vm 49

AwZ `wi`ª m`m ì mewr wecyb cöjq eo qv wubdwc m`m ì mewr wecyb P v bj cö_g eqi Drcv`K (100%) wøzxq eqi Drcv`K (100%) cvbkvi (20%) cvbkvi (30%) cv 1 (10%) cv 2 (10%) cv 1 (11%) cv 2 (19%) fv³v (80%) fv³v (70%) fv 1 (33%) fv 2 (47%) fv 1 (28%) fv 2 (42%) cv 1 = hme cvbkvi evwo _ K mewr µq K i, cv 2 = hme cvbkvi evrvi _ K mewr µq K i fv 1 = hme fv³v evwo _ K mewr µq K i, fv 2 = hme fv³v evrvi _ K mewr µq K i wecyb Kvh µg wubdwc m`m iv Drcv` bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb µq, mewr weµq Ges cwien Y AskMÖnY K i _v K wubdwc gwnjviv Zv ì HwZn evnx Kv R hgb- Mvei I QvB msmö n me vwak AskMÖnY (95-99%) K i _v K GQvov exr, mvi I KxUbvkK µ qi Î wubdwc gwnjv ì cvkvcvwk Zv ì ^vgx I mš vbivi AskMÖnY K i evwo Z e m mewr wewµi Î wubdwc gwnjv ì AskMÖnY (70%) ewk Ab w` K evrv i mewr wewµi Î Zuv ì ^vgxiv cöavb f~wgkv (61%) cvjb K i _v K ^vfvwekfv e mewr cwien Yi Î Zuv ì ^vgx ì AskMÖnY ewk Ab w` K Dcv`vb msmö ni Î wvk wecixz wpî j Yxq evrv i mewr wewµi mv _ bm` UvKv wbqš Yi welqwu A½vw½fv e RwoZ cy epv Kbvi Î Z_v mewr weµqj bm` UvKv wbqš Yi Î wubdwc gwnjv ì Kv Q Zv ì wbh vm 50

AwZ `wi`ª m`m ì mewr wecyb cöjq eo qv ^vgx ì Revew`wnZv _vk Z n e Ab _vq wubdwc gwnjviv evwo _ K Aí `v g mewr weµ q DrmvwnZ n e hv Zv ì gybvdvi Kwg q ` e AZGe, wecyb Kv R Lvbvi cyi l m`m ì cvkvcvwk wubdwc gwnjv ìi AskMÖnY _vk Z n e mewr Avev ì `xn Kvjxb vwqz wubdwc m`m ì mewr Avev` wuwk q ivlvi Rb Z_v G e emvwu fwel ZI Pvwj q wb Z n j wb gœv³ wzbwu cöv_wgk wel qi cöwz j ivl Z n e K. Pvl hvm Rwgi wbðqzv weavb Ki Z n e wubdwc m`m ì mewr Avev ì Rb wbr ^ Kvb Rwg bb ZvB `xn gqv ` Dchy³ Rwg cviqv bv M j wubdwc m`m ì c mewr Avev` wuwk q ivlv Am e n q co e ZvQvov cöwz eqi Rwg bevqb Kiv wubdwc m`m ì Rb Av ikwu mgm v f~ ^vgx ev Rwgi gvwjk Zuv ì Kv Q Rwg wubdwc m`m ì mewr Avev ì wbr ^ Kvb Rwg bv _vkvq `xn gqv ` Dchy³ Rwg cviqv bv M j mewr Avev` wuwk q ivlv Am e n e bevqb Ki Z Pvq bv ev GKB cwigvy Rwgi Rb ewk LvRbv `vwe K i ZvB eva n q m`m ì Pzw³ k l Rwg Q o w` Z nq Ges bzzb Rwgi LuvR Ki Z nq hv A bkuv mgqmv c ZvQvov Rwg Z dmj _vk ji gqv` c~i Yi w`b Rwg diz w` Z nq d j, m`m iv wkqzuv Avw_ K wzi m ylxb nq ZvB cö_g eqi Avev ì ci wøzxq eqi hviv Rwg cwiez b K iwqj Zv ì 92 kzvskb Rwg bevqb msµvš Kvi Y Rwg cwiez b K iwqj Rwgi Abye izv Ges evwo _ K Rwgi `~i Z i Kvi YI A b K wøzxq eqi Rwg cwiez b K i Q Rwg m` m i evwoi Kv Q ev myweavrbk v b Aew Z bv n j dm ji `Lv kvbv Ki Z Amyweav nq Ges Gi d j kvkmewr Pzwi ev Mi -evqzi Øviv mewr Z bó nevi m vebv ewk _v K ZvB wbe vwpz RwgwU hz`~i m e m`m ì evwoi KvQvKvwQ niqv Avek K DËie ½ Rwg eük bqv GKwU RbwcÖq f~wg Pzw³ hv wubdwc m`m ì Kv QI ek cq `bxq G Î f~wg wbh vm 51

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AwZ `wi`ª m`m ì mewr wecyb cöjq eo qv M. g~j ms hvrb ev Dc hvm m wó Kiv mewr Avev` Ges Drcv` bi ci cöavb KvRwU n jv Gi myôz wecyb e e v ` wecyb KŠk ji Afv e mewri mwvk g~j cviqv hvq bv hz`~i m e wecyb PB b ga ^Z fvmx ì AskMÖnY Kgv Z n e KviY, Drcv`K I ` wecyb KŠk ji Afv e mewri mwvk g~j cviqv hvq bv ZvB mewr wecyb PB b ga ^Z fvmx ì AskMÖnY Kgv Z n e fv³vi gvslv b ga ^Z fvmxiv _vk j Drcv` Ki jf vsk K g hvq ZvB ga ^Z fvmx ì wkqz wkqz KvR hw` Drcv`K Z_v wubdwc m`m iv K i Zvn j wecyb PB b hgb Zv ì AskMÖnY evo e Zgwb `ª e i mwvk `vgi cviqv hv e hgb cvbkvi ev AvoZ`v ii Kv Q cy wewµ bv K i mivmwi evrv i wb q fv³vi Kv Q wewµ Kiv wubdwc m`m iv hwì cö_g eq ii Zzjbvq wøzxq eq i A bkuvb evrvigylx n q Q ZviciI cvbkvi bvgk ga ^Z fvmx ì nvz _ K cy ivcywi ewi q Avm Z cv iwb g~j ms hvrb ev Dc hvm m wó wecy bi Ab Zg Av ikwu w`k Kvb Kvb c Y i vbxq evrv i Zgb Pvwn`v _v K bv wkš `~iez x Dc Rjv msjmœ evrv i hlv b c Y i NvUwZ _v K Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv e Pvwn`v ewk _v K mlv b cy vbvš i Ki Z n e d j `vgi ewk cviqv hv e Gfv e c Y i vbvš i K i vb Dc hvm m wó Kiv h Z cv i Avevi wkqz c Y i gšmy g `vg Kg _v K wkš gšmy gi wkqzw`b ci ewk `vg cviqv hvq hgb: wgwó Kzgov, wkgrvzxq mewri exr, gwip, Avjy cöf wz mewr K gšmy g msi Y K i mgq Dc hvm m wó Kiv hvq Ges gšmy gi ci AwaKg~ j wewµ Kiv hvq iƒcvš i Dc hvm m wó K ii c Y i g~j ms hvrb Kiv hvq hgb Avjy K wpcm, Kzgov K gvieÿv evwb q wewµ Ki j iƒcvš i Dc hvm m wói d j AwaK g~j cviqv hvq Gme Dc hvm m wói cö Póv gvby li Kv Ri cwiwa K A bk Y evwo q `q d j bzzb Kg ms vb m wói m vebv _v K K wlcy cpbkxj e j Gi Dc hvm m wói Kvb wekí bb eª vk GKwU wbw` ó mgq Aš i wubdwc mewr Pvlx ì Rb cöwk Yi e e v Ki Z cv i hvi gva g ^í cwim i Ges ^í Li P mewr cöwµqvrvzkiy c wz klv bv m e n e G ai bi cöwk Y Zuv ì mewr Avev` K wuwk q ivl Z mnvqzv Ki e wbh vm 53

AwZ `wi`ª m`m `i mewr wecyb cöjq eo qv cwi k l ejv hvq h, mewr Avev` K jvfrbkfv e wuwk q ivl Z Dc iv³ wzbwu welq QvovI wudwc Lvbvi Af š ixy wkqz wel qi cöwzi j ivl Z n e KviY, mewr Pv li Rb cöpzi kªg w` Z nq hv Kv iv GKvi c cªvq Am e ZvB hme Lvbvq mvnvh Kvix m`m ( ^vgx, Q j- g q, bvwz) bb mlv b mewr Avev` myweavrbk bvi n Z cv i KviY, cyi l m`m iv wecy b we kl K i `~iezx evrv i cy cwien Yi Î Ges mewr weµ q GKwU i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i hlv b gwnjv m`m `i AskMÖnY wewfbœ Kvi Y mxwgz wbh vm 54

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:55-58 eª vk wk kvix ì Dbœq b wk kvixiv: Avcb Kv m i cvbju g~j vqb gv. Kvqmvi Avwj Lvb, mgxi iäb bv_ I gv. gvneyeyj Kwei eª v Ki G Wvj m U Wfjc g U cövmöv gi cöavb êwkó nj wk kvix ì gva g wk kvix ì Dbœqb ÔAvcbÕ Kvm wui Kvh µg Z Yg~j ch v q m úv` bi `vwq Z Av Q wk kvixiv wb RivB G Kvm wu m úv` bi gva g wkqz A_ I Zuviv DcvR b K i _v K G DcvR b z j co Z Zv ì mnvqk nq ÔAvcbÕ Kv m AskMÖnYKvixiv Ab ì P q ^v, AvBb, cwi ek I mvgvwrk welqvw` Z ewk Ávb m úbœ nq wek e vcx ÔˆK kviõ Bmy wu e vck Av jvob m wó Ki Q evsjv `k mikvimn `kx-we `kx Dbœqb ms v jv ˆK kvi K Aej ^b K i we klz wk kvix ì Rb wewfbœ Dbœqb c` c MÖnY Ki Q eª vki ˆK kvi Dbœqbg~jK cökí MÖnY K i cökíwui bvg G Wvj m U Wfjc g U cövmövg (GwWwc) GwWwc-i cöavb `ÕywU Ask n Q cvv K `ª Ges G Wvj m U wcqvi IM vbvbrw buiqvk (GwcIGb) eª v Ki G cök íi Ab Zg cöavb êwkó nj wk kvix ì gva g wk kvix ì Dbœqb G M elyvwu GwWwc-i m ú~y Kg Kv Êi Dci Kiv nqwb ïay GwcIGb ev ÔAvcbÕ Kv m i Kg Kv Êi Dci Kiv n q Q AviI mwvkfv e ej Z M j wk kvixiv KZUzKz Ávb AR b Ki Q Ges m Ávb KZLvwb Qwo q èvi gva g wb R ì Dbœqb NUv Q Zv eys Z Póv Kiv n q Q Adolescent-to-adolescent development: a pilot assessment of adolescent peer organizd network kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. gvneyeyj Kwei wbh vm 55

wk kvix ì Dbœq b wk kvixiv Lvb I Ab vb D j L h, eª v Ki GwWwc cök íi ÔAvcbÕ bv g eûj cwiwpz Kvm wui Kvh µg Z Yg~j ch v q m úv` bi `vwq Z i q Q wk kvixiv wb RivB Zviv G Kvm wu m úv` bi gva g wkqz A_ I DcvR b K i _v K hviv z j cov jlv Ki Q, Zv ì Rb G UvKvUv cov jlvi LiP Pvjv Z mnvqzv ` e eª vk Zv ì bz Z I e e vcbvi cöwk Y w` q _v K G ai bi cöwk Y RxweKvi Rb Zv ì K AwaKZi hvm K i Zv j cöwkw Z wk kvixivb Kvm wu cwipvjbv K i mgeqmx wk kvix ì eüz cöwk K wn m e G Kv m i gva g wk kvixiv mvgvwrk, cwi ekmz, AvBbMZ Ges Ri wi ^v welqk Ávb jv fi my hvm cvq Kv m AskMÖnYKvixiv wewfbœ wel q AwR Z Áv bi wewbgq K i GjvKvi Ab vb gvby li mv _, we klz Kv m Ask bqwb Ggb wk kvix ì mv _ Gfv e G my hvmwu Zv ì g a hvmv hv Mi GK mzzeüb ˆZwi K i Zviv hgb Áv b mg kvjx nq, Zgwb bz Z I ` Zvq nq DbœZ d j cöwzwbqz Zviv h mvgvwrk eâbv I Ab vq AvP Yi wkkvi nq Zvi wei i L ùvov Z cv i GgbwU Avkv Kiv nq h, GKwU ` p buiqvk M o DVvi gva g Zv ì g a gzvqb NU e hv Zv ì cvwievwik I mvgvwrk Rxe b i Z c~y f~wgkvq AeZxY n Z mvnvh Ki e G M elyv n Z cövß djvd j `Lv hvq h, ÔAvcbÕ Kv m AskMÖnYKvixiv Ab ì Zzjbvq ^v, AvBb, cwi ek I mvgvwrk welqvw` Z AwaKZi Ávb m úbœ nq 18wU cö kœi g a AskMÖnYKixiv M o 10wU Avi Ask bv bqv wk kvixiv M o 6.2wU cö kœi mwvk DËi w` Z m g n q Q Ab w` K, cö_g e vp I wøzxq e v Pi AskMÖnYKvix ì g a cvi`wk Zvq ewkifvm Î mv` k Zv cviqv M Q G _ K eysv hvq h wk v_ xiv Kvm _ K hv k L Zv K qk gv mi g a B fy j hvq bv wkqz wkqz Î Kv m AskMÖnYKvix wk kvixiv LyeB cvi`wk Zv cö`k b Ki ji A b KiB djvdj Avkvbyiƒc wqj bv we klz 8wU wel q wk kvixiv Kg Rv b ev G Î Zv ì Z_ MZ Ávb Kg Gme welq n Q Rb wbqš Y cyi l ì e envi hvm c wz, Rb wbqš Y Lvevi ewo, kã `~ly I GZ`msµvš ^v SuywK, hšzz Ki AvBbMZ kvw, GwmW mš v mi wkkvi KviI Km hw` cywjk wb Z bv Pvq ZvÕn j Zvi wbh vm 56

wk kvix ì Dbœq b wk kvixiv Lvb I Ab vb KiYxq, ^vgxi wøzxq weev ni Rb AvBbMZ kvw i wk weavb i q Q, weevn iwr ªv ii Rb Kwgkb Ges f~wg m úwk Z mgm v Gmg welq jvi Dci bqv cix vi gva g Zv ì `ye jzv `L Z cviqv M Q ZvB, GgbwU Aek B g b Kiv h Z cv i h, Ggb wkqz wel qi `ye jzv _vk Z cv i hme welq cix vi Aš f y³ Kiv nqwb Kv m Ask bqv wk kvix Ges Avjv`vfv e Zv ì gv q ì mv _ `jxq Av jvpbvi gva g `Lv M Q h, Dfq c B G ai bi cök íi cö qvrbxqzv Abyfe Ki Qb ïi Z Aek A bk gv-b g q ì K G ai bi Kv m cvvv bvi cöwz AvcwË Zz jwq jb Zv ì g a Kv m i welqe I cök Z D Ïk m ú K wewfbœ fyj aviyv KvR KiwQj Aek Av Av Gme fyj aviyv jv `~i n q M Q Dfqc i g Z, Kv m i welqe jv cvwievwik I mvgvwrk Rxe bi Rb AZ š Ri wi we klz Kv m AskMÖnYKvix g q ì gv qiv e j Qb h, Kv m i jä Ávb Zv ì g q ì weevwnz Rxe b mnvqzv Ki e G ai bi Kvm wk kvi ì Rb I Pvjy Kivi cö qvrbxqzvi K_v Zviv Zz j a i Qb Z e M elyvq GUvI `Lv M Q h, Kv m Ask bqv 37 kzvsk wk kvix Rb wbqš Yi Rb cyi l ì e envi hvm c wz m ú K Rv b G M elyvq `Lv hvq, ÔAvcbÕ Kvm wui gva g wk kvix ì ïaygvî Ávb jvfb nqwb, mv _ mv _ G cöwµqvq Zv ì g bvfv ei cwiez b G m Q ÔAvcbÕ Kv m AskMÖnYKvix wk kvix ì g a cömwzkxj g bvfve `Lv M Q `Lv M Q, Kv m Ask bqv wk kvixiv mvgvwrk, AvBbMZ I ^v welqk wel q ÔAvcbÕ Kvm wu Z Ask bv bqv wk kvix ì P q AwaK cömwzkxj g bvfv ei cwipq w` q Q Z e GKB mv _ GUvI `Lv M Q h, ÔAvcbÕ Kvm m úbœkvix wk kvix ì A b KiB g bvfv e Zgb Kvb cwiez b Av mwb Zv ì g a KD KD GLbI mgv Ri mbvzbx ` wófw½ ev g bvfve AuvK o a i Av Q e j cözxqgvb n q Q cök í G welqwu KI i Z w` q `Lv cö qvrb wbh vm 57

wk kvix ì Dbœq b wk kvixiv Lvb I Ab vb GUv evsv wm q Q h, Kv m Ask bqv wk kvixiv ÔeÜzi gva g cöwk YÕ welqwu cq ` K i Q hgb Zviv e j Q h, welq jv cöwk Ki mv _ Av jvpbvq Zviv ^v Q ` eva K i Q, we klz h welq jv Zviv eo ì mv _ Av jvpbv Ki Z ms KvP eva K i _v K M elyvi djvd j `Lv M Q, Avcb Kv m Ask bqv Avcb Kv m Ask bqv wk kvixiv mvgvwrk A bk KzcÖ_vi wei Kvb Kvh Kix c` cb wb Z cv iwb - Ggb wk Gme KzcÖ_vi Kvb KvbwU Zv ì wb R ì DciI G m e Z Q wk kvixiv mvgvwrk A bk Kzms v ii wei Kvb Kvh Kix c` cb wb Z cv iwb - Ggb wk Gme Kzms v ii Kvb KvbwU Zv ì wb R ì DciI G m e Z Q wk kvixiv G m ú K m PZb n Z c i Q h, ÁvbUv n Q mgmö Dbœq bi GKwU w`k gvî Zv ì fwel r Kg Rxe b hw` G Áv bi Kvb e envi bv _v K Z e Zv djcöm~ n e bv Kvm k l ciez x 13 gvm cöwk K I Kv m Ask bqv wk kvix ì g a hvmv hvm ivlvi GKwU my hvmi G cök í ivlv n q Q G hvmv hv Mi avivwu K i Z mnkv i ch e Y Ki Z n e hv Z Rxe bi ev ezvq Kvm wu Kx cöfve ivl Z cv i Zv evsvi Póv Kiv hvq wk kvix bîx, eüz-cöwk K Ges Kv m Ask bqv wk kvix ì ci ú ii mv _ AviI e vck hvmv hvm ev m úk ˆZwii K_v wpš v Kiv h Z cv i G ch v q RvZxqfv e m e bv n ji AvÂwjK ch v q Kg kvjv ev m j bi Av qvrb Kiv h Z cv i hlv b RvZxq ch v qi bvix bz e ` Zv ì AwfÁZv wewbgq Ki Z cvi eb wbh vm 58

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:59-64 eª vk wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Rxebgv bi cwiez b eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb I gv. AvjZvd nv mb wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì eª vk wk v Kg m~wp Z wb qvm A_ bwzkfv e Zv ì DcK Z Ki Q Gme wk kvix g q ì Kg ms v bi my hvm Zv ì gzvq b D j L hvm f~wgkv i L Q Zv ì mvgvwrk MÖnY hvm Zv, mvgvwrk gh v`v I m vb e o Q cö_gw` K MÖv gi gvbyl wk kvix mycvifvbrvi wb qvm Ges Zv ì Kv Ri aib K mnrfv e wb Z cv iwb Z e GLb Zv ì RbKj vygylx wµqvkg ` L Ges gvby li mv _ Zv ì mym ú K i d j G Ae vi h _ó DbœwZ n q Q wk kvikvj gvberxe bi me P q wec`rbk mgq hlb gvbyl GK i Z c~y µvwš Kvj AwZµg K i G mgquv AwZµg K i gvbyl ˆK kvi _ K hše b c`vc Y K i Ges G mgq gvby li g a mvgvwrk `vwqz eva, KZ e eva I g~j eva m wó nq G µvwš Kv ji cöfveb gvby li fwel r Rxe bi Dci c o evsjv ` ki gvu RbmsL vi GK-cÂgvs ki AwaK wk kvi-wk kvix BDwb m di GK Rwi c `Lv hvq, evsjv ` k wk v Î mvwe K Dbœqb m Ë I A a KiI ewk wk kviwk kvix GL bv wbi i, Changes in lives of kishori supervisors due to employment in BRAC education programme kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb wbh vm 59

wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Rxebgv bi cwiez b eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve Lvb I nv mb wk kvix eq mi cövq A a K g qib 15 eq ii g a we q n q hvq Ges Zv ì 60 fvm 19 eq ii g a B gv nq, c bi _ K lvj eq ii wk kvi-wk kvix ì kzkiv 60 fvm Lye Kg grywi Z kªg `q, A a KiI ewk wk kvix cywónxbzv I i³ ^ízvq fv M, Ges AwaKvsk wk kvix cörbb ^v I Rb wbqš Y c wzmg~n m ú K gv UB m PZb bq wk kvix ì Dc iv³ Ae v we epbv K i evsjv `k mikvi I BDwb md Zv ì mvwe K Dbœq bi Rb ÔwK kvix AwfhvbÕ bv g GK hš_ Kg m~wp nv Z wb q Q hvi D Ïk n Q wk kvix g qiv hv Z mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Dbœqb cöwµqvq AskMÖn Yi gva g mgv Ri Kvw Z cwiez b we kl f~wgkv ivl Z cv i eª vki wk kvi-wk kvix ì Dbœq bi j wk kvix Dbœqb cökí ev ADP (Adolescent Development Programme) bv g Abyiƒc Kg m~wp cwipvjbv Ki Q hvi j n Q wk kvix ì gzvqb, evj weevn iva, Zv ì g a AvZ wek vm m wó I bz Z i wekvk NUv bv, wk kvix ì Rxeb` Zv e w i gva g Zv ì cwiev ii, mgv Ri `vwqz evb m`m I ` ki `vwqz evb bvmwik wn m e cwiyz n Z mnvqzv Kiv mb mv _ mgv Ri wpivpwiz AÜwek vm, Kzms vi `~i Kiv Ges Zviv hv Z wb R ì jlvcov Pvwj q h Z cv i m e vcv i mnvqzv I DrmvwnZ Kiv MÖvg ch v q we kl K i hviv jlvcov Pvwj q h Z cvi Q bv Zv ì Rb cvv K `ª (Reading Center) cwipvjbv Kiv n Q G mkj K `ª wk kvix g qiv jlvcovi DcKiY e envi Kivi my hv Mi cvkvcvwk wb R ì Rb c _K GKwU cwi ek ˆZwi Ki Z cv i Ges Ab vb g q ì g a fve wewbgq, Ljvayjv I mvs wzk Kg KvÊ Kivi my hvm cvq hv Zviv Zv ì evwo Z Ki Z cv i bv wk kvix g q ì AviI Rxebag x wk v `qvi Rb ADP Kg m~wpi AvIZvq eª vk APON (Adolescent Peer Organized Network) bv g cuvp gvm wbh vm 60

wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Rxebgv bi cwiez b eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve Lvb I nv mb gqv`x GK e wzµgag x Kvm cwipvjbv Ki Q, hvi D j L hvm welqe n Q g q ì cörbb ^v, gwnjv ì AvBbMZ AwaKvi, hšzzk cö_v, gy L gy L ZvjvK, DËivwaKvi AvBb, hšbevwnz ivm, GBWm, cwievi cwikíbv, wkky ^v, cywó, kvixwik I gvbwmk wbh vzb, GwmW wb c BZ vw` APON Kv m i gva g wk kvix ì Rxeb` Zve w i cvkvcvwk Zv ì bz Z wekv ki my hvm, mvsevw`kzv, d UvMÖvwd, mjvb cöwk Y, APON Kvm cwipvjbvkvix, wk kvix gwbui, (hviv wk kvix K `ªmg~n wbqwgz gwbui K i) I cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi (Pre-Primary School) wkw Kv wn m e cöwk Y Ìqv n Q eª v Ki G Kg m~wp gvvch v q myôyfv e Z`viwKi Rb wk kvix g q ì we kl K i hviv jlvcov Pvwj q hv Q Zv ì K ÔwK kvix mycvifvbrviõ wn m e LÊKvjxb wb qvm `qv n Q wb qvmcövß g q ì g a hviv GmGmwm cvk K i Q Zv ì QqkZ UvKv Ges hviv GmGmwm cvk K iwb Zv ì K cuvpkz UvKv fvzv `qv nq m Þ î 2002 ch š eª vk wk v Kg m~wp Z 1,118 Rb wk kvix mycvifvbrvi Kg iz wqj hvi msl v Kg m~wp we v ii mv _ mv _ AviI e w cv e M elyvi D Ïk eª vk wk v Kg m~wp Z Kg ms v bi my hvm wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì e w³mz, cvwievwik I mgvr Rxe b wk cöfve d j Q Zv LwZ q `Lvi Rb eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm G M elyvwu nv Z bq G M elyvi Z_ msmö ni Rb cöv_wgk ch v q eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi gvv ch v qi 3wU wug Awdm _ K 12 Rb wk kvix mycvifvbrvi wbe vpb Kiv nq Zv ì cöwzr bi GKRb AwffveK K mv vrkv ii Rb wbe vpb Kiv nq cöwz wk kvix mycvifvbrv ii wecix Z GKB eq mi wk kvix g q hviv eª vk z j jlvcov kl K i Q wkš wk kvix mycvifvbrvi wn m e Kg iz bq Ges Zv ì cöwzr bi GKRb AwffveK K GKBfv e cö_g ZzjbvKvix `j wn m e wbe vpb Kiv nq Abyiƒcfv e, cöwz wk kvix mycvifvbrv ii wecix Z GKB eq mi AviI GKRb K i wk kvix g q hviv eª vk z j jlvcov wbh vm 61

wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Rxebgv bi cwiez b eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve Lvb I nv mb K iwb wkš Ab wk v cöwzôv b jlvcov K i Q Ges Zv ì cöwzr bi GKRb K i AwffveK GKBfv e wøzxq ZzjbvKvix `j wn m e wbe vpb Kiv nq D³ wbe vwpz wk kvix mycvifvbrv ii AwZwi³ gvu 14 Rb wk kvix mycvifvbrvi K Km vwwi Rb wbe vpb Kiv nq Gfv e, me gvu 26 Rb wk kvix mycvifvbrvi, 24 Rb wk kvix (ZzjbvKvix `j), 36 Rb AwffveK Ges wewfbœ wug Awd mi AvIZvaxb MÖvgmg~n n Z mgv Ri gvu 67 Rb wewfbœ kªyxi jv Ki mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq, wk kvix mycvifvbrvi wn m e eª vk wk v Kg m~wp Z wb qv Mi d j wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì mevb A_ bwzkfv e DcK Z n q Q d j Zv ì cwiev ii A_ bwzk mgm v A bkuvb jvne n q Q Zv ì Av qi wmsnfvm UvKv Zv ì wb R ì jlvcov, RvgvKvco I Ab vb mvgmöx µq I mvsmvwik Lv Z e q K i _v K ZvQvov wkqz wkqz wk kvix mycvifvbrvi Zv ì Av qi wkqz Ask fwel Zi Rb e vs K mâq Ki Q; Avevi KD KD Zv ì Av qi UvKv w` q cwiev ii `bv cwi kva Ki Z mvnvh Ki Q Rvbv hvq wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Av qi UvKvi Dci Zv ì wb R ì m ú~y KZ Z i q Q Ges Zv ì Av qi UvKv wb R ì B QvgZ LiP Ki Z cv i A_ vr Zv ì wb R ì wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Av qi UvKvi Dci Zv ì wb R ì m ú~y KZ Z i q Q Ges Zv ì Av qi UvKv wb R ì B QvgZ LiP Ki Z cv i eb-cȳ K, wk v DcKiY, RvgvKvco BZ vw` wb RivB µq K i d j Zviv evrv ii h Z cvi Q hv Av M cvi Zv bv eª v K hvm`v bi c~ e hlv b wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì wb R ì jlvcov I Ab vb Li Pi Rb evev-gv A_ev fvb qi Dci wbf i Ki Z nz, GLb m wbf ikxjzv K g Q Ges wb R ì Pvwn`v wb RivB c~iy K i evev, gv I QvU fvb evb ì Avw_ K mvnvh Ki Z cvi Q GQvov h nzz Zviv Avq K i, cwiev ii i Z c~y wel q wm vš MÖn YI f~wgkv ivl Z cv i G _ K evsv hvq wk kvix g q ì Kg ms v bi my hvm Zv ì gzvq b D j L hvm f~wgkv ivl Q wbh vm 62

wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Rxebgv bi cwiez b eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve Lvb I nv mb MÖv gi wk kvix g qiv mvaviyz e qv R ô ì webv AbygwZ Z evwoi evb i h Z cv i bv wkš wk kvix mycvifvbrvi K `vd&zwik Kv R wewfbœ MÖv g h Z nq Ges mgv Ri wewfbœ kªyxi jv Ki mv _ hvmv hvm i v Ki Z nq d j Dbœqb Kg Kv Ê mivmwi Ask bqvi myev ` GKw` K hgb Zv ì evb i hvevi my hvm m wó n q Q Ab w` K mgv R gvby li mv _ Zv ì GKwU mzzeüb m wó n q Q Ges mgv R Av Mi Zzjbvq Zv ì MÖnY hvm Zv, mvgvwrk gh v`v I m vb e w c q Q G Qvov MÖvg ch v q eª vk Dbœqbg~jK Kg Kv Êi gva g cöf~z mybvg AR b K i Q d j Gi vbxq ch vqmn mkj Kg xi mvgvwrk gh v`v D j L Kivi gz eª vk wk v Kg m~wp Z wb qvmcövwßi d j wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì cövqb Kg m~wpi cö qvr b eª vk Awd m Avm Z nq Ges eª vk Kg x ì mv _ hvmv hvm i v Ki Z nq d j eª v Ki gz cöwzôv bi mv _ mswk ózvi Kvi YI Zv ì mvgvwrk gh v`v e w c q Q e j Rvbv hvq hwì eª v K hvm`v bi cö_g ch v q MÖv gi jvkrb Zv ì G wb qvm Ges Kv Ri cök wz K mnrfv e MÖnY K iwb, ez gv b Zv ì RbKj vygylx KvR Ges gvby li mv _ Zv ì mym c K i d j G Ae vi A bk DbœwZ n q Q hwì wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì eqm Kg Z_vwc MÖv gi mkj ch v qi gvbyl Zv ì mv _ fvj e envi K ib wk kvix g q ì mycvifvbrvi wn m e Kv Ri my hv Mi mv _ evj weevn iva I cörbb ^v i GKwU hvmm~î wk kvix g q ì mycvifvbrvi j Kiv M Q wk kvix g qiv h nzz wn m e Kv Ri my hv Mi mv _ Avqe w g~jk Kv R wb qvwrz Av Q, Zviv evj weevn iva I cörbb ^v i Zv ì wb R ì Ges Zv ì AwffveKiv GKwU hvmm~î j Kiv M Q Zv ì g q ì we qi e vcv i AvcvZZ AvMÖnx bb d j evj weevn Ges AcwiYZ eq m gv nevi nvz _ K Gme wk kvixiv hgb i v cv Q ZgbB G ì D Pwk v MÖn YiI my hvm m wó n q Q wbh vm 63

wk kvix mycvifvbrvi ì Rxebgv bi cwiez b eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve Lvb I nv mb GQvov wk kvix g qiv wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m~wp Z Kg iz Ae vq eª vk cö`ë wewfbœ cöwk Yi gva g wb R ì Ávb e w i my hvm cv Q Ges eª v Ki Dbœqb Kg m~wpmg~n ev evq bi gva g ev e Ávb jvf Ki Z cvi Q bvix wk v we v i we kl f~wgkv ivl Z cvi Q I g q ì cörbb ^v i A bk welqmn cvwievwik AvBb, bvixi AwaKvi, evj weev ni Kzdj, Zvjv Ki AvBbMZ cöwµqv BZ vw` hgb Ab g q ì wkl Z mn hvwmzv Ki Z cvi Q, mb mv _ wb RivI wkl Z cvi Q hv fwel Z Zv ì ev e Rxe b Kv R jvm e Ges Ab ìi G e vcv i cö qvrbxq civgk w` Z cvi e c~ e B D j L Kiv n q Q h, MÖv gi wk kvix g q ì G ai bi Kg ms v bi my hvm I Kv Ri cök wz cöv_wgk ch v q MÖv gi mvaviy gvbyl mnrfv e bqwb ZvQvov wk kvix g q ì gv-evevi G eq mi g q ì K cörbb ^v m úwk Z Ávb PP vi welq jvi mnrfv e bqwb wkš ciez x Z Zv ì AwffveKiv Gi i Z Abyaveb Ki Z c i Q Ges Gi cö qvrbxqzv Dcjw K i Zv ì g q ì K G mkj Kv R AskMÖn Y DØy K i Q cwi k l ejv hvq, wk kvix g q ì Kg ms v bi G ai bi my hvm MÖvg ch v qi wk kvix ì Dbœq b GK bzzb w`m š i m~pbv K i Q G D ` vm wk kvix g q ì Rb AZ vek Kxq Ávb AR bi my hvm m wói cvkvcvwk fwel Z MÖvg ch v q bvix bz Z i wekvk I bvix Dbœqb Kg x ˆZwii Î we kl f~wgkv G D ` vm fwel Z MÖvg ch v q bvix bz Z wekv ki c_ mymg Ki e ivl e G my hvm mviv ` k hz ewk we Z n e Gi mydj ZZ e vckzv jvf Ki e Zv wbwðz K i ejv hvq G ai bi D ` v Mi cvkvcvwk AviI bzzb wk wk D ` vm bqv h Z cv i Zv f e `Lv cö qvrb wbh vm 64

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:65-69 eª vk eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zj MÖvRy qu ì gšwjk hvm Zv n«vm cv Q mgxi iäb bv_ wzb ai bi eª vk z ji wk v_ x ì Z_ bqv nq eª vk cwipvwjz Dc- AvbyôvwbK zj (GbGdwcB), wk kvi-wk kvix zj (webiwm) Ges eª v Ki wk v mnvqzv Kg m~wpi AvIZvq Ab vb GbwRI KZ K cwipvwjz Dc-AvbyôvwbK zj (BGmwc) RÛvi êlg `L Z cviqv hvq Ges Q j wk v_ xi cöwz ewk cövavb cwijw Z nq Lvbv jvi Lv` wbivcëv Ges kªg wewµi Ae vb _ K GwU úó h, wemz eqi jvi P q mv cöwzk mg q A_ bwzk w`k _ K mg kvjx Lvbv _ K MÖvRy quiv Avm Q Ômevi Rb wk võ welqk 1990 mv ji wek m j b AskMÖnYKvix `k jv 2000 mv ji g a mevi Rb gšwjk wk v wbwðz Kivi A½xKvi K i m j b AskMÖnYKvix `k wn m e MZ `k K evsjv ` k mikvwifv e e vck cwikíbv M nxz I ev evwqz n q Q Ges ez gv bi n Q evsjv ` ki me P q eo GbwRI wn m e cwiwpz eª vki Zvi Dc- AvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µg K we Z K i Q G m j bi cicib evsjv ` ki wkï ì gšwjk wk vi i cwigv ci Rb eª vk BDwb m di mnvqzvq GKwU cwigvck Zwi K i hv Assessment of Basic Competencies ev ABC bv g cwiwpz eªªª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm wbqwgzfv e Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zj MÖvRy qu ì Kg ` Zv G Basic competencies of the graduates of BRAC non-formal primary schools declining kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 65

eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zj MÖvRy qu ì gšwjk hvm Zv n«vm cv Q mgxi iäb bv_ cwigvc Ki mnvqzvq Ae jvkb K i _v K G cwigvc Ki PviwU fvm i q Q-cVb, wjlb, MvwYwZK ` Zv Ges Rxeb ` Zv/Ávb h wk v_ x D³ PviwU cwigvc Ki wby vqk cwic~iy Ki Z cv i a i bqv nq h m gšwjk wk v AR b m g n Q G wi cvu wu 1995, 1997, 1999 Ges 2001 GB PviwU i eª vk MÖvRy qu ì gšwjk wk vmz Ae vb wb ` k K i G PviwU i _ K PviwU wbi c bgybv bqv nq wzb ai bi eª vk z ji wk v_ x ì Z_ msmön Kiv nq- eª vk cwipvwjz Dc-AvbyôvwbK zj (GbGdwcB), wk kvi-wk kvix yj (webiwm) Ges eª v Ki wk v mnvqzv Kg m~wpi AvIZvq Ab vb GbwRI KZ K cwipvwjz Dc-AvbyôvwbK zj (BGmwc) _ K PviwU wbi c mgx vq bgybvi AvKvi wqj cöwzwu i cövq 1,260 Rb cybtmgx vi Î me c~e Zb MÖvRy qu ì wd i cviqv hvqwb 2001 mv ji eª vk MÖvRy qu ì KvQ _ K cövß Z_ vejx cöv_wgk zj MÖvRy quiv 2001 mv j M o 62.5% gšwjk wk v ii PviwU wby vqk cwic~i Y m g nq z ji kªyx Abymv i G nvi GbGdwcB z ji Rb 65.6%, webiwm z ji Rb 52.3% Ges GbGdwcB-BGmwc z ji Rb wqj 78.7% cvb, wjlb, MvwYwZK ` Zvq 19% GiI ewk MÖvRy qu fvj dj K i, 12.7% cvb, wjl b fvj K i, 3.8% GKwU Z Ges 1.4 % Kvb wby vqk cwic~i YB m g nq bv RÛvi elg `L Z cviqv hvq Ges Q j wk v_ xi cöwz cövavb ewk wqj G ai bi cv_ K GbGdwcB Ges webiwm Dfq ÎB `L Z cviqv hvq Z e GbGdwcB-BGmwc-Gi Î G cv_ K cwijw Z nqwb MÖvRy qu ì 70% Gi ewk mv izvi Î fvj K i, hgb cvb, wjlb, MvwYwZK ` Zvi Î Q j ì ejvq mv izvi nvi wqj 76.3% Ges g q ì Î G nvi wqj 68.5% ` Zv Abymv i we k l Yi Î `Lv M Q M o 79% MÖvRy qu Rxeb ` Zv/Ávb Gi Î fvj K i Q, 84.8% cv b, 83.1% wjl b, Ges 91.2% MvwYwZK ` Zvi Î fvj K i Q wk v_ x ì QqwU MÖ ci wbh vm 66

eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zj MÖvRy qu ì gšwjk hvm Zv n«vm cv Q mgxi iäb bv_ g a webiwm fy³ g q wk v_ xiv me P q Lvivc djvdj K i, G ì gvî 49% gšwjk wk v AR b m g nq Ges 63.8% mv izvi gvb AR b m g nq MÖvRy qu ì mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk êwkó MÖvRy qu ì mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk Z_ msmön Kiv G M elyvi GKwU Ask wqj PviwU i MÖvRy qu ì Mo eqm wqj GKB ikg mg qi cö vc U MÖvRy qu ì AwffveK ì wk vgv bi DbœwZ NU Z _v K ZvB mv cöwzk mg q `Lv hvq h, eª vk z j fwz niqv MÖvRy qu ì g a wbi i AwffveK ì AbycvZ Kg Lvbv jvi Lv` wbivcëv Ges kªg wewµi Ae vb _ K GwU úó h, c~e ez x eqi jvi Zzjbvq mv cöwzk mg q A_ bwzk w`k _ K mg kvjx Lvbv _ K MÖvRy quiv Avm Q c~e ez x GKB ai bi Rwi ci Î e eüz gšwjk ` Zvi ev cwigvc Ki cöv qvwmk msávi cö vc U 62.5% eª vk zj MÖvRy qu 2001 mv j gšwjk ` Zvi PviwU êwkó B cwic~iy K i BGmwc ev GWy Kkb mv c vu cövmöv gi AvIZvaxb GbGdwcB z ji MÖvRy quiv ewk b î c q Q G me MÖvRy qu ì 78.7% MÖvRy qu G U i wbgœzg êwkó c~iy K i Q Ab w` K 65.6% GbGdwcB MÖvRy qu Gme êwkó c~iy K i Q Giv eª vk GWy Kkb cövmövg (webwc) KZ K mivmwi cwipvwjz nq webiwm MÖvRy qu ì gvî 52.3% Gme êwkó c~iy Ki Z c i Q M o `Lv hvq h, 1.4% MÖvRy qu PviwU cwigvc Ki KvbwUB AR b Ki Z cv iwb 3.8% KejgvÎ 1wU, 12.9% 2wU Ges 19.6% 3wU cwigvck/` Zv AR b m g n q Q cªvq `yõ kzvsk g q Ges 0.2% Q j gšwjk cwigvc Ki GKwUI AR b m g nqwb webiwm MÖvRy qu ì wmwkfv Mi ewk 3wU ` Zv AR b m g n q Q Ges 14.5% 2wU ` Zv AR b K i Q Ab vb ì mv _ Zzjbv Ki j `yõwu ev wzbwu cwigvc K ` Zv AR bkvix MÖvRy qu ì AbycvZ webiwm zj jv Z wbh vm 67

eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zj MÖvRy qu ì gšwjk hvm Zv n«vm cv Q mgxi iäb bv_ ewk wqj (41.2%) GwU wb ` kbv `q h, Kb Gme z ji MÖvRy quiv Ab vb ai bi z ji mv _ gšwjk ` Zvi cwigvc bi Î mvgäm Zv ervq ivl Z cv i ` Zv Abymv i we k l Yi Î z ji aib GKwU e vck cv_ K m~wpz K i wzbwu ` Zv wel q G cv_ K ch e Y Kiv n q Q hgb, Rxeb ` Zv, cvb I wjlb G wzbwu ` Zv wel qi mekwu ZB GbGdwcB Gi MÖvRy quiv GWy Kkb mv c vu cövmöv gi AvIZvq ek fvj K i Q Ges webiwmõi MÖvRy quiv Lvivc djvdj K i Q Rxeb ` Zvi Î z ji aib wekvj cv_ K m~wpz K i Rxeb ` Zvi Î 70.4% webiwm MÖvRy qu, 81.9% GbGdwcB Ges 90.7% GbGdwcB-BGmwc ` Zv ii me wbgœavc AwZµg K i Rxeb` Zv/Ávb-Gi Î G ai bi Lvivc djvd ji Kvi Y webiwm MÖvRy quiv mvwe K cöwz hvwmzvq wcwq q c o MvwYwZK ` Zvi Î cwimsl vbmzfv e Kvb D j L hvm zjwfwëk cv_ K `L Z cviqv hvqwb wzb ai bi y ji beÿb kzvsk ev Zvi ewk MÖvRy quiv MvwYwZK ` Zv AR b mg_ n q Q G M elyv _ K K qkwu welq úó n q D V Q- MvwYwZK ` Zvi Î cwimsl vbmzfv e Kvb D j L hvm zjwfwëk cv_ K `L Z cviqv hvqwb wzb ai bi y ji beÿb kzvsk ev Zvi ewk MÖvRy quiv MvwYwZK ` Zv AR b mg_ n q Q 1. Kg m~wpi mvwe K Kvh m úv`b cöwµqv µgk n«vm cv Q webiwmfy³ zj jvi Î G Kvh m úv`b cöwµqvi n«vm cvevi cöeyzv AviI ewk wqj 2. g q ì Î wj½mz êlg µgk e w c q Q PviwU Rwi ci cö Z KwU ZB g qiv MwY Z Q j ì _ K wcwq q wqj 3. eª vk cvv µ g Rxeb ` Zv/Ávb K GKwU kw³kvjx welq wn m e g b Kiv nq Rxeb ` Zv/Ávb-Gi Î mv cöwzk mg q Kvh m úv` b i Zi AebwZ N U Q, we klz webiwmfy³ zj jvi Î wbh vm 68

eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zj MÖvRy qu ì gšwjk hvm Zv n«vm cv Q mgxi iäb bv_ 4. D PgvÎvq Ávb AR b Ges AvbyôvwbK y j fwz i d j c~e ez x MÖ vry qu ì gšwjk wk vi i mg qi cö vc U e o Q eª vk zj _ K MÖvRy qk bi cª_g `yõeq i AwaKZi DbœwZ N U wk vmz cwigvck AR b M elyvq cövß djvd ji wfwë Z wzbwu i Z c~y welq mycvwik Kiv h Z cv i- 1. webiwmfy³ zj jvi Dci GKwU Bb- Wc_ mgx v cwipvjbv Kiv Ri wi 2. wk K Ges Kg m~wp msmvkiv Zv ì g bvfve I AvPi Yi Î hv Z AviI ewk RÛvi ms e`bkxj n Z cv ib mrb GKwU MvBWjvBb Zwi Kiv Lye Ri wi cöwk Y mk b I Z Yg~j ch v q RÛvi ms e`bkxjzv welqk Av jvpbv GKwU mvaviy welq n Z cv i 3. GKwU gvbm úbœ gwbuwis wm g cöez b Ki Z n e G gwbuwis wm g-gi Aš f y³ _vk e kªyxk i Kvh m úv`b Ae jvk bi Rb wby vqkmg~n, wewfbœ wel q QvÎQvÎxiv Kx AR b Ki Q Zv wbav iy Kiv Ges RÛvi ms e`bkxjzv wel q wewfbœ wby vqki Gi Aš fy ³ _vk e QvÎQvÎx ì Kvh m úv` bi gvb Dbœq b Ges AmgZv `~ixki Y G gwbuwis wm gi djvdj e envi Kiv h Z cv i wbh vm 69

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:70-79 eª vk mgzvi wfwë Z gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v gbryi Avng`, mgxi iäb bv_, AvjZvd nv mb, gv. gvneyeyj Kwei, gv. Aveyj Kvjvg, wgr v gv. kvnrvgvj, ivwr wbjydvi Bqvmwgb I ZvZv Rvdi cöv_wgk we` vj qi ewkifvm wk Ki cöwk Y _vk ji wbeübk Z emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi AwaKvsk wk Ki Kvb cöwk Y bb cöwzwu myweavewâz wkï wbr cwievi, we` vjq, vbxq mgvr I Dc Rjvi wewfbœ cwiw wzi Kvi Y e vck eâbvi wkkvi nq cöv_wgk wk vi wewfbœ wel q AMÖMwZ n ji mgzvwfwëk fwz i my hv Mi Rb we` vjq, kªyxk I wk Ki Ach vßzv `L Z cviqv hvq evsjv `k Ômevi Rb wk võ I WvKvi Kg KvVv gv Ges 2015 mv ji Rb wba vwiz RvwZmsN mnmªvã Dbœqb j gvîv (Millennium Development Goals) AR b A½xKvive ` ki RvZxq Dbœqb cwikíbvi cöavb D Ïk `vwi`ª `~ixkiy I gvbe m ú` Dbœqb G Î wk v we klz gšwjk wk v i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i cöv_wgk wk v Î RvZxq j gvîv Ges cöwzkö wzmg~n wøzxq cöv_wgk wk v Dbœqb Kg m~wp Z (wcbwwwc-2) cöwzdwjz n q Q cöv_wgk we` vj q Avek Kxq YMZgvb wbwðzki Yi Rb G Kg m~wpi cöavb D Ïk nj cöv_wgk wk vq mkj wkïi cö ek I Zv ì AskMÖnY Ges Zv ì Rb gvbm Z wk vi euvavmy jv `~i Kivi e vcv i Zrci niqv Reaching Out of School Children (ROSC) cök íi gva g we` vjq ewnf ~Z wek jvl Quality with equity: The primary education agenda kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i evsjv mvi-ms c (2004) _ K AbywjLb K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 70

mgzvi wfwë Z gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v Avng` I Ab vb wkky K cöv_wgk wk v `qvi Rb Dc-AvbyôvwbK wk v K `ª ˆZwii cwikíbv MÖnY Kiv n q Q wcbwwwc-2 Gi cwic~ik wn m e D³ cwikíbv ev evwqz n e e j Avkv Kiv hvq KviY, wcbwwwc-2-gi Kvh µg cöv_wgk wk vi mikvwi AvbyôvwbK Lv Zi g a B mxwgz ivlv n q Q ROSC cök íi GKwU D j L hvm êwkó nj, Gi gva g AvbyôvwbK we` vj qi GKwU cwic~ik aviv wn m e GbwRI cwipvwjz Dc-AvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µ gi cö qvrbxqzv g b bqv n q Q Ges G Kvh µ gi GKwU ^xk wzi AwR Z n q Q GWy Kkb IqvP 2003/04-Gi g~j cöwzcv` welq nj mgzvmn gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v G Î c~ e i GWy Kkb IqvP kxl K M elyvmg~ ni djvdj K we epbv Kiv n q Q Ges `kwu Dc Rjvi wba vwiz GjvKvi we` vjq I wkï ì wk vi mvdj wb q e vck AbymÜvb Kiv n q Q G QvovI bxwz cöyqb I ev evqb m úwk Z GKwU mvgwmök cwi cöw Z msw ßfv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q ez gvb M elyvq h cökœ jvi DËi LuvRvi Póv Kiv n q Q m jv nj: 1. wkï ì GKwU eo Ask Kb gvbm Z cªv_wgk wk v _ K ewâz n Q? 2. we` vjq jv Kb fvjfv e cwipvwjz n Q bv? Ges 3. mkj wkïi Rb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v wbwðz Ki Z n j Kx Kx Kiv ìkvi? G M elyvi Z_ msmö ni Rb mv vrkvi bqv I `jxq Av jvpbv, Km vww, we` vjq I kªyxk ch e Y, wbe vwpz Dc Rjv I we` vjq Rwic, Lvbv Rwic me gvu 30wU cöv_wgk we` vj qi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq 8,212wU Lvbv Rwic Kiv n q Q Ges cö qvrbxq bw_c Îi ch v jvpbv Kiv nq me gvu 30wU cöv_wgk we` vj qi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq 8,212wU Lvbv Rwic Kiv n q Q wbh vm 71

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mgzvi wfwë Z gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v Avng` I Ab vb `yõai bi we` vj q Av iv ewk gwnjv wk K wb qv Mi K_v ejv n ji eo ai bi wj½ elg i q M Q câgz, wbeübk Z emikvwi we` vj qi wk Ki msl v I Ab vb fšz myweav mikvwi we` vj qi P q `ye j lôz, Dc Rjv jv _ K cövß Z _ `Lv hvq, fwz i wbu nvi e o Q Ges fwz i wbu nvi I MÖm nv ii cv_ K K g Q Z e RvZxq aviv ch v jvpbvi Rb RvZxqfv e wbf yj I mv cöwzk Z_ msmön Kiv ìkvi Dc Rjv jv _ K cövß Z _ `Lv hvq, fwz i wbu nvi e o Q Ges fwz i wbu nvi I MÖm nv ii cv_ K K g Q GwU úó n q D V Q h, wk vi gvb m ú K m PZbZv e w I mwvk aviyv m wói Rb GKwU we kl cö Póv ìkvi gvbm Z wk v ej Z Kx evsvq ev Kvb GKwU we` vj qi gvb wkfv e evsv hv e m m ú K Rbmvavi Yi g a úó Kvb aviyv bb mnkvix wk K, cªavb wk K, Dc Rjv ch v qi ZË veavbkvix Kg KZ vmymn hviv RbmvaviY K wk v mev èvi Rb wb qvwrz Ges G Kv Ri Rb ezb cvb, Zv ì g a Revew`wnZvi Afve i q Q Kvh Ki we` vj qi aviyv Ges GRb Kvh Ki g W ji Abycw wz I gvbm Z wk Y-wkLb m ^ Ü Áv bi Afve nzy mk ji g a MZvbyMwZKfv e cwipvwjz we` vjq jv m ú K MÖnY hvm Zv I mnbkxjzv ˆZwi n q Q we` vjq jvi wk vm ú` cªv_wgk wk vi Î mikvwi I wbeübk Z emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq I gv`ªvmvq me P q ewk wk v_ x fwz nq G ai bi we` vj qi ewkifvm kªyxk wk v_ x ì emvi Rb ch vß RvqMv bb Dc Rjv wk v Awd mi cwiwgz gvb`ê e envi K i `Lv M Q, mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi GK- PZz_ vsk I gv`ªvmvi 40% wk v_ xi emvi RvqMv bb G Ae vq wk v_ xiv wbh vm 73

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mgzvi wfwë Z gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v Avng` I Ab vb nvi msµvš wewfbœ KviY Ges cö_g cör b i wk v_ x ì bvbv mgm v bvbvfv e wkï ì we` vj q fwz bv niqv I S i covq i Z c~y f~wgkv iv L cöv_wgk wk vq eâbvi GKK Kvb KviY wpwýz Kiv hvq bv, eis `vwi`ª I Ab ai bi êl g i wgkªdjb Gi cöavb KviY Rwi ci Z_, Av jvpbv I ch e Y _ K wzb ai bi Kg KvÊ `Lv M Q, h jv K eâbv gvkvwejvi D ` v Mi Ask wn m e `Lv h Z cv i G jv nj webvg~ j cvv cȳ K weziy, cöv_wgk we` vj q e wë cix v, Ges cöv_wgk we` vjqmvgx `wi`ª cwiev ii wkï ì Rb Dce wë cö`v bi e e v Kiv kªyxk gvbm Z wk v h ai bi wk v cwipvjbv I e e vcbvmz bz Z _vkv ìkvi Zv ewkifvm we` vj q bb mikvwi wb ` kbvmg~ n we` vj qi Kvh Ki cwipvjbv wbwðzki Y cöavb wk Ki gyl f~wgkv ^xk Z n q Q ev e wzwb Ab vb wk Ki gzb KvR K ib wkqy e wzµgx D ` vm Qvov Lye KgmsL K we` vj qb cöavb wk Ki my hvm bz Z `L Z cviqv hvq we` vjq jv K `ªxqfv e Pvwc q `qv Abgbxq I GKB ai bi GKwU ˆ`wbK mgqm~wp AbymiY K i, hlv b cªwzw` bi mgq K m e v P AvUwU wel qi Rb QvU QvU As k fvm Kiv nq mg qi G ikg e U bi Kvi Y wkïiv kªyxk hvwš K mgqm~wp Abymi Yi evb i Ab wkqy Kivi mgq cvq bv Dc- AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vjq e ZxZ Ab vb we` vj q kªyx Kvh µg cwipvjbvq bgbxq mgqm~wpmn wk v_ x Kw `ªK I Kvh Ki wk Y-wkLb cöwµqv Abymi Yi Kvb D ` vm j Kiv hvq wb GK `k Ki ewk Av M AZ vek Kxq wklbµg I cöv_wgk wk vi gva g wk v_ x KZ K AR b hvm cövwš K hvm Zvi ZvwjKv cö Zmn cövwš K hvm ZvwfwËK wk vµg cöez b Kiv nq wklbd j Zvrch c~y Dbœqb Avbvi Î GwU GKwU Kvw Z c` c Z e G Kvh µg Pvjyi GK `kk cii mnkvix wk K Ges cöavb wk Ki g a G wel q aviyvi Afve j Kiv M Q wbh vm 75

mgzvi wfwë Z gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v Avng` I Ab vb we` vj qi my hvm-myweav I e e vcbv m úwk Z `k-m~pk wewkó PKwj e envi K i cªv_wgk we` vjq jv K (mikvwi I wbeübk Z emikvwi) Pvi fv M fvm Kiv nq wkš e wë cix vi djvdj Qvov wklb AR bi mv _ G `k-m~p Ki Kvb m úk bb `Lv M Q, gvî 15% we` vjq Gme kz c~iy K i m š vlrbk ch v qi ÔGÕ kªyxi Aš fy ³ n Z cv i Z e GK PZy_ vs kii ewk we` vj q Gme kz c~i Y gvivz K NvUwZ i q Q `kwu we` vj q cwipvwjz kªyxk ch e Y we` vjq jv Z wk YwkL bi mvaviy `ye jzv dz U D V Q mikvwi I wbeübk Z emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq Ges gv`ªvmvi ejvq G `ye jzv ewk `Lv M Q D j L h, G ai bi we` vjq jv 90%-Gi ewk wkï K wk v cö`vb K i _v K MwYZ, Bs iwr I evsjvi gz wel q Ôwelq mswk ó Áv biõ gvivz K NvUwZ j Kiv M Q Gi d j wk v_ xiv Z_, e vl v, we k ly, D`vniY I D Pvi Yi Î fyj wkl Q kªyxk Lye AímsL K wklbmnvqk DcKiY e eüz nq Z e A bk Î k Ljv i vi Rb ez e envi Ki Z `Lv hvq wcwq q cov wkï ì mvnv h i Rb LyeB bmy D ` vm I my hvm i q Q evwoi KvR w` ji wk Kiv Gi Dci wk v_ x ì ch vß wdwe vk cö`vb K ib bv we` vjq I vbxq ch v q e e vcbv G M elyvq we` vj qi e e vcbv I G msµvš mnvqzv cö`v bi Îmg~n wpwýz Kiv n q Q cöv_wgk wk vi mv _ mswk ó vbxq e w³em wk K wb qvm cöwµqv K cöv_wgk wk vi gvb Dbœq b Ab Zg cöavb cöwzeük wn m e D j L K i Qb we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m e `, wk v_ x ì wk K wb qvm cöwµqv cöv_wgk wk vi gvb Dbœq b Ab Zg cöavb cöwzeük wczvgvzv, wk K, mnkvix Dc Rjv wk v Kg KZ v Ges Dc Rjv wk v Kg KZ v mevb mikvwi cöv_wgk I wbeübk Z emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q wk K wb qv M wewagvjvi j Nb I h _ Q e envi m ú K Zv ì D ØM cökvk K i Qb wbh vm 76

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wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:80-83 eª vk eª vk bvm vix Z Drcvw`Z Avgªcvwj, jey I cqvivi Pvivi Dci GKwU mgx v Rv e` nv mb, gv. KvBq~g, gv. hvkvwiq v Ges bvwmgv Av³vi eª vk bvm vixi Drcvw`Z Avgªcvwj, jey Ges cqvivi Pvivi YMZ gvb m ú K Rvbvi Póv Kiv nq ` ki 29wU GjvKv Awd mi Aax b gvu 153 Rb Pviv ivcykvixi KvQ _ K Z_ msm nxz nq AwaKvsk DËi`vZv g b K ib, Pviv eu P bv _vkvi cq b ivcykvix ì Ae njvb `vqx eª v Ki mvgvwrk ebvqb Kg m~wp 1988 mv j ïi nq cwi ekmz m PZbZv e w, Avq I Kg ms vb e w Ges gšwjk Pvwn`v we kl K i djr, ebr Ges Jlwa Pvwn`v c~iy Kiv G Kg m~wpi D Ïk G Kg m~wpi A bk jv D Ï k i g a GKwU n Q RbmvaviY K MvQ jvmv Z DrmvwnZ Kiv Avi G Rb eª vk bvm vix vbxqfv e fv jvrv Zi Pviv Drcv`b I weziy K i Avm Q cöwzwu bvm vix eq i M o `k nvrvi wewfbœrv Zi Pviv Drcv`b I weziy K i _v K eª v Ki MÖvg msmv bi m`m ì Øviv MvQ jvmv bv Kvh µg K mdj Kivi Rb eª vk cö qvrbxq KvwiMix Ávb cö`vb, wbqwgz civgk I d jvavc K i _v K An assessment on the performance of BRAC nursery seedlings with special emphasis on Amrapali kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. KvBq~g wbh vm 80

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wbh vm 2005 m Þ ^i;15:84-91 eª vk RÛvi I h²v: evsjv ` ki cöw Z RÛvi ms e`bkxj GKwU Kg m~wpi g~j vqb drjyj Kwig, gv. AvKivgyj Bmjvg, Bbmvbv emg, GGgAvi PŠayix, dvi K Avng`, Avwgbyj Avjg I Bgivb gwzb h²v ivm kbv³ki Y Ges Gi wpwkrmvq wj½mz cv_ K ˆZwi Z Kvb Kvb Dcv`vb mwµq Zv Rvb Z evsjv `k, Kjvw ^qv, fviz I gvjvdwqõ Z PviwU M elyv `j Avjv`vfv e h²v I RÛvi wel q M elyv K ib ivmxi ivm wby q, h_vh_ wpwkrmv `qv, Avbylw½K welqvw` kbv³kiy I ivm wbivg q RÛviMZ cöwzeükzvmg~n wpwýz Kiv nq M elyvq evsjv `k As ki Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq eª v Ki h²v wbqš Y Kg m~wpi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq G M elyvq 10wU Dc Rjv Aš fy ³ wqj wek e vcx h²vq Avµvš cyi l I bvixi AbycvZ n Q 2:1 GLb cökœ n Q h²v ivm kbv³ki Y Ges Gi wpwkrmvq cyi l I bvixi Î cv_ K m wó Z Kvb Kvb Dcv`vbmg~n mwµq _v K G cö kœi DËi LuyR Z 2001 mv j BDGbwWwc/wek e vsk/wek ^v ms vi A_ vq b evsjv `k, Kjvw ^qv, fviz I gvjvdwqõ Z PviwU M elyv `j Avjv`vfv e h²v I RÛvi wel q e vckwfwëk M elyv Kvh µg ïi K i G M elyvi D Ïk wqj 1. h²v wbqš Y RÛvi ˆelg kbv³ Kiv Gender and tuberculosis: An assessment of gender sensitive community-based DOTS in Bangladesh kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 84

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RÛvi I h²v Kwig I Ab vb j Y wby q Ges wpwkrmvq Zxeª RÛviMZ ms e`bkxjzv, gwnjv ì cöwz ms e`bkxj e envi Ges Z Yg~j ch v qi kw³kvjx mvgvwrk msnwz gyl f~wgkv cvjb K i h²v iv Mi KviY wby qi AbycvZ cyi li P q bvixi Î AbvKvw Zfv e Kg cviqv hvq gwnjviv h²vi wpwkrmv mev cvevi ÎI mvgvwrk Pv ci g a _v K bvixi cöwz eüzz myjf ev ms e`bkxj mev cö`vb h²v wbqš Y Kg m~wp Z gwnjv ì ewa Z nv i AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki e mvgvwrk cö vc U RÛvi ms e`bkxjzv I h²vi ch e Y dvkvm MÖ ci Av jvpbvq Ask bqv bvix I cyi liv h²v ivm K Lye Lvivc ivm wn m e wpwýz K i, hv eqm I wj½ e wz i K h KvD K msµwgz Ki Z cv i h²v iv Mi mv _ mswk ó e w³mz, mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk, gb vwë K Ges gvbwmk cöfve m ú K Giv h _ó m PZb h²v iv Mi mv _ RwoZ mvgvwrk Kj ¼i fxwzi Gme aviyvi mv _ mshy³ _v K dvkvm MÖ ci Av jvpbv _ K Rvbv hvq h, h²vi Kvi Y mvgvwrk c _KxKiY, mvgvwrkfv e cöz vl vb, êevwnK mgm v Ges gvbwmk eâbv I wzi vi h²vµvš ivmxi g b bwzevpk cöfve d j wbweo mv vrkvi h²v mswk ó `y` kvmö Zvi cök wz: h²vi mv _ mswk ó Amnbxq j Y jvi Î cyi li P q ewk msl K bvix kvixwik mgm vi K_v D j L K i Q hgb, Kvwk, `ye jzv BZ vw` bvix ì Zzjbvq AwaK msl K cyi l A_ bwzk `y` kvi K_v f e D Ø M fv M wpwkrmv mev müvb Kiv cyi li P q bvixivb AwaK cwigv Y wb RB wb Ri wpwkrmv K i hgb, wewfbœ ik gi N i ˆZwi cöwzweavb e envi, cyi li P q bvixivb AwaK cwigv Y wb RB wb Ri wpwkrmv K i hgb, wewfbœ ik gi N i ˆZwi cöwzweavb e envi, cövk wzkfv e cviqv jzv-cvzvi e envi wbh vm 87

RÛvi I h²v Kwig I Ab vb cövk wzkfv e cviqv jzv-cvzvi e envi Ges kl Dcvq wn m e Zviv G jvc vw_ wpwkrmvi Øvi nq Z e eª vk ^v K `ª Avmvi Av M ^v m ú K AÁ GKRb Z_vKw_Z Wv³vi ev Ilya we µzvi KvQ _ K Zviv G jvc vw_ wpwkrmvi MÖnY K i bvix ì D ØM ^v mev bqvi Î bvixiv wb R Kvb wm vš wb Z cv i bv, Zv ì N ii evb i hvevi Î wewa wb la i q Q ^v mev K `ª h Z bvix ì ewk mgq I A_ `yõ UviB cö qvrb nq e j cwiev ii cyi liv gwnjv ì ^v mev K `ª h Z wbi rmvwnz K i h²v ivm wb q cyi l ì P q gwnjv ì ewk mvgvwrk Kj ¼i fxwz _v K ewnwe fvmxq ivmx, j ve iuix I wpwkrmv cö`vb msµvš iwr ªvi _ K cövß DcvË Dc iv³ wzbwu iwr ªv ii cöwzwu _ K 1200 K i gvu 3600 ivmxi (bvix-cyi li) AbycvZ hvpvb K i h djvdj cviqv hvq Zv h_vµ g wqj: cöwz 100 Rb cyi li wecix Z h_vµ g 81, 52 Ges 38 Rb bvix wqj Z e hviv wpwkrmv ïi K i Q Zv ì Î G AbycvZ wqj cöwz 100 R b 41 Rb bzzb w qvi cwrwuf (smear positive) h²v ivmxi Av ivm jvf ev wpwkrmv kl Kivi nvi n Q cövq 90% gwnjv ì ejvq G nvi wqj cyi l ì P q ewk (93% ebvg 88%) ejv hvq, bzzb Avµvš ivmx ì g a Av ivm jv fi cöeyzv e o Q ìx Z wpwkrmv ïi iv Mi j Y `Lv èvi Ges cö_g evwoi evb i Amy Zvi Rb mvnvh bqvi g a h Mo wej ^ N U Zv bvix-cyi l Dfq wj ½i ÎB 14 w`b wqj h²v iv Mi j Y h²v iv Mi j Y `Lv èvi c i gwnjviv h _ó ìx Z eª vk ^v K `ª G m Q wbh vm 88

RÛvi I h²v Kwig I Ab vb `Lv èvi c i gwnjviv h _ó ìx Z eª vk ^v K `ª G m Q gwnjv ì Î G cv_ K wqj 52 w`b Ges cyi l ì Î 49 w`b RÛvi I h²v ivm m ú K mvgvwrk aviyv me jv dvkvm MÖ c Av jvpbvb h²v K cövyniykvix ivm wn m e wpwýz K i Q dvkvm MÖ c Ask bqv ewkifvm bvix I cyi l D j L K i Q h, cyi l ì P q gwnjvivb ewk SuywKc~Y Ae v b i q Q we klz g q ì we qi mgq G SuywK AviI e o hvq dvkvm MÖ c Ask bqv gwnjviv ` pfv e wek vm K i h, cwiev i Lvev ii Amg e Ub Zv ì ^v i Dci bwzevpk cöfve d j, ZvB cyi li P q bvix ì h²v iv M Avµvš nevi SuywK ewk _v K cyi li Zzjbvq gwnjv ì ^v I cywógvb ek Lvivc cyi li Zzjbvq ^í msl K gwnjv k vmkórwbz iv M wpwkrmv mnvqzv MÖnY K i gwnjv ì kvixwik Kó cyi li Zzjbvq fqven n q _v K kvixwik K ói g a Kvwk gwnjv ì g a AeY bxq hš Yvi m~îcvz NUvq kvixwik `ye jzv wb qb gwnjv ì M n vwji KvRKg K i h Z nq ewkifvm ÎB ^vgxiv Zv ì x ì h²v wpwkrmvq Awb QyK _v K Ges x ì wpwkrmvi Rb ev ci evwo cvwv q `q dvkvm MÖ c Ask bqv gwnjviv ` pfv e wek vm K i h, cwiev i Lvev ii Amg e Ub Zv ì ^v i Dci bwzevpk cöfve d j h²vµvš cyi li wpwkrmvq cwiev ii gwnjviv hzlvwb cövavb `q, gwnjv ì wpwkrmvq cyi liv Zgb Drmvn eva K i bv ewkifvm ÎB ^vgxiv Zv ì x ì h²v wpwkrmvq Awb QyK _v K Ges x ì wpwkrmvi Rb ev ci evwo cvwv q `q j ve iuix Z h²v cix vi Î Ges DOTS Kvh µ g mevcö`vbkvixiv, we klz cyi liv bvix I cyi l ivmxi Î evqwepvi K i _v K G Î cyi livb ewk cövavb cvq GgbwK DOTS Kvh µ g bvix mevcö`vbkvixivi bvix ì mv _ GKB AvPiY K i 1998 _ K 2000 wbh vm 89

RÛvi I h²v Kwig I Ab vb ch š mg q h²v wbqš Y Kg m~wpi AvIZvq mvwe K Av ivm jv fi nvi 5.3 kzvsk e w cvq Ges mvwe K g Zz nvii n«vm cvq M elyvjä wm vš mg~n h²v wpwkrmvi gvb I Av ivm jv fi Î AMÖMwZ n ji G Kg m~wpi wewfbœ Î RÛviMZ cv_ K we` gvb i q Q ZvB G Î RÛviMZ mgzv wbwðz Kivi cö qvrb i q Q wm vš bevi Î bvix ì D Ø Mi welq jv KwgDwbwUwfwËK h²v wbqš Y Kg m~wpi Aš fy ³ Ki Z n e KweivR, cwiev ii m`m, AvZ xq I emikvwi Lv Zi mgš^ q GKwU buiqvk M o Zzj Z n e G ai bi vqx buiqv K i gva g h²vi j Y `Lv w` q Q Ggb ivmx ì we klá wpwkrmk ì Kv Q cvvv bv m eci n e mvgvwrk Kj ¼i fq wpwkrmv MÖn Yi Î wej î m wó K i ZvB h²v m ú K wbqwgz I h_vh_ wk v cö`v bi gva g ivmx K Ges GKB mv _ mgvr K m PZb Kiv h Z cv i mycvwikmg~n 1. h²v ivmxmn mgv Ri A b KB GUv Rv bb bv h, 4 _ K 8 mßv ni wpwkrmvi c i h²v Avi Quvqv P _v K bv h²v ivm m ú K h_vh_ Áv bi Afve mvgvwrk mgm vi m wó K i Ges ivmxi g b mvgvwrk Kj ¼i fxwz evwo q `q ZvB, mkj mevcö`vbkvix K RÛv ii Dci we kl i Z w` q G we kl welqwui Dci wk v cö`vb Ki Z n e 2. mvgvwrk Kj ¼i fxwz hv Z wpwkrmv mev bevi cö qvrb wejw ^Z bv Ki Z cv i mrb ivmxmn mvgvwrk ch v q m PZbZvg~jK wk v cö`vb Ae vnz ivl Z n e 3. h²v wbqš Y mgvrwfwëk Kvh µg MÖn Y bvixwelqk Bmÿ jv K cövavb w` Z n e gwnjv ì myweav cö`vb, wm vš bevi AwaKvi, wk wb K hvevi Rb ^vgx K ev Nwbó KvD K m½x wn m e cviqv, hvbevn bi I A_ bwzk myweav Ges M n vjxi Kv Ri evsv Kgv Z wbh vm 90

RÛvi I h²v Kwig I Ab vb h_vh_ mn hvwmzv cvevi AwaKvi mswk ó `i evsv bvi gva g wbwðz Ki Z n e 4. we` gvb vbxq, AvÂwjK I RvZxq ch v qi bvix msmvbmn mykxj mgvr K bvixi ^v mev cvevi AwaKvi wbwðz Ki Z n e bvixi ^vaxbfv e Pjv divi AwaKvi, wbr ` ni Dci AwaKvi, wewfbœ ^v mev cvevi vb jv Z hvevi AwaKvi cöwzôv Ki Z m PZbZv e w Ki Z n e mgv Ri wewfbœ ch v q BwZevPK cöfve we v ii gva g bvixi cöwz ms e`bkxj ^v mev wbwðz Ki Z n e wbh vm 91

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:92-98 eª vk evsjv ` ki knivâ j Ges cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvq i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic - 2003 dvinvbv nvmxb, Bd ZLvi Kv mg, Gm Gg wrqvdwïb nvq`vi I GBP K Gg BDmyd SuywKc~Y Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ K i cöwzwbwaz kxj DcvË cvevi Rb G RwicwU Kiv nq knivâ ji ew Ges Aew GjvKv I cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvi Kvb mv cöwzk DcvË G Rwi ci c~ e Rvbv wqj bv evsjv ` ki kni GjvKv I cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvq wewfbœ eq mi Q j- g q ì g a Av_ -mvgvwrk, RbwgwZ msµvš I e w³mz êwk ó i mv _ i³ ^ízvi m úk i q Q wk bv Zv Rvbvi Póv Kiv nq i³ ^ízv ez gvb we k i Ab Zg Rb ^v MZ mgm v i³ ^ízv n Q Ggb GKwU Ae v hlb i ³i jvwnz KwYKvq wn gv M vweb-gi gvîv wbw` ó eqm I wj ½i cö vc U mywbw` ó mxgvi wb P Ae vb K i wek ^v ms vi mv cöwzk GK cwimsl v b `Lv hvq h, we k i RbmsL vi cövq 40% i³ ^ízvq Avµvš G ì g a 90% n Q Dbœqbkxj ` ki `w Y Gwkqvq i³ ^ízvi e vckzv we klfv e j Yxq i³ ^ízvi eûwea KviY we` gvb i q Q, Gi g a jšnrwbz ^ízv me P q ewk `L Z cviqv hvq Ab vb i Z c~y KviYmg~n n Q dwjk Gwm Wi ^ízv, g v jwiqv, GBWm, wn gv M vwebrwbz Î wu-i Aš f y³ n Q Anaemia prevalence survey of urban Bangladesh and the rural Chittagong Hill Tracts 2003 kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 92

i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic-2003 nvmxb I Ab vb _jv mwgqv Ges cirxex msµgy i³ ^ízv e w³i mgmö Rxeb K cöfvwez Ki Z cv i mvaviyz zjmvgx wkï I Mf ezx gv q ì Î i³ ^ízvi cöv`yf ve ewk `L Z cviqv hvq KviY wkï ì kvixwik e w I Mf ezx gwnjv ì jšnrwbz Pvwn`v Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk _v K jšnrwbz NvUwZ Ges i³ ^ízv Mf Kvjxb mg q bvbvikg NUbvi Rb w` q _v K, hgb AKvj cöme, cömekvjxb RwUjZv, cöm ei mgq `xn vwqz niqv, Kg IR bi wkï Rb niqv I cömekvjxb mg q wkï g Zz gv q ì jšnrwbz NvUwZ _vk j wkï ì jšn ^ízvrwbz mgm v `Lv `q Ges wkïkv j I ˆkk e Zviv i³ ^ízvq fv M jšnrwbz NvUwZ _vk j msµvgk iv Mi Î wkï ì ivm cöwz iva gzv n«vm cvq mswk ó cwk mâvjb wejw ^Z nq Ges eyw I gvbwmk wekvki evavcövß nq ciez x Rxe b jšnrwbz NvUwZ Ges i³ ^ízv Kgv bv M ji gvbwmk I eyw wfwëk wzi avivwu jšnrwbz NvUwZ _vk j msµvgk iv Mi Î wkï ì ivm cöwz iva gzv n«vm cvq jšnrwbz NvUwZ Ges i³ ^ízv Kgv bv M ji gvbwmk I eyw wfwëk wzi avivwu i qb hvq Ges G Ae vi Kvb cwiez b nq bv i qb hvq Ges G Ae vi Kvb cwiez b nq bv wk kvi-wk kvix ì hlb kvixwik e w N U Ges wk Y cöwµqv P j ZLb i³ ^ízvi Kvi Y Zviv SuywKc~Y Ae vq _v K i³ ^ízv eyw i gvbwmk wekvk, cwkmz Kvh m úv`b gzv, wk v Î mvdj AR b, kvixwik gzv Ges Kvh m úv` b Aïf cöfve d j wk kvix g q ì Î gvwmk ïi nevi mv _ mv _ hlb `ª Z kvixwik wekvk N U ZLb Lv` Pvwn`v e w cvq Ges G Ae vq cywói Afve Ges i³ ^ízv `Lv `q ciez x Rxe b G jšnrwbz ^ízv I i³ ^ízv cörbb Kvh vejxi wzmvab K i cöviw Kfv e 1960 mv ji ïi _ K 2002 mvj ch š wewfbœ ch v q i³ ^ízvi Ae v m ú K AeMZ niqvi Rb Rwic Kvh cwipvwjz n q Q Z e Gme Rwi ci bgybv msl v wqj QvU Ges Zv KejgvÎ MÖvgxY GjvKvq mxgve wqj cve Z PÆMÖvg G ai bi Rwic Kv Ri evb i wqj evsjv ` ki knivâ ji me ew GjvKv jv Gme Rwi ci AvIZvq bv Avmvq Gme Rwic K cªwzwbwaz kxj ejv hv e bv wbh vm 93

i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic-2003 nvmxb I Ab vb SyuwKc~Y Rb Mvôx K Aš fy ³ K i cöwzwbwaz kxj DcvË msmö ni D Ï k ez gvb RwicwU nv Z bqv nq SuywKc~Y Rb Mvôxi AvIZvq wqj Mf ezx gwnjv I cöm~wz gv, Mf ezx I cöm~wz bq Ggb gwnjv, 5 eq ii Kgeqmx wkï Ges wk kvi-wk kvix fšmwjk GjvKvi AvIZvq wqj knivâ ji ew GjvKv Ges kn ii Aew GjvKv I cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKv D j L h, Gme GjvKvi Kvb mv cöwzkzg DcvË G Rwi ci Av M Rvbv wqj bv M elyvi D Ïk mg~n K. G M elyvi D Ïk wqj evsjv ` ki kni GjvKv Ges cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvq 6-59 gv mi wkky ì g a, 13-19 eq ii wk kviwk kvix ì g a, Ges Mf ezx gwnjv I cöm~wz gv, Mf ezx I cöm~wz bq Ggb gwnjv ì (15-49 eqi) gv S i³ ^ízvi cö Kvc wby q Kiv L. G M elyvi Aci D Ïk wqj evsjv ` ki kni GjvKv Ges cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvq wewfbœ eqmx Q j- g qi g a Av_ -mvgvwrk, RbwgwZ msµvš I e w³mz êwk ó i mv _ i³ ^ízvi Kvb m úk Av Q wkbv Zv wbix Y K i `Lv i³ ^ízv Rwic XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivrkvnx Ges Lyjbv wefv Mi 15wU ew GjvKv Ges 15wU Aew GjvKv Ges cve Z PÆMÖv gi wzbwu Rjvi MÖvgxY 15wU GjvKvq 2003 mv ji gvp gvm _ K g gvm ch š i³ ^ízvi Dci Rwic Pvjv bv nq G Rwi ci DcvË wwrvbb cöyqb, bgybvqb Ges Lvbv jvi ZvwjKv cö wzi KvRwU K i Q evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv (wewegm), KvwiMix mnvqzv cö`vb K i Q mv f A vû wimvp, gvvch v qi MYbvKvix wb qvm`vb I cªwk Y, DcvË msmön I DcvË wjwce KiY, DcvË we k ly Kiv Ges Lmov wi cvu jlvi KvR K i Q eª vk G Rwic Kv Ri Rb Avw_ K Ges KvwiMix mnvqzv w` q Q BDwb md knivâ j 6-59 gv mi 861 Rb wkï, 13-19 eqi eqmx 1,341 Rb wk kvi-wk kvix, 500 Rb Mf ezx gwnjv, 665 Rb cöm~wz gv Ges 884 Rb Mf ezx Ges cöm~wz bb Ggb gwnjv G Rwi ci wbh vm 94

i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic-2003 nvmxb I Ab vb AvIZvfy³ wqj cve Z PÆMÖv gi 6-59 gv mi 462 Rb wkï, 631 Rb wk kvi-wk kvix, 368 Rb Mf ezx gwnjv, 436 Rb cöm~wz gv Ges 419 Rb Mf ezx bb Ggb gwnjv G Rwi ci Aš fy ³ wq jb knivâ j Ges cve Z PÆMÖvg wb q Rwic AvIZvfy³ gvu bgybv msl v ùvovq 6,567 Rb i ³ wn gv M vwe bi gvîv Mf ezx I 5 eq ii Kg eqmx wkï ì Î 110 MÖvg/wjUvi Kg n j, 12-14 eqi eqmx wkï, cöm~wz gv I 15 eq ii ewk gwnjv ì Rb 120 MÖvg/wjUv ii Kg Ges 15 eq ii ewk cyi li Î 130 MÖvg/wjUv ii Kg n j i³ ^ízv i q Q e j g b Kiv nq wn gv M vwe bi gvîv 70 MÖvg/wjUvi-Gi wb P n j Zv me Rb Mvôxi g a gvivz K i³ ^ízvi wb ` kbv `q knivâ j i³ ^ízvi e vckzv ez gvb Rwic _ K `Lv hvq h, evsjv ` ki knivâ j i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi m e v P nvi n Q 6-59 gv mi wkï ì g a 56%, Mf ezx gwnjv ì g a 41%, cöm~wz gwnjv 36%, Mf ezx bb I cöm~wz bb Ggb gwnjv 33%, wk kvix 29% Ges wk kvi 17% 6-59 gvm eqmx wkï ì g a gvivz K i³ ^ízv wqj 2 _ K 3 % i³ ^ízvi Dcw wz 6-11 gvm eqmx ev Pv ì g a me P q ewk `L Z cviqv hvq 84%, 12-23 gv mi wkï 68%, Ges eqm e w i mv _ G nvi n«vm cvq i³ ^ízvi Dcw wz g q ì Zzjbvq (53%) mvgvb ewk wqj 6-59 gvm eqmx Q j ì g a (58%) wk kvi-wk kvix ì g a Aek wk kvix ì Î i³ ^ízv (29%) wk kvi ì P q Zvrch c~y fv e ewk wqj (17%) i³ ^ízvi Dcw wz Aew GjvKvi P q ew GjvKvq ewk wqj knivâ ji Aew GjvKvq cuvp eq ii Kg eqmx wkïi i³ ^ízvi cöeyzv Zvi evevi ckv, gv qi eqm, gv qi wk vmz Ae vb Ges Lvbvi A_ bwzk Ae vi mv _ m úwk Z kn ii ew GjvKvq G m ú K i Kvb cöfve `Lv wbh vm 95

i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic-2003 nvmxb I Ab vb hvq bv ew Ges Aew Dfq GjvKvi evmm n wbg vy mvgmöx (Qv` I `qvj) wkïi i³k~b Zvi Dci Zvrch c~y cöfve i³ ^ízvi Dcw wz Aew d j Le Kvq ev Kg IR bi Q jiv DbœZ GjvKvi P q ew GjvKvq cywó cviqv Q j ì P q ewk i³ ^ízvq ewk wqj fv M g q ì Î GgbwU `Lv hvq wb cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvi Rb Mvôx Z i³ ^ízv cve Z PÆMÖv gi MÖvgxY GjvKvq 6-59 gvm eqmx wkï ì g a i³ ^ízv me P q ewk 62% `L Z cviqv hvq, Gici i q Q Mf ezx gwnjv 49%, wk kvix g q 46%, cöm~wz gv 43%, wk kvi Q j 40% Ges Mf ezx I cöm~wz bb Ggb gwnjv 35% GLv b knivâ ji Zzjbvq gvivz K i³ ^ízv `L Z cviqv hvq 6-59 gv mi wkï ì g a G nvi wqj m e v P 3.2%, Gic ib i q Q Mf ezx bb Ggb gwnjv 1.8% Ges wk kvi-wk kvix 1.6% cve Z PÆMÖv gi 6-11 gv mi ev Pv ì g a i³ ^ízvi Dcw wz 90%, Gici i q Q 12-23 gv mi wkï 75% Ges eq mi mv _ G nvi n«vm cvq Z e 6-59 gvm eqmx Q j ì Î 65% I g q ì Î 59% i³ ^ízv `L Z cviqv M Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi wkï ì g a i³ ^ízvi KviYmg~n knivâ ji Aew GjvKvi KviY jvi mv _ mv` k c~y Z e gv qi wk vmz hvm Zvi mv _ cve Z PÆMÖv g eš ag vej ^x I Avwèvwm Rb Mvôxi g a i³ ^ízvi cö Kvc ewk i³k~b Zvi Kvb Zvrch c~y m úk `L Z cviqv hvqwb cve Z PÆMªv g i³ ^ízvi mv _ ag Ges RvwZmËvi ek fv jv GKUv m úk j Kiv M Q eš ag vej ^x Ges Avwèvwm Rb Mvôxi g a i³ ^ízvi cö Kvc ewk `L Z cviqv hvq mwvk cywó cövß Q j ì Zzjbvq, Kg IR bi Q j ì i³ ^ízvq Avµvš nevi cöeyzv ewk _v K wbh vm 96

i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic-2003 nvmxb I Ab vb mycvwikmg~n cve Z PÆMÖvg I knivâ ji 6-59 gvm eqmx wkï Ges Mf ezx gv Ges cve Z PÆMÖv gi wk kvi-wk kvix ì g a i³ ^ízv GKwU gvivzœk Rb ^v mgm v wn m e we` gvb i q Q we klz `yõeq ii Kg eqmx wkï Ges Mf ezx gwnjv ì g a i³ ^ízvi cö Kvc me P q ewk i³ ^ízvi e vckzv Ges ez gvb I fwel r Rb Mvôxi ^v I DbœwZi c _ cöwzeükzvi Kvi Y evsjv ` k ^v I cywó cöwzôvbmg~n K i³ ^ízv cöwz iva I wbqš Y AMÖvwaKvi wfwë Z Kvh Kix e e v MÖnY Ki Z n e evsjv ` k i³ ^ízvi nvi Kwg q Avb Z wb gœv³ mycvwikmg~n AbymiY Kiv h Z cv i: 1. cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avwèvwm Rb Mvôxi g a i³ ^ízv `~i Ki Z we kl Kg m~wp MÖnY Ki Z n e 2. evsjv ` k i³k~b Zvi cöavb KviY jv wby q mgwš^z Ges m ú~ik KŠkjmg~n cö qvm Ki Z n e Avqib-dwjK GwmW Jla mieivn, K wgi Jla mieivn, g v jwiqv cöwz lak wpwkrmv cö`vb G KŠk ji Aš fy ³ Ki Z n e Avqi bi ^ízv I i³ ^ízvi cöwz iva I wpwkrmvq AvBwcGBPGb-Gi MvBWjvBb AbymiY Ki Z n e G Î Avqibmn Ab vb Avek Kxq cywó Dcv`vb Lv` mvgmöxi Aš fy ³ Ki Z n e 3. i³ ^ízv `~ixkiy Kg m~wp Z cövavb w` Z n e 6-23 gvm eqmx wkï ì, Mf ezx gwnjv ì Ges wzb gvm ch š cöm~wz gv q ì 4. `yõeq ii Kg eqmx wkï ì we kl hzœ wb Z n e QvU ev Pviv Avqib U ve ju wmj Z cv i bv GQvov Avqib wmiv ci `vg ewk niqvq Ges Zv msi Y I wewje Ub Sv gjvc~y e j Avqib Ges Ab vb Avewk K wbdwuª q U mg Sprinkle ev Pv ì `qv h Z cv i i³ ^ízv `~ixki Y 5. Mf ezx gwnjv Ges cöm~wz gv q ì Rb Avqib dwjk GwmW e U bi we` gvb e e v K Av iv MwZkxj Ki Z n e cömekvjxb mev cö`vbkvix wk wbk jvi gva g wbh vm 97

i³ ^ízvi e vckzvi Dci cwipvwjz Rwic-2003 nvmxb I Ab vb 6. i³ ^ízv cöwz iva I wbqš Y Rbmvavi Yi AvPiYMZ cwiez b msµvš cöpviyv Kvh µg MÖnY GKvš fv e cö qvrb bxwzwba vik, mvwf m cö`vbkvix, mgv Ri bz vbxq, KwgDwbwUwfwËK msmv b, wk kviwk kvix Ges mš vbavi Y m g gwnjv `i G cöpviyvi AvIZvq Avb Z n e 7. hme mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Af vm i³ ^ízv K cöfvwez K i Zv `~i Kivi Póv Ki Z n e hgb- evj weevn, mvgvwrk ixwzbxwzi Kvi Y g q `i Lvev ii cwigvy I Yv Y gvbm Z bv niqv, wkïkªgmn A ^v Ki Kv Ri cwi ek Ges GBPAvBwf/GBWm msµgy 8. cö qvrb ev a cöv qvwmk M elyvi gva g i³ ^ízv cöwz iv a Ges wbqš Y bzzb Kvh Ki c wzi D veb Kiv h Z cv i 9. ` ki i³ ^ízv msµvš Ae v Rvb Z Ges Gi DbœqbK í 3-5 eqi Aš i Aš i RvZxq wfwë Z i³ ^ízv Rwic cwipvjbv Kiv wbh vm 98

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:99-101 eª vk cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v mev Dbœqb cökí kxl K ebmjvbb Rwic 2003 Gi djvdj ˆmq` gvmy` Avn g`, G K Gg gvmy` ivbv I Rwibv bvnvi Kwei evsjv ` k cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v cwiph vi Î mikvwi ev emikvwi ch v q Zgb Kvb e e v bb G ebmjvbb Rwi ci Z_ msmön Kiv nq 2003 mv j Puv`cyi Rjvi Puv`cyi mì I kvnvivw Dc Rjv _ K cöexy cyi l ì Zzjbvq gwnjv ì ^v MZ I Rxebhvc bi gvb Lye Lvivc evsjv ` k cöexy ì msl v w`bw`b e w c ji cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v cwiphv i Î mikvwi ev emikvwifv e Zgb Kvb e e v bb weivrgvb Ae vi K_v we epbv K i 2002 mv j BD ivcxq Kwgk bi Avw_ K mn hvwmzvq MÖvg GjvKvq cöexy Rb Mvôxi ^v welqk RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq bi j GKwU M elyv cökí nv Z bqv nq Abyiƒc M elyv wf qzbv gi MÖvgvÂ ji cwipvwjz nq M elyvi D Ïk n jv ^í Li P cöwz ivag~jk ^v Kg m~wp wpwýz Kiv hv wk bv cöexy Rb Mvôxi cöv_wgk ^v mev e e vi Dbœq b mnvqk n e G D Ï k cöv_wgk ^v e e vi AeKvVv gv jv K Kv R jvmv bvi cvkvcvwk cwievi I KwgDwbwUi m`m ì mwµq AskMÖn Yi D ` vm MÖnY Ki Z n e Primary healthcare in later life (PHILL): improving services in Bangladesh and Vietnam baseline survey 2003 kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) mvi-ms c K i Qb G K Gg gvmy` ivbv wbh vm 99

cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v mev Avn g` I Ab vb evsjv ` k eª vk, wf qzbv g nj_ ª vwuwr I cwjwm Bbw wudu, myb W b K v ivwjýkv Bbw wudu Ges hy³iv R i B A vswjqv wek we` vj qi hš_ D ` v M wzb eqie vcx G wbix vagx M elyv cökíwu ev evwqz n Q D³ cök íi g~j Kg m~wp m~wpz niqvi cöv v j AÎ M elyv GjvKvq GKwU ebmjvbb Rwi ci KvR m úvw`z nq G Rwi ci g~j D Ïk wqj Kg m~wp m~wpz niqvi c~ e wewfbœ wel q we kl K i cöexy ì ^v MZ Ae v, ^v welqk Ávb, g bvfve I ^v cwiph vi Af vm BZ vw` wel q cöexy ì Ae v m ú K Rvbv ciezx Z hv Z K i ebmjvbb Rwi ci Z _ i mv _ Zyjbv K i Kvh µg MÖn Yi d j cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v mevi Î wk ai bi cwiez b mvwaz n jv Zv cwigvc Kiv hvq, we klz ^v welqk RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq bi Î Pvù cyi Rjvi Puv`cyi mì I kvnvivw Dc Rjv _ K ebmjvbb Rwi ci Z_ msmön Kiv nq 2003 mv j G `yõwu Dc Rjvi g a Pvu`cyi mì Dc Rjv K Kg m~wpfy³ GjvKv Ges kvnvivw Dc Rjv K Kg m~wp ewnf ~Z GjvKv wn m e wbav iy Kiv nq ebmjvbb Rwi ci Z_ _ K `Lv hvq h, Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi w`k _ K `yõwu GjvKvi cöexy ì g a Zgb Kvb cv_ K bb Z e êevwnK Ae vi Î `Lv hvq h, cöexy cyi l ì ewkifvmb ez gv b weevwnz, c vš i cöexy gwnjv ì Î ewki fvmb weaev M vw ªK, D P i³pvc, cörbbz š i AmyL I Wv q ewummn bvbvwea `xn gqv`x AmyLwemy L cöexyiv Avµvš nb Gi g a ek wkqy AmyL Awbivgq hvm wkš wbqš Y hvm, hgb D P i³pvc I Wvqv ewum AwaKvsk cöexy jvkb (62%) Kvb bv Kvb Amy L Avµvš cövq 80% cöexyb fym Qb ev Zi mgm vq GQvov M vw ªK, D P i³pvc, cörbbz š i AmyL I Wv q ewummn bvbvwea `xn gqv`x AmyLwemy L cöexyiv Avµvš nb Gi g a ek wkqy AmyL n Q Awbivgq hvm wkš wbqš Y hvm, hgb - D P i³pvc I Wvqv ewum AwaKvsk cöexy jvk AmyLwemy L fym ji D j L hvm msl K Gi Rb Kvb wpwkrmv bbbv ev wb RB wb Ri wpwkrmv K i _v Kb wbh vm 100

cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v mev Avn g` I Ab vb Avi hviv evb ii wpwkrmv bb Zv ì ewkifvmb wpwkrmv wb q _v Kb vbxq ^v mev cö`vbkvix Ges wpwkrmk ì KvQ _ K hv ì AwaKvs kib Kvb cövwzôvwbk cöwk YB bb cöexy ì Rxebhvc bi gvb wby qi Rb 6wU welq h_v: ^v, gvbwmk, mvgvwrk, ag xq, A_ bwzk I cwi ekmz Ae vi Dci Z_ msmön Kiv nq `Lv hvq h, ag xq Ges cwi ekmz Ae v e ZxZ Ab vb 4wU wel q Zv ì Ae v Zgb fvj bq Avevi cyi l ì Zyjbvq gwnjv ì ^v MZ I Rxebhvc bi gvb ek Lvivc G ebmjvbb Rwic _ K cövß djvd ji wfwë Z wkqy mycvwikgvjv cöyqb Kiv nq hv cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v mev Dbœqb cök íi Kg m~wp wn m e M nxz nq, hgb cöexy ì cöv_wgk ^v m úwk Z m PZbZv m wó, ^v e e vcbv I ^v welqk mevhzœ wel q cöexy e w³, wk kvi-wk kvix I cwiev ii m`m ì ` Zv e w Ges ^v mevq wb qvwrz mikvwi Ges emikvwi Kgx ì ^v welqk cöwk Yi gva g ckvmz ` Zv e w I cöexy ì ^v wel q m PZb K i Zvjv wbh vm 101

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:102-106 eª vk evsjv ` k ^v Î mgzv Ae jvkb: evsjv `k nj_ BKz BwU IqvP (wegbpbwwe D): Rwic - 2002 ˆmq` gvmỳ Avn g`, AveŸvm fu~bqv, G KGg gvmỳ ivbv, Ave`yj v nj nv`x, wmwgb gvngỳ, Avãym mvjvg I Avn g` gvkzvk ivrv PŠayix ^v mev cvevi Î fšmwjk GjvKv, Lvbvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v wj½mz êl g i Kvi Y wkqz cv_ K `L Z cviqv hvq cve Z GjvKvq Avwš K ivm mgzj GjvKvi P q ewk `L Z cviqv M Q kn ii ew evmx gvbyliv MÖv gi Zzjbvq Mf Kvjxb I cömekvjxb mev cövwßi Î cöwk YcÖvß I ` wpwkrm Ki mev cvb Ges mikvwi ^v K `ª jvi myweav ewk bb Bangladesh Health Equity Watch (BHEW) n Q GKwU evsjv `kx D ` vm hvi gva g `Lvi Póv Kiv nq ` ki ^v cwiw wzi Dbœqb n Q wkbv Ges G Dbœqb me kªyxi gvby li g a mgvbfv e n Q wkbv GKwU Avš R vwzk D ` vm _ K BHEW-Gi DrcwË wewfbœ ` ki ^v Ae vi µgea gvb Amvg Zvi cö vc U 1996 mv j M elk ì GKwU z`ª `j Global Health Equity Initiative bv g GKwU D ` vm MÖnY K ib BHEW n Q PviwU cöwzôv bi GKwU hš_ cöqvm - hviv evsjv ` k ^v mevi Dbœqb wb q wpš v-fvebv K i D j wlz PviwU cöwzôvb n Q evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv (BBS), evsjv `k BÝwUwUDU Ae Wfjc g U Monitoring the status of health equity in Bangladesh: the Bangladesh health equity watch survey 2002 kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 102

evsjv ` k ^v Î mgzv Ae jvkb Avn g` I Ab vb vwwr (BIDS), eª vk Ges Avš R vwzk Dìvgq M elyv K `ª (ICDDR,B) G M elyvi DcvË bqv n q Q eª v Ki ÔIqvP cö R±Õ _ K GLv b D j L h, ÔIqvP cö R±Õ n Q RbwgwZ I ^v e e v msµvš eª v Ki GKwU m viwf jbm ev Ae jvkb c wz G c wzi AvIZvq 90,000-Gi ewk gvbyl K Aš fy ³ Kiv n q Q G c wzi AvIZvaxb n Q evsjv ` ki `kwu MÖvgxY GjvKvi 85wU MÖvg, e nr g UªvcwjUb kn ii PviwU Q GjvKv Ges cve Z GjvKvi DcRvwZ Aaÿ wlz cuvpwu Q GjvKv cökœc Îi gva g 2002 mv ji GwcÖj I g gv m G M elyvi Rb DcvË msmön Kiv nq mvaviy RbwgwZK Ges Av_ -mvgvwrk Z_ vejx cvevi Drm wq jb Lvbvi cöavb ^v msµvš Ab vb wel q Z_ cö`vb K ib Lvbv cöav bi x A_ev Rwic PjvKvjxb mg q Dcw Z cwiev ii h Kvb gwnjv m`m whwb Lvbvi ^v msµvš wel q IqvwKenvj wq jb G M elyvq fšmwjk GjvKv, Lvbvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v Ges wj½mz êl g i Kvi Y KwZcq cv_ K `L Z cviqv hvq AÂjMZ cv_ K M elyvi AvIZvaxb Lvbv jv fšmwjk Ae v bi cöw Z ^v mev cvevi Î D j L hvm cv_ K wb ` k K i mgzj GjvKvi P q cve Z (ev ìeb) GjvKvi cövwš K Ae v bi Kvi Y GLv b AwZ `wi`ª Lvbvi msl v A bk ewk GKB mv _ mv izvi nvi, ckvmz Ae v, wkï ì cöwz lak cö`vb, Rb wbqš Y e e vmöny, Mf Kvjxb I cömekvjxb mev cövwßi my hvm myweav Ges mikvwi vqx ^v K `ªi myweav cviqv AcÖZzj ejv P j cve Z GjvKvq Avwš K ivm mgzj GjvKvi P q ewk `L Z cviqv M Q cve Z GjvKvi cvwb I cqtwb vkb e e vi ek Lvivc hv GLvbKvi Awaevmx ì ^v MZ Ae vq bwzevpk cöfve d j wbh vm 103

evsjv ` k ^v Î mgzv Ae jvkb Avn g` I Ab vb Ab `yõwu mgzj GjvKvi cöw Z cve Z (ev ìeb) GjvKvq BwcAvB Kg m~wp I Rb wbqš Y mvgmöxi e envi AcÖZzj wqj Amy Zvi ewkifvm ÎB GLvbKvi gvbyl wb Riv wb Ri wpwkrmv K ib Z e Gi KviY GB bq h Zviv AvaywbK G jvc vw_k wpwkrmvi cöwz weiƒc g bvfve cvly Ki Qb eis mikvwi ^v myweav cövwßi AmyweavB Gi Rb `vqx `Lv M Q h, 60% ÎB Gme ^v K `ª cve Z evmx ì MÖvg _ K cövq 3 wk jvwguvi `~ i Aew Z mgzj AÂ ji MÖvgxY Ges kni GjvKvq (XvKv) cv_ K `L Z cviqv M Q, Z e Zv cve Z (ev ìeb) GjvKvi g Zv Zxeª bq XvKvi ew evmx gvbyliv MÖvgxY gvbyl ì Zzjbvq Mf Kvjxb Ges cömekvjxb mev cövwßi Î cöwk YcÖvß I ckvmzfv e ` wpwkrmk ì mev cvb Ges mikvwi ^v K `ª jvi myweav Zviv ewk fvm Ki Z cv ib R i, wewfbœ ai bi e _v e`bv, c Ui AmyL M elyvfy³ GjvKvq ewk `Lv M Q Ab w` K kni GjvKvq (XvKv) R i I k vmkórwbz AmyL ewk `Lv hvq Pg ivm, Pv Li AmyL, Ges bvk-kvb I Mjvi ivm M elyvi AvIZvaxb Ab `ywu GjvKvi P q MÖvgvÂ j ewk `L Z cviqv M Q Av_ -mvgvwrk cv_ K Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi cö vc U ^v mev MÖn Y cv_ K i gvîv ek úó GLv b m ú ì cwigvy ^v mev MÖn Y cöfve d j; we klz AwZ `wi`ª Lvbv jvi Î Amy Zvi Î AwZ `wi`ª Lvbv jv Kg LiP K i Ges ^ Qj Lvbv jv ewk LiP K i Lvbvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi cö vc U Amy Zvi Î AwZ `wi`ª Lvbv jv Kg LiP K i Ges ^ Qj Lvbv jv ewk LiP K i Amy Zvi gvkvwejvq KD wb RB wb Ri wpwkrmv K i, KDev cöwkw Z ev Aa cöwkw Z G jvc vw_k wpwkrm Ki mnvqzv bq GQvov Mf Kvjxb I cöme ciez x mev MÖn Y GgweweGm wpwkrmk Ges mikvwi ^v K `ªi civgk I MÖnY Kiv nq Ggb cv_ K Aek cöwz lak wukv bqvi ejvq wbh vm 104

evsjv ` k ^v Î mgzv Ae jvkb Avn g` I Ab vb Ges Rb wbqš Y mvgmöxi Î `Lv hvq bv Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v Ges Lvbv cöav bi ckvmz Ae v Kx ai bi wpwkrmv MÖnY Kiv n e Zv wba vi Y h _ó cöfve d j Ab vb GjvKvi P q cve Z (ev ìeb) GjvKvq AvaywbK G jvc vw_k wpwkrmv MÖn Yi cöeyzv Kg Mixe Lvbv jv Z ^wpwkrmvi I Aa wkw Z G jvc v _i Kv Q hvevi cöeyzv ^ Qj Lvbvi P q A c vk Z ewk _v K M elyvq cövß Z_ _ K `Lv hvq h, weevwnz gwnjv ì g a (15-49 eqi eqmx) GK-Z Zxqvsk Mf Kvjxb ^v mev c q Q hv cömeciez x ^v mev MÖn Yi Î G Kev i GK-cÂgvs k b g G m Q cöme ciez x ^v mev cvevi Î gv qi eqm I Lvbvi Ae vb Zgb i Z c~y welq wqj bv Z e ^ Qj cwiev i cöme ciez x ^v mev MÖn Yi AbycvZ e w c q Q Mf Kvjxb I cöme ciez x ^v mev MÖn Yi wecix Z gv q ì Tetanus Toxoid MÖn Yi AbycvZ hgb ewk wqj Zgwb ^ Qj Lvbvi gv q ì ejv ZI G AbycvZ ewk `L Z cviqv hvq M elyvq `Lv hvq h, ewkifvm cöme ^vgxi evmvq n q _v K Ab w` K nv Z Mvbv K qkwu gvî cöme mikvwi nvmcvzvj ev ^v K `ª n q _v K 35 eq ii Kg eqmx bvix I XvKv kn ii evwm `v, ^ Qj Lvbvi gwnjvi cömekvr h Kvb mikvwi ^v mev K `ª Kiv nq ewkifvm cöme KvRB m úbœ nq cöwk Ynxb avîx Ges AwfÁ cöwz ekx ev AvZ x qi Øviv hme gwnjv 5 eq ii ewk mgq z j wm q Q ev ^ Qj Lvbvi evwm `v Zv ì Î ckv`vi avîx Øviv cömekvr Kiv bvi cöeyzv ewk `L Z cviqv hvq M elyvq ^v mev cvevi Î wj½mz êlg `L Z cviqv hvq d j gwnjviv iv M fv Mb ewk wj½mz êl g i Kvi Y cv_ K G M elyvq ^v mev cvevi Î wj½mz êlg `L Z cviqv hvq d j gwnjviv iv M fv Mb ewk, cöwz lak wukv MÖn Yi cöwzwu i Zviv AwZµg Ki Z cv ib bv Ges wb Ri wpwkrmv wb R KB wb Z nq wbh vm 105

evsjv ` k ^v Î mgzv Ae jvkb Avn g` I Ab vb Dcmsnvi ^vaxbzvi ci evsjv ` ki ^v Lv Z wbqz DbœwZ NU Z _v K, we klz wemz `k K Gi DbœwZ N U Q wbqwgz avivq ^vaxbzvi ci wkï g Zz i nvi (Infant mortality rate) Ges gvz g Zz i nvi (Maternal mortality rate) n«v mi Î wkqzuv DbœwZ N U Z e `L Z cviqv M Q h, mgv Ri myweav ewâziv ^v myweav cvevi Î mgv Ri Ab vb As ki Zzjbvq A bk wcwq q i q Q mvaviy gvby li RxebhvÎvi gvb GLbI Lye wbgœmvgx `vwi`ª mxgvi bx P ev Gi KvQvKvwQ emevmkvix gvby li Rb Dchy³ gvbm úbœ, mnrjf Ges djcö` wpwkrmv mev cuš Q `qv GKwU weivu P v jä ^v Lv Zi cö qvrbxq cybm V b Ges we` gvb Ae v m ú K bxwzwba vik I Kg m~wp ev evqbkvix ì AeMZ Ki Z cövgvwyk Z_ vwì Dc vcb Lye Ri wi e vcvi Av jvp M elyv wi cvu wu G e vcv i D j L hvm Ae`vb ivl e cövß djvd ji cöavb w`k mikvwi ev GbwRI jvi ^v mev cövc Zv Ges cövc myweav MÖnY Kivi Î cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKv n Q GKwU myweav ewâz GjvKv G M elyvwu h Kvb ai bi ^v mev MÖn Yi Î, we klz (AvaywbK G jvc vw_k) wpwkrmv MÖn Yi Î, ivmx ì Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi i Z K Zz j a i G M elyvwu Lvbv jvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi cöw Z ivmvµvš nevi m vebv, wpwkrmv c wzi aib Ges wpwkrmv LiP m úwk Z welq jv Zz j a i M elyvq `Lv hvq h, hwì bvix I cyi li Amy Zvi nvi GKB ikg wqj, Z_vwc Lvbvi evb i ^v mev bevi cöeyzv bvix ì ejvq Kg wqj wbh vm 106

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:107-113 eª vk evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ªi Dci cwipvwjz GKwU AbymÜvbx mgx v ˆmq` gvmy` Avn g`, kg mi Avjx Lvb I gv. ivbmyj nk Mixe gvbyl K gvbm úbœ ^v mev cö`v b Kg iz cuvpwu GbwRI K G M elyvq Aš f y³ Kiv nq MY ^v K `ª wb R ì wewfbœ evwywr K Kvh µ gi Avq _ K Zv ì vqx ^v K `ª jvi Rb 40-80% fzz wk w` Q gix vcm wk wbk mvmvbwu Mixe Ges SuywKc~Y Rb Mvôxi Rb cörbb ^v mev w` Q G ms vi Av qi cöavb Drm n Q GgAvi ev gvwmk wbqwgzkiy Gme vqx ^v K `ª Mixe ì Rb mvgvb Zg n ji gvbm Z ^v mev wbwðz K i G M elyvq KwZcq wbe vwpz emikvwi ms vi (GbwRI) vqx ^v K `ªi Kvh µg ch e Y Kiv nq Ges G ch e Y _ K cviqv Z _ i Av jv K eª vk ^v K `ª jvi ez gvb Kvh µg Ae vnz ivlv n e wkbv Zvi m ve Zv hvpvb Kiv nq Av iv wbw` ófv e ej Z M j, ez gvb M elyvi D Ï k wqj 4wU 1. wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ª jvi Rb Avw_ K ms v bi cök wz, cwiwa Ges G K `ªi e q wbe vn m úwk Z welq jv AbymÜvb K i `Lv; Healthcare provision from static centres and the issue of self-financing: an exploratory study of selected NGO health centres in Bangladesh kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 107

evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ª Avn g` I Ab vb 2. wbe vwpz GbwRI jvi vqx ^v K `ª wk ai bi mev `qv nq, mev MÖnYKvix ì Kvi KvQ _ K KZ UvKv wd bqv nq Ges Gme ^v K `ª we` gvb my hvmmyweavi wel q Rvbv; 3. Gme ^v K `ª Avmv ivmx ì ev iv Mi mvwe K Ae v Ges hme mvwf m ev mev cö`vb Kiv nq, Zv wb q ivmxiv KZUzKz mš ó Zv AbymÜvb Kiv; 4. G M elyvq wbe vwpz GbwRI jvi we` gvb ^v mev Kvh µg _ K cviqv AwfÁZvi Av jv K eª vk ^v K `ª jvi (my ^v ) ez gvb ^v mev Kvh µg Ae vnz ivlv n e wkbv m m ú K wm vš bqv Mixe gvby li Rb gvbm úbœ ^v mev cö`v b Kg iz cuvpwu GbwRI K G M elyvq Aš f y³ Kiv nq GB GbwRI jv n Q: MÖvgxY e vsk, MY ^v K `ª (wr K), GbwRI mvwf m Wwjfvix cövmövg (GbGmwWwc), gix vcm wk wbk Ges `yt ^v K `ª (wwgm K) M elyvfy³ GbwRI jvi K `ªxq Awd m cöavb cöavb wel q Z_ msmön Kiv nq mv vrkvi MÖn Yi gva g KwZcq ^v K `ª gvv ch v q ch e Y Pvjv bv nq we` gvb mevi gvb I Pvjy my hvm-myweav hvpvb Ges Gme K `ª Avmv ^v mev MÖnYKvixiv mevi gvb wb q mš ó wkbv Zv mv vrkv ii gva g Rvbvi Póv Kiv nq cövß Dcv Ëi mvnv h Ab vb GbwRIÕi ^v K `ªi mv _ eª vk ^v K `ªi mvwf m cö`vb I myweavmg~ ni Zzjbvg~jK we k ly Kiv nq ^v mev Kg m~wp I Mixe RbMY wbe vwpz GbwRI jv g b K i, Mixe gvby li Rb ^v mev K cy wn m e MY Kiv hvq bv ^v K `ª jv cöv_wgk ^v mev cö`vb K i KwgDwbwUwfwËK Kvh µg K GbwRI jv g b K i, Mixe gvby li Rb mnvqzv hvmvq Mixe ^v mev K cy wn m e MY Kiv hvq gvbyl ì Rb Gme K `ª bv mikvwi ^v K `ª jv Z Kvw Z wkqzuv n ji gvb m úbœ mev memgq cviqv m e nq bv ^v mev wbwðz K i M elyvq cövß Z_ vejx _ K Rvbv hvq h, Gme ^v K `ªi mvnvh Qvov wbh vm 108

evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ª Avn g` I Ab vb µgea gvb ^v mevi Pvwn`v c~iy Kiv Am e KviY mikvwi ^v K `ª jv Z Kvw Z mev memgq cviqv m e nq bv Avi ZvB Mixe ì Rb gvbm Z ^v mev cö`v b Gme K `ª K Acwinvh g b Kiv nq A_ vqb I ^v mev ^v K `ª jvi A_ vqb `yõwu Drm _ K n q _v K: 1. K `ª jv _ K Avw_ K mnvqzv cö`vb Ges 2. mevmönykvixi KvQ _ K wd MÖnY g~jabx Ges cwipvjbv e qi cöavb Ask ^v K `ª enb K i KLbIev wewfbœ `vzv ms vi mnvqzvq Ges KLbIev GbwRI jv Zv ì Avq- DcvR bg~jk LvZ _ K fzz wk cö`vb K i G mevlv Z MY ^v K `ª wb R ì wewfbœ evwywr K Kvh µ gi Avq _ K Zv ì vqx ^v K `ª jvi Rb 40-80% fzz wk w` Q D`vniY îƒc MY ^v dvg vwmdwuk vjm-gi K_v ejv hvq MY ^v i ^v mev Kvh µ gi g~j D Ïk wqj c viv gwwk ì gva g ^v mev cö`v bi GKwU D`vniY m wó Kiv G mev Kvh µg jv fi D Ï k cwipvwjz nqwb Ges GLbI ch š GLvZ _ K Avq Kiv Zv ì j bq mvaviyz MY ^v cwipvjbv e q (recurring costs) MYbv K i G ms vwu Zv ì me K `ªB Mixe gvbyl ì ^v mev Kg m~wp Z fzz wk cö`vb K i gix vcm wk wbk mvmvbwu Mixe Ges SuywKc~Y Rb Mvôxi Rb cörbb ^v mev w` Q G ms vi Av qi cöavb Drm n Q GgAvi ev gvwmk wbqwgzkiy msµvš mev cö`vb M elyvq `Lv hvq h, GgAvi _ K lvu kzvsk Avq nq wewfbœ kn i gix vcm-gi GgAvi mevi PvR wqj 400 _ K 700 UvKv ms vi GKwU gvî K `ª _ K Ri wi avîx mevmn wmrvwiqvb Kivi e e vi i q Q ivmx cöwz G Î 3 nvrvi UvKv K i bqv nq M elyv PjvKvjxb gix vcm wk wb Ki 44wU wgwb wk wbk, 10wU m v UjvBU wk wbk Ges 23wU civgk K `ª ^v mev cö`vb KiwQj ZBkwU wbh vm 109

evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ª Avn g` I Ab vb K `ªi g a bqwu K `ªi kzkiv GKkfvM ev GKkfv Mi ewk LiP D V Av m AePqg~jK LiP (depreciation cost) QvovB ^v Kg m~wp Z A_ vq bi Aci GKwU Dcvq n Q ^v exgv MY ^v K `ª G e e vwu mvdj RbKfv e e envi Ki Q ^v Kg m~wp Z A_ vq bi Aci GKwU Dcvq n Q ^v exgv MY ^v K `ª G e e vwu mvdj RbKfv e e envi Ki Q cuvp i wewkó G ^v exgvi AvIZvq G m Q vqx ^v K `ªi Pvicv k Aew Z Lvbv jvi 35% cwievi G e e vq K `ªMy jvi A_ vq bi GKwU kw³kvjx wfwë ˆZwi n q Q MY ^v i vqx ^v K `ªi myweav MÖnYKvix 90% ivmxb n Q ^v exgv KvW avix evwl K wcöwgqvg wn m e cöwzwu cwiev ii Rb Zviv 25-40 UvKv K i Rgv w` Q Ges KvW bevq b w` Q 20 UvKv ^v exgvi AvIZvfy³ ivmx ì c v_ jvwrk vj cix vi Rb Aí e q Ki Z nq Z e civgk wd eve` 10 UvKv Ges Ily ai we ji 33 kzvsk LiP w` Z nq MÖvgxY e vs Ki ^v mev Lv Z LiP D V Avmv (cost-recovery) nvi wcöwgqvgmn 80-90 kzvsk Lvbvi m`m ì Rb Ges MÖvgxY e vs Ki m`m ì Rb ^v exgv KvW Pvjy i q Q MÖvgxY e vs Ki m`m cwiev ii Kgc QqRb m`m G myweav jvf Ki Z cv i G ^v exgvq m`m iv eq i wcöwgqvg wn m e 120 UvKv Ges Am`m iv 150 UvKv cö`vb K i Am`m iv (20-50%) ^v civg k i Rb 10 UvKv Ges MÖvgxY m`m iv 5 UvKv `q hv ì G ^v KvW bb Zv ì ^v civg k i Rb 50 UvKv w` Z nq M elyvq h welqwu úó n q D V Q ZvÕnj Mixe ì Rb ^v mev w` Z n j fzz wk Aek B w` Z n e M elyvq h welqwu úó n q D V Q ZvÕnj Mixe ì Rb ^v mev w` Z n j fzz wk Aek B w` Z n e KviY, Gme K `ª _ K ^v mev MÖnYKvixiv n Q Mixe, d j m ú~y wpwkrmv LiP G ì KvQ _ K bqv m eci bvi n Z cv i `Lv hvq h, vqx ^v K `ª jv wbh vm 110

evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ª Avn g` I Ab vb cwipvjbvi LiP Zz j Avbvi Î (cost-recovery estimation) KejgvÎ cwipvjbv e qb (recurring cost) aiv nq KviY, ewkifvm ÎB GbwRI ev `vzv Mvôx jv g~jabx LiP K (capital cost) GKKvjxb wewb qvm wn m e g b K i vqx ^v K `ª vcbv Ges cö`ë myweavw` vqx ^v K `ªi vb wbe vpb wewfbœ wel qi Øviv wba vwiz nq vbxq Pvwn`v, i Zi cövk wzk wech q KLbIev K `ªi vb wbe vpb K cöfvwez K i A bk mgq Avevi vqx ^v K `ª vc b mvgvwrkfv e ev e w³mz ch v q Rwg Aby`vb cviqv hvq GbwRI jv KZ K cwipvwjz vqx ^v mev K `ªi vb wbe vpb KejgvÎ gybvdv jv fi D Ïk _ K cwipvwjz nq bv GbwRI cwipvwjz ^v K `ª jvi mev Kvh µg mikvwi ch v qi Avewk K mvwf m c v K Ri (ESP) Abyiƒc wqj gix vcm cörbb ^v Kw `ªK we kl mev, hgb: GgAvi, AvjUªvm bvmövwdmn Ab vb mev cö`vb K i ewkifvm ÎB ^v K `ª jv fvov Kiv evmvq cwipvwjz nq wkqz eo DbœZ mevi myweav I wpwkrmv hš cvwz mw¾z KwZcq vqx ^v K `ª c~y v½ nvmcvzv ji myweav w` q _v K hgb ÔMY ^v K `ªÕ I Ô`yt ^v K `ªÕ GbwRI hgb - MY ^v i wbr ^ vcbv i q Q wkqz ^v K `ª mvaviy ai bi j ve iuix cix vwbix vi myweav cö`vb K i MY ^v i i³ msmö ni Ges Ri wi mg q Zv e env ii myweav i q Q ewkifvm vqx ^v K `ªi GgweweGm Wv³vi, c viv gwwk, j ve iuix UKwbwkqvb i q Q M elyv _ K `Lv M Q, c viv gwwk ev d vwgwj I qj dqvi wfwrui-gi mv _ wwwmöavix wpwkrmk bv _vk j ivmx `i mev bevi nvi Kg nq DbœZ mevi myweav I wpwkrmv hš cvwz mw¾z KwZcq vqx ^v K `ª c~y v½ nvmcvzv ji myweav w` q _v K hgb ÔMY ^v K `ªÕ I Ô`yt ^v K `ªÕ wbh vm 111

evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ª Avn g` I Ab vb wewfbœ GbwRI h wewfbœ ai bi ^v mev cö`vb Ki Q, Zvi cwi cöw Z e envikvixi Dci Av ivwcz wd wba vwiz nq G ÔwdÕ-i nvi Avevi wbf i K i mevmönykvix cwiev ii fšmwjk Ae vb I Zvi cwiev ii `vwi `ª i gvîvi Dci G Î GbwRI jvi Mixe m`m iv ^v mevq AMÖvwaKvi cvq mevmönykvix ì mš wó mev MÖnYKvix ì GKwU weivu Ask n Q Mixe A`wi`ª ì Gme ^v K `ªi mev MÖnY wbf i K i K qkwu wel qi Dci; hgb GgweweGm wpwkrm Ki Dcw wz, j ve iuix ev c v_jwrk vj my hvm-myweav BZ vw` Dcmsnvi KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kvh µg K DrmvwnZ Ki Z vqx ^v K `ªi cö qvrb i q Q Gme K `ªi gva g Mixe ì Rb mvgvb Zg n ji gvbm Z ^v mev wbwðz Kiv hv Q hv bvbvb Kvi Y mikvwi ch v q memgq m eci nq bv Ri wi avîx mev I gvbm Z j ve iuix myweav ^v mev K `ªi vqx Z Ae`vb iv L Ges mgv Ri Kvw Z Pvwn`v c~i YI mnvqk nq GKRb GgweweGm wwwmöavix Wv³vi vqx ^v mev K `ª jvi myôz Kvh µg Ae vnz ivl Z we kl mnvqk n Z cv ib K `ªi Avkcv ki gvby li mv _ K `ª Kg iz c viv gwwk ì mšnv` c~y m úk _vk Z n e Ab vb GbwRI KZ K cwipvwjz ^v K `ªi Kvh µ gi mv _ Zzjbv Ki j eª vk ^v K `ªi Kvh µ g wkqz wgj I Awgj `Lv hvq wg ji g a i q Q Mixe gvby li Rb mev cö`vb, ^v K `ª fzz wk cö`vb, Avewk K mvwf m c v KR (ESP) Ges Ri wi avîx mev (wkqz we kl K `ª _ K) cö`vb BZ vw` Awg ji g a i q Q eª vk ^v K `ª jvi LiP D V Avmvi (costrecovery) wn m ei Î cv_ K eª vk G Î g~jabx LiP (capital cost) I K `ªxq Awd mi LiPI Aš fy ³ K i Gme LiP wn m e wb qb wbh vm 112

evsjv ` ki KwZcq wbe vwpz GbwRIÕi ^v K `ª Avn g` I Ab vb eª vk ^v mev K `ª jv m ú~y LiP Zz j Avb Z Pvq G Î ^v exgvi Abycw wz I eª vk ^v K `ª m ú K vbxq ch v q cöpviyvi AfveI `L Z cviqv hvq mycvwikmg~n M elyvq cövß djvd ji Av jv K wkqz mycvwik Kiv n q Q: 1. vqx ^v K `ª jv Z mve wyk GgweweGm wpwkrmk _vk Z n e (ez gv b h cvwi ZvwlK cö`vb Kiv n Q Zvi KvVv gv we epbv K i `Lvi cö qvrb Av Q) GQvov eª vk ^v K `ª jvi vwq Z i Rb Gi mv _ mswk ó ^v Kg x ì Mixe gvby li Pvwn`v I cöz vkvi cöwz ms e`bkxj n Z n e Gme ^v K `ª ivmxi msl v evov Z Pv Li iv Mi wpwkrmv, ùv Zi wpwkrmv Ges zjwfwëk ^v mev Kg m~wp ms hvrb Kiv h Z cv i 2. eª vk ^v K `ª hme ivmx mev wb Z Av m Zv ì Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Kvi Y ^v Kg m~wpi Rb `xn gqv`x fzz wki cö qvrb n Z cv i 3. eª vk ^v K `ªi LiP DVv bvi Î g~jabx Li Pi wn me ev` `qv h Z cv i G Î j wba viy Ki Z n e hv Z cwipvjbv e qi m e v P 75% Zz j Avbv hvq 4. ^v K `ª jv Z Avw_ K ms v bi Rb eª v Ki wbr ^ m ú` _ K wekí Dr mi AbymÜvb Ki Z n e FY Kg m~wp Ges Ab vb jvfrbk LvZ _ K ^v Kg m~wp Z fzz wk `qv h Z cv i 5. eª v Ki cvvvmvi Kg m~wpi Av jv K mvgvwrk m ú ³Zvi gva g g~jabx Li Pi (capital cost) GKUv eo Ask msmön K i eª vk ^v K `ª cwipvjbv Kiv h Z cv i wbh vm 113

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:114-124 eª vk evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv bvwmgv Av³vi I wgtv ingz Avjx eª vk my ^v, Bbw wudu Ae PvBì nj_ GÛ wkï ^v dvd Ûkb I XvKv wkï nvmcvzv ji mgš^ q nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvi Dci GKwU cvbju M elyv cwipvjbv Kiv nq Ges M elyvjä AwfÁZvi cö vc U GKwU ÔnvmcvZvj er e e vcbv g vby qjõ ˆZwi Kiv nq nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvq G g vby qjwu Wv³vi, mwekv, Avqv I mswk ó ì we klfv e mnvqzv Ki e Avgv ì kni jv Z nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv GKwU gvivz K mgm vi m wó K i Q we k i wewfbœ ` k G mgm vi mgvav b bvbvb ai bi c` c bqv n q Q, hwì DbœZ we k G er e e vcbv e qeûj ^í cwim i n ji Avgv ì ` k wewfbœ mg q wewfbœfv e nvmcvzvj e R i myôz e e vcbvi D ` vm bqv n q Q Z e Gme D ` v Mi g a h_vh_ mgš^ qi Afve I ` ki mvwe K ev ezv K cövavb bv w` q er e e vcbvi wewfbœ AeKvVv gv ˆZwi Kiv n q Q, hvi d j Avgv ì ` k GLb ch š myôz nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv M o D Vwb nvmcvzvj e R i msµwgz I SuywKc~Y Ask _ K cvwb, evzvm, gvwu BZ vw` `~wlz n Z cv i Ges wewfbœ msµvgk iv Mi cöv`yf vei NU Z cv i cwi ek I ^v MZ G mgm v mgvav bi Rb eª v Ki D ` v M eª vk my ^v, Bbw wudu Ae PvBì nj_ GÛ wkï ^v dvd Ûkb I XvKv wkï nvmcvzv ji mgš^ q nvmcvzv ji Af š ixy er e e vcbvi Dci GKwU Manual on in-house hospital waste management (in Bangla) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 114

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx ÔcvBjU M elyvõ Kiv nq G M elyvjä djvdj I AwfÁZvi Av jv K GKwU ÔnvmcvZvj er e e vcbv g vby qjõ ˆZwi Kiv n q Q G g vby qj ˆZwiKvjxb mg q KwZcq wel q i Z v ivc Kiv n q Q welq jv n Q: ` ki mvgwmök Avw_ K cö vcu, Kg x ` Zv, ez gvb e e vcbv c wz, mikvwi bxwzgvjv, P~ovš e e vcbv c wz, ` Zv e w i my hvm, er e e vcbv I mswk ó mk ji g bvfve Ges AvMÖn BZ vw` G g vby qjwu nvmcvzv j Kg iz Wv³vi, mwekv, Avqv Ges mswk ó Kg KZ v I Kg Pvix `i nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvi welqwu mn R Ges h_v_ fv e m úbœ Ki Z we klfv e mnvqzv Ki e D j L h, G g vby qjwu Z Af š ixy er e e vcbv, msi Y, cwieny cöf wz wel qi Dci Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q nvmcvzvj e R i kªyxkiy cövq cöwzwu nvmcvzv jb KwVb, Zij I evqexq er ˆZwi nq G mkj e R i g a mvaviy er hgb KvMR, Dw Qó Lvevi BZ vw`, SuywKc~Y er AbyRxe KvjPvi, i³gvlv MR-e v ÛR BZ vw` cybte envi hvm Ges cybtcöwµqvrvzkiy er _v K Avevi me nvmcvzv ji e R i aibi GK bq G wfbœzv Avevi `k f ` wfbœ ikg nvmcvzvj e R i aib wbf i K i nvmcvzv ji wewfbœ BDwbU, mev cö`vb, nvmcvzvj e R i aib wbf i K i nvmcvzv ji wewfbœ BDwbU, mev cö`vb, A_ bwzk Ges iv Mi wewfbœzvi Dc i A_ bwzk Ges iv Mi wewfbœzvi Dc i nvmcvzvj e R i weávbm Z msmön, Af š ixy msi Y, cwieny I P~ovš e e vcbvi Dci wfwë K i G kªyxwefvm Kiv nq G kªyxwefvm Avevi Ab vb cvwicvwk K welqvejx - ` ki Avw_ K Ae v, mnrjf cöhyw³ Ges cöwk YcÖvß ` Rbkw³i DciI wbf i K i myzivs evsjv ` ki Rb GKwU mvkªqx I UKmB er e e vcbv we klfv e cö qvrb wbh vm 115

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx evsjv ` ki Rb nvmcvzvj e R i cö vwez kªyxwefvm wb Pi wp Î cö`wk Z nj: nvmcvzvj er mvaviy er SuywKc~Y er cybte envi hvm er Dw Qó Lvev ii I Ab vb AmsµwgZ er msµvgk/ivmvqwbk/ aviv jv ZRw Œq er c vw K, KuvP I KvU b RvZxq er Dcwi j vwlz wpîwu Av jvpbv Ki j er e e vcbv welqwu m ú K aviyv úó n e mvaviy er : nvmcvzv ji mvaviy er ej Z evsvq Drcbœ e R i Hme Ask hvi g a mvaviyz Kvb msµvgk RxevYy Ges Ab vb SuywKc~Y Dcv`vb _v K bv hgb: KvM Ri UzKiv, Jl ai w ªc, gvok, ev, Ges KvU b, KvV, KK, Lvevi er BZ vw` SuywKc~Y er n Q nvmcvzv j ˆZwi e R i mme Ask hvi g a mvaviyz msµvgk RxevYy I Ab vb wzkvik Dcv`vb h _ó cwigv Y _v K nvmcvzv ji mvaviy er ej Z evsvq Drcbœ e R i Hme Ask hvi g a mvaviyz Kvb msµvgk RxevYy Ges Ab vb SuywKc~Y Dcv`vb _v K bv SuywKc~Y er : SuywKc~Y er n Q nvmcvzv j ˆZwi e R i mme Ask hvi g a mvaviyz msµvgk RxevYy I Ab vb wzkvik Dcv`vb h _ó cwigv Y _v K Gme SuywKc~Y er n Q: msµvgk er, c v_jwrk vj er, aviv jv er, evwzjk Z Jla, mvb UvUw K Jl ai er, ivmvqwbk er, ZRw Œq er I D PPv ci cvîmg~n wbh vm 116

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx hme e R ch vß cwigv Y msµvgk RxevYy hgb e vk Uwiqv, fvbivm, QÎvK BZ vw` Dcw Z _v K mme er msµvgk e R i Aš fy ³ msµvgk er : hme e R ch vß cwigv Y msµvgk RxevYy hgb e vk Uwiqv, fvbivm, QÎvK BZ vw` Dcw Z _v K mme er msµvgk e R i Aš fy ³ Gme er _ K mn RB wewfbœ ikg gvivz K msµvgk iv Mi cöv`yf ve n Z cv i nvmcvzv ji hme er G e R i Aš fy ³ n e Zv wb P D j L Kiv nj: j ve-kvjpvi hgb, e vk Uwiqv, fvbivm BZ vw`i KvjPvi AvB mv j UW ev c _K Kiv Iqv W i er msµvgk iv M Avµvš Kvb e w³i ` ni K U hviqv Ask, i³, _yzz cöf wz Ab h Kvb er hv msµvgk e R i ms ú k G m Q c v_jwrk vj er : kix ii K U djv A½ ev Ask c v_jwrk vj e R i Aš f y³ Gme e R mvaviyz msµvgk RxevYyi cwigvy Kg _v K hme er G e R i Aš fy ³ Zv nj kix ii KvUv A½, wewfbœ wumÿ I AM vy, Mf dzj I ` ni wewfbœ Zij I Ab vb c`v_ aviv jv er : hme er Øviv `n K U hvevi ev AvNvZ cvevi m vebv _v K m jv aviv jv e R i Aš fy ³ Avevi me ai bi avivj er wkš msµvgk bvi n Z cv i Gme e R i KvbwU msµvgk Avi KvbwU msµvgk bq Zv wba viy Kiv KwVb e vcvi ZvB me aviv jv er KB mgvb i Z w` Z n e Jla m úk xq er : ZvwiL AwZµvš Jla, wukv, wmivg Ges hme cvî Gme Jl ai ms ú k G m Q G meb Jla m úk xq ev dvg vwmdwuk vj e R i Aš fy ³ A bk mgq Gme e R i g a LyeB SuywKc~Y wr bvuw K I wbh vm 117

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx mvb UvKw K Jl ai Askwe kl ev Gme er Øviv `~wlz Kvb e _vk Z cv i ivmvqwbk er : me ai bi KwVb, Zij I evqexq ivmvqwbk c`v_ hv e envi Kivi ci d j `qv n q Q ev n e Zvi meb ivmvqwbk e R i Aš fy ³ Gme er mvaviyz ivmxi ivm wby q e eüz wewfbœ ˆeÁvwbK cix v, nvmcvzv ji g S cwi vi, gkv I Ab vb cvkvgvko wbqš Y cöwµqv _ K ˆZwi n Z cv i wewfbœ nvmcvzv j h mg SuywKc~Y ivmvqwbk c`v _ i e envi `L Z cviqv hvq Zv n Q digvj-ww-nvbw, ˆRe hšm, KxUbvkK, wewfbœ ai bi `ªeY, d UvMÖvwdK KwgK vj I `vn KwgK vj ZRw Œq er : hme e R ZRw Œq c`v _ i cwigvy ÔwK qv iý j fjõ Gi P q ewk _v K Zv ZRw Œq e R i Aš fy ³ G er kªyxi AvIZvfy³ n Q iwwimövwd I Ab vb M elyvq e eüz Zij c`v_, ZRw Œq c`v _ i ms ú k G m Q Ggb cvîmg~n Ges cix vmv i e eüz AvB mv Uvc wgwkªz Drcvw`Z er D PPv ci cvîmg~n wewfbœ nvmcvzv j bvbv ai bi M vm e envi Kiv nq hv D PPv ci cv Î msi Y Kiv n q _v K nvmcvzv j e eüz M vmmg~n wzbfv M wef³: gwwk vj M vm, hgb Aw Rb; bvbuªvm A vbw; wnwus M vm (wed Ub, cö cb); Ges j ve iuix M vm (bvb Uªv Rb, AvM b, Kve b-wvb-a vbw) GQvov nvmcvzv j e eüz A v ivmj I Gqvi d«kbvi G RvZxq e R i Aš fy ³ nvmcvzvj e R i SuywKmg~n nvmcvzv ji er evzvm, Lvevi GgbwK kvixwik ú k i gva g msµgy Qov Z cv i G e R i SzuwKmg~n Aci c ôvq `Iqv nj wbh vm 118

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx msµvgk, c v_jwrk vj I avivj e R i SuywK G mkj er _ K msµvgk e vwa Qov Z cv i, hgb: GBPAvBwf/GBWm ncvuvbwum we/wm (RwÛm) Lv` bvjxi msµgy I c Ui cxov k vmbvjxi msµgy Pv Li msµgy BZ vw` dvg vwmdwuk vj I ivmvqwbk e R i SuywK hw`i G ai bi er nvmcvzv j Kg ˆZwi nq wkš we kl Ae vq ( gqv` AwZµvš Jla) AwaK cwigv Y G er ˆZwi n Z cv i G e R i SuywK wb gœ `qv nj: mvgwqk I `xn gqv`x G cvrv ii Kvi Y welwµqv Sj m hviqv/cy o hviqv I Zi m wó niqv PvL I Pvgovi cö`vn ev hš Yv`vqK Ae v I wz mvab k vmbvwji wgdkvm gg eª bi wz mvab we` gvb Lv` P µi wz mvab Gw UwbI c vw K I mvb UvUw K Jlamg~n n Q Kviwm bv Rb (hv GKwU mvaviy Kvl K K vývi Kv l iƒcvš wiz Ki Z cv i) AwaKvsk RxevYybvkK Ab ivmvqwbk e R i mv _ welwµqv K i wi-a vkwuf er ˆZwi Ki Z cv i gqv` DËxY wukv _ K ivm Qov Z cv i nvmcvzv j gkv I Ab vb cvkvgvko wba bi Rb h mg KxUbvkK e envi Kiv nq Zv gvbyl I cwi e ki Ab vb Dcv`v bi Rb gvivz K wzki wbh vm 119

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx ZRw Œq e R i SuywK ZRw Œq e R i SuywK g~jz wbf i K i KZevi G e R i ms ú k Avmv n q Q Ges ms ú k Avmvi Kvi Y Af š ixy WvR Kvb gvîv ch š n q Q Zvi Dci G e R i SuywK mvaviy _ K Lye gvivz K n Z cv i cöv_wgkfv e gv_ve _v, wsgywb I ewg-ewg fve R bwuk MV bi Dci cöfve co Z cv i P~ovš ch v q wumÿ i wz I K vývi nvmcvzvj e R i Dcv`vb wewfbœ M elyv _ K Rvbv M Q h, nvmcvzv j h er ˆZwi nq Zvi kzkiv 10-20 fvm `~wlz I SuywKc~Y G `~wlz I SuywKc~Y e R i êwkó nj: G e R i g a msµvgk RxevYy _v K RbUw K c`v_ _v K wewfbœ cökvi SuywKc~Y ivmvqwbk c`v_ _v K ZRw Œq er _vk Z cv i aviv jv er _v K evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvi ez gvb Ae v myôz Kvb er e e vcbv GLbI ch š evsjv ` ki nvmcvzvj jv Z M o D Vwb ZRw Œq e R i SuywK g~jz wbf i K i KZevi G e R i ms ú k Avmv n q Q Ges ms ú k Avmvi Kvi Y Af š ixy WvR Kvb gvîv ch š n q Q Zvi Dci myôz Kvb er e e vcbv GLbI ch š evsjv ` ki nvmcvzvj jv Z M o D Vwb Avgv ì ` k GLb hv Kiv nq ZvÕnj, cövq me nvmcvzvj ev wk wb Ki er jv K KvbcÖKvi c _KxKiY ev e e vcbvi AvIZvq bv wb qb Wv we b d j `qv nq hv cwi ek I gvby li Rb i Zi ûgwk îƒc wbh vm 120

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx wewfbœ wmwu K c v ik bi Kg xiv Ab vb e R i mv _ G er msmön K i Ges gqjv djvi P~ovš v b d j `q SzuwKc~Y ckv I kªyx hme e w³ nvmcvzvj e R i `~wlz I SuywKc~Y As ki ms ú k Avm e Zviv mk jb msµg Yi SuywK enb Ki e Z e G SuywKi cwigvy wbf i K i e R i aib Ges e R i ms ú k Avmvi gqv ì Dci Avgv ì ` k nvmcvzvj e R i SuywKi g a i q Qb - bvm I Avqv, UvKvB, wmwu K c v ik bi cwi Qbœ Kg x hviv G er AcmviY I P~ovš e e vcbvi mv _ mswk ó, ivmx, `k bv_ x, Wv³vi Ges nvmcvzv ji Ab vb Kg x I mvaviy gvbyl nvmcvzvj e R i myôz e e vcbv GKwU nvmcvzv j Drcvw`Z wewfbœ ik gi e R i Drcvw`Z vb _ K P~ovš AcmviY ch š hz ai bi KvR Kiv nq Zvi meb nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvi Aš fy ³ GKwU myôz nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvi wzbwu avc i q Q hgb: myôz Af š ixy e e vcbv wbivc` er cwieny myôz P~ovš e e vcbv myôz Af š ixy er e e vcbv Avgv ì ` k nvmcvzvj e R i SuywKi g a i q Qb - bvm I Avqv, UvKvB, wmwu K c v ik bi cwi Qbœ Kg x hviv G er AcmviY I P~ovš e e vcbvi mv _ mswk ó nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvi mvdj A bkvs k wbf ikxj myôz Af š ixy e e vcbvi Dci Af š ixy er e e vcbv K myôzfv e m úbœ Ki Z cvi j `~wlz I SuywKc~Y e R i cwigvy K g hv e ZLb G ^í cwigvy er K wbh vm 121

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx mn RB msi Y, cwieny I P~ovš AcmviY m e n e Af š ixy er e e vcbv myôzfv e Ki Z n j PviwU welq K i Z w` Z n e, hgb Drm jb er c _KxKiY I mvgwqkfv e msi Y, er Kg Drcv`b I cybtcöwµqvrvzkiy, Af š ixy er cwieny Ges K `ªxq er msi Y er c _KxKiY I mvgwqk msi Y mvaviy er, cybtcöwµqvrvzkiy er Ges `~wlz er msi Yi Rb wfbœ wfbœ i Oi cvî e envi Kiv h Z cv i, hgb Kvj, meyr I jvj Avevi er c _KxKiY I msi Y KZ jv wel q i Z v ivc Ki Z n e- Kvb Ae v ZB GK cökvi er Ab cökvi e R i mv _ gkv bv hv e bv d j `evi Av M me ai bi c vw K mvgmöx hgb m vjvbb e vm, wmwiä, i ³i e vm Ggbfv e KvU Z ev wq`ª Ki Z n e hv Z G jv cybivq e envi Kiv bv hvq msµvgk I aviv jv er djvi Av M D³ cv Î RxevYybvkK `ªeY w` Z n e cö qvrbxq me ÎB er e e vcbvi mv _ RwoZ e w³ `i wbivcëvg~jk cvkvk co Z n e nvmcvzv ji wewfbœ BDwb Ui gqjv c _KxKiY I msi Y BDwb Ui cök wz Abyhvqx e e v wb Z n e BDwbU Abyhvqx wefvrb IqvW I Kweb: cöwzwu IqvW I Kwe b wzb ai bi er Drcbœ nq ZvB, jvj, meyr I Kvj-G wzb i Oi evjwz ev we b D³ er d j w` Z n e Acv ikb w_ quvi: GLv bi wzb i Oi evjwz _vk e er mg~n gvîvbymv i Gme evjwz ev we b dj Z n e wbh vm 122

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx Ri wi wefvm: Ri wi wefv Mi me er KB `~wlz I SuywKc~Y wn m e MY Ki Z n e G BDwb U ïaygvî jvj i Oi evjwz ev web _vk e e vw e vsk I dv g mx: GLv b jvj I Kvj i Oi `yõwu evjwz ev web _vk e G BDwb Ui er I ˆZwi nevi mv _ mv _ wbw` ó evjwz Z ivl Z n e Ges GKwU wbw` ó mgq cici Zv K `ªxq msi Y K cvvv Z n e j ve I c v_jwr: me ai bi KvjPvi wgwwqv cwi vi Kivi Av M A Uv K f Øviv RxevYygy³ K i jvj evjwz Z dj Z n e aviv jv er msi Y: wbwj d j `evi Av M f ½ dj Z n e me ai bi aviv jv er k³ cv Î msi Y Ki Z n e hv Z cvîwu wq`ª n q aviv jv e i Kvb Ask ei n q bv Av m cvîwu c~y nevi ci Zv jvj e v M w` q w` Z n e cvîwu Z Aek B RxevYybvkK `ªeY ivl Z n e er Drcv`b n«vm Kiv I cybtcöwµqvrvzkiy j ve iuix I c v_jwr Z hme Kuv Pi cvî e eüz nq Zv h_vh_fv e RxevYygy³ K i cybivq e envi Kiv h Z cv i hme Kuv Pi mvgmöx A Uv K f Kiv hvq Zv A Uv K f K i RxevYygy³ K i cybivq e envi Kiv hv e hme Kuv Pi mvgmöx A Uv K f Kiv hv e bv Zv cybte envi hw` Ki ZB nq Zvn j wbw` ó RxevYybvk K wbw` ó mgq ch š Wywe q ivl Z n e Ges Zvici fv jvfv e cwi vi K i Avevi e envi Kiv h Z cv i Gme KvR h nvmcvzvj Kg x Ki eb Zv K Aek B h_vh_ wbivc` cvkvk ci Z n e Af š ixy er cwieny nvmcvzv ji cöwzwu BDwbU _ K er GKwU wbw` ó mgq cici nvmcvzv ji K `ªxq er msi Y K wb q h Z n e nvmcvzv ji Af š i er cwien Yi mgq we kl mzk Zv Aej ^b Ki Z n e Kvb Ae v ZB hb Kvb cökvi er nvmcvzv ji g S ev Ab Kv_vI bv c o wbh vm 123

evsjv ` k nvmcvzvj er e e vcbv Av³vi I Avjx K `ªxq er msi Y e e v AvaywbK e e vcbvq er msi Y K wu kxzvzc wbqwš Z I msiw Z n q _v K hw` GKwU AvaywbK er msi Y K ˆZwi Kiv m e bv nq Z e h Kvb GKwU K K GKUz msi Y K i G Kv R e envi Kiv h Z cv i AvaywbK e e vcbvi Aax b er msi Yi NiwU _v K kxzvzc wbqwš Z Z e Avgv `i ` k wbw` ó GKwU Ni K msiw Z K i G Kv R e envi Kiv h Z cv i Z e G K i myi v e e v Ggb n Z n e hv Z Kvb ai bi cövyx I cvkvgvko hgb Bù yi, weovj, KzKzi BZ vw` XyK Z bv cv i nvmcvzvj KZ c i AbygwZ Qvov Kvb e w³ G K cö ek Ki Z cvi e bv K wu nvmcvzv ji bxp Zjvi h Kvb v b n Z n e Ges Zv Aek B Zvjve _vkvi e e v _vk Z n e wbivc` er cwieny nvmcvzvj er K `ªxqfv e P~ovš e e vcbvi Rb we kl mzk Zvi mv _ we kl ai bi Mvox Z cwieny Ki Z n e er cwieny Kvh µ gi ïi _ K kl ch š wbgœwjwlz welq jvi cöwz j ivl Z n e: er cwien Yi Rb we kl XvKbvhy³ cwieny e envi Ki Z n e `yn UbvekZ er iv vq Qwo q co j Zv `ª Z cwi v ii e e v _vk Z n e cwienywu Z PvjK I er cwien Yi Rb c _K cö Kvô _vk Z n e er `ª Z I Kg mg q cwien Yi e e v _vk Z n e myôz P~ovš e e vcbv nvmcvzvj er e e vcbvi Rb GKwU K `ªxq e e v _vk Z n e Gme `~wlz I SuywKc~Y er K SuywKgy³ Kivi Rb M nxz P~ovš c wzwu Aek B mikvwi Aby gv`b cövß n Z n e wbh vm 124

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:125-127 eª vk mš vb Rb `v bi Î Av m wbkhy³ cvwb cvb Kivi cöfve gv. hvkvwiq v, gv. KvBq~g mikvi I mvwgbv myjzvbv Mf Kvjxb Ae vq Av m wbk `~lyhy³ cvwb cvb Kivi Kvi Y mš vb Rb `v b Kvb Amyweav nq wk bv Zv Rvb Z G M elyvwu Kiv nq hme gv Mf Kvjxb Ae vq Av m wbkhy³ cvwb cvb K iwqj Zv ì g a Mf cvz, g Z ev Pv cöme, R b i cici ev Pvi g Zz Ges Kg IR bi ev Pv Rb `v bi g Zv NUbv NU Z `Lv M Q Mf Kvjxb Ae vq Av m wbk `~lyhy³ cvwb cvb Kivi d j mš vb Rb `v bi Î Kvb Amyweav nq wk bv Zv Rvbvi Rb 2004 mv j GKwU M elyv Kiv nq A c vk Z AwaK Av m wbk `~l Y Avµvš wzbwu Dc Rjv dwi`cyi mì, gzje Ges kvnivw i gvu 2,189 Rb gv qi KvQ _ K Z_ msmön Kiv nq hv ì Mo eqm wqj mv o 26 eqi Mf Kvjxb Ae vq hme gv Av m bkhy³ cvwb cvb K i Qb Ges 2002 mv j mš vb Rb `vb K i Qb Zv ì ga _ K evqvb K i M elyvq Aš f y³ Kiv nq M elyvi Aš f y³ (2,189 Rb) gv q ì 72% Mf Kvjxb Ae vq Av m wbkhy³ cvwb (>50wcwcwe/wjUvi) cvb K iwqj Gme gv q ì g a wkqz wkqz Î Rb `vb msµvš RwUjZv hgb Mf cvz, g Z ev Pv cöme Kiv, R b i cici ev Pvi g Zz Ges Kg IR bi ev Pv Rb `v bi NUbv `Lv M Q G Î cöwz nvrvi gv qi Rb `v bi Î Mf cv Zi NUbv N U Q 23wU, g Z ev Pv Rb `vb 27wU, AcwicK ev Pv Rb `vb 43wU, Kg IR bi Arsenic in drinking water and birth outcomes: a study of the Bangladesh integrated nutrition programme kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. KvBq~g mikvi wbh vm 125

mš vb Rb `v bi Î Av m wbkhy³ cvwb hvkvwiq v I Ab vb ev Pv Rb `vb 114wU Ges R b i cici 29wU ev Pvi g Zz N U GQvovI cövq 28% bervzk cywónxbzvq fv M Qwe Z Av m wbkhy³ wudei qj `Lv hv Q Gme wudei q ji cvwb cvbkvix gv q ì Rb bqv ev Pvi g a Î wu `L Z cviqv hvq cv kb `Lv hv Q eª vk KZ K mieivnk Z meyr wpwýz Av m wbk `~lygy³ cvbc IqvUvi cvwbi Kj Z e hme gv 2002 mv ji c~ e I mš vb Rb w` qwqj Zuv ì mš vb R b i aviv ch v jvpbvq `Lv hvq h, Mf Kvjxb cy iv mg q Av m wbkhy³ cvwb cvb Kivi d j Zv ì mš vb Rb `vb msµvš Î wu Zzjbvg~jKfv e Hme gv q ì Zzjbvq ewk nq hviv 2002 mv j cö_g mš vb Rb `vb K ib cö_g mš vb Rb `v bi Î Av m wbkhy³ cvwb cvb Kivi Lvivc djvdj (mš vb Rb `vb msµvš µwu) m ú K hzuv bv mȳ úó cögvy cviqv hvq Zvi P q ewk cögvy cviqv hvq Hme gv q ì Î hviv K qkevi mš vb Rb `vb K iwqj 2002 mv ji Rb `vb Ae v ch v jvpbvq `Lv hvq AwaKvsk gv qiv (72%) ^vfvwek Rb `vb K iwqj Rb `vb msµvš Î wu ZZUv bv niqvi wcq b m ve `yõ Uv welq D j L hvm G jv nj: Av m wbk `~ly wel q Mf Kvjxb Ae vq Av m wbkhy³ cvwb MÖn Yi cvkvcvwk Mf Kvjxb AwbqwgZ cwiph v Ges `ye j Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Kvi YI mš vb Rb `vb msµvš µzwu `L Z cviqv hvq e vckfv e cöpviyvi d j gv q ì m PZbZv e w Ges Mf Kvjxb Ae vq GKbvMv o Av m wbk `~lyhy³ cvwb cvb bv Kiv Mf Kvjxb Ae vq Av m wbkhy³ cvwb MÖn Yi cvkvcvwk Mf Kvjxb AwbqwgZ cwiph v, Ges `ye j Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Kvi YI mš vb Rb `vb msµvš Î wu `L Z cviqv hvq M elyvi AvIZvaxb gwnjv ì g a Mf cvz, g Z ev Pv cªme, Rb Kvjxb Kg IRb, AKvj cöme Ges bervz Ki g Zz nvi Av m wbk `~l Yi cöfv e e w cvq Z e Giƒc e w cvevi cöeyzv ZZUv Zvrch c~y bq cwi k l ejv hvq h, Mf Kvjxb Ae vq Av m wbk wbh vm 126

mš vb Rb `v bi Î Av m wbkhy³ cvwb hvkvwiq v I Ab vb `~lyhy³ cvwb cv bi d j Rb bqv ev Pvi g a Î wu `L Z cviqv hvq Kv_vI Kg Kv_vIev ewk AZGe, memgq Av m wbk `~ly gy³ cvwb cvb Kiv GKvš fv e `ikvi wbh vm 127

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:128-132 eª vk evsjv ` k AwZ `wi`ª ì g a cvwb I cqtwb vkb e e vi wpî bvwmgv Av³vi Ges gv. hvkvwiq v wbivc` cvwb I cqtwb vkb e e v Ges Lvevi cvwb Z Av m wbk `~ly m ú K AwZ `wi`ª ì aviyv m ú K Rvbvi Póv Kiv nq G Rwic KvRwU 2002 mv j iscyi, KzwoMÖvg Ges bxjdvgvix Rjvq cwipvwjz nq evsjv ` k cövq wzb KvwU Rb Mvôx cöz A_ev c iv fv e Av m wbk `~lymn cvwbevwnz `~l Yi SuywKi g a i q Q Dbœqbkxj `kmg~ n mkj ivme vwai g a Lvevi cvwb Z `~ly Ges cvwbi Ach vß mieiv ni Kvi Y 10 kzvsk ivme vwa Qovq GK mgx vq `Lv M Q h, cvwb I cqtwb vkbrwbz ivme vwa Z cöwzw`b 10,000 gvbyl gviv hvq Ges nvrvi nvrvi gvbyl kvixwik Amvg_ RwbZ mgm vq fv M Ach vß cvwb I cqtwb vkb Ae e vi cöfv e `wi`ª Rb MvôxB ewk mgm vq c o Ges G msµvš ivme vwai Kvi Y Zv ì ^v i Dci gvivz K Pvc c o wbivc` cvwb I A ^v Ki cqtwb vkb e e vi Rb Wvqwiqv Qwo q c o GK M elyvq `Lv M Q h, cuvp eq ii Kg eqmx wkï g Zz i cöavb KviY n jv cvwbevwnz ivme vwa GQvov G Kvi Y wbd gvwbqv, g v jwiqv I Avgvk qi Avµvš nq wecyj msl K Rb Mvôx Water and sanitation status relating to the poorest in Bangladesh kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) mvi-ms c K i Qb wgrvbyi ingvb wbh vm 128

evsjv ` k AwZ `wi`ª ì g a cvwb I cqtwb vkb Av³vi I hvkvwiq v wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q h, cqtwb vkb Ges bjk ci e envi msµvš m PZbZvg~jK Kg m~wpi Kvi Y hwì e vck Rb Mvôxi wfzi G wel q eª vk CFPR/TUP Kg m~wpi gva g AwZ `wi`ª ì Dbœq bi Rb bjk c Ges ^v m Z cvqlvbv w` q Q cyiv bv Af v mi cwiez b mvwaz n q Q Z_vwc G Rbm PZbZvi d j wbivc` cvwb cövwß I myôz cqtwb vkb e e vi myweav AwZ `wi`ª ì g a KZLvwb e o Q Zv my úó n q D Vwb eª vk CFPR/TUP Kg m~wpi gva g AwZ `wi`ª ì Dbœq bi Rb bjk c Ges ^v m Z cvqlvbv w` q Q GQvovI Zv ì Rb wbivc` cvwb, cqtwb vkb I ^v m úwk Z m PZbZv e w g~jk Kg m~wp ev evqb K i Q G mgx vq wbivc` cvwb I cqtwb vkb e e v Ges Lvevi cvwb Z Av m wbk `~ly m ú K AwZ `wi`ª ì aviyv g~j vqb I ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q evwo evwo Rwi ci gva g Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q G Rwic Kvh µgwu 2002 mv ji RyjvB- m Þ î gv m iscyi, KzwoMÖvg Ges bxjdvgvix Rjvq cwipvwjz nq wek ^v ms vi wi cvu (1996) Abyhvqx 1994 mv j mviv evsjv ` k Lvevi cvwb cövwßi AvIZv wqj 97%, kni GjvKvq 100% Ges MÖvgxY GjvKvq wqj 97% wkš wbivc` Lvevi cvwbi cö kœ ZLb Zgb Kvb cix vwbix v Kiv n Zv bv bjk ci cvwb K wbivc` g b Kiv n Zv m cvwb Z KwgK vj Ges Ab vb RxevYyNwUZ `~ly wqj wkbv Zv we epbvq Avbv nqwb G M elyv GjvKvi wzbwu Rjv ZB wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª I Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª RbMY Lvevi cvwbi Rb bjk ci Dci wbf ikxj G wbf ikxjzvi gvîv h_vµ g 97.7% Ges 97.8% wkqzmsl K jvk Lvevi cvwb Kz qv ev B`viv _ K msmön K i ivbœv Kivi Rb wbe vwpz I Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª RbMY bjk ci cvwb e envi K i (>96%) G GjvKv jv Z f~-dci cvwbi AcÖZzjZv Ges bjk ci cvwb Z mvgvb cwigvy Avqib _vkvq bjk ci cvwb e envib cövavb cvq ^ímsl K jvk LvIqv I ivbœvi Kv R K c, cykzi I b`xi cvwb e envi K i wbr ^ bjk c e env ii Î `Lv M Q A a Ki ewk AwZ`wi`ª Rb Mvôx (58.8%) cöwz ekxi bjk c e envi wbh vm 129

evsjv ` k AwZ `wi`ª ì g a cvwb I cqtwb vkb Av³vi I hvkvwiq v K i Z e Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi 38.9% wbr ^ bjk~c e envi K i cöwz ekxi bjk c _ K cvwb msmön K i Avbv Ges Zv msi Y Kivi KvRwU g~jz gwnjvivb (95%) K i _v Kb K jivmn cövymsnvix wewfbœ c Ui cxov wbg~ jki Y 1970 _ K 1980-i g a wewfbœ mvnvh ms v evsjv ` k nvrvi nvrvi bjk c vcb K i hlb wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni wbwg Ë 2000 mv ji g a ` ki mgmö Rb Mvôxi 80% gvbyl K wbivc` bjk ci cvwbi AvIZvq wb q Avmvi KvR Pj Q wvk ZLbB `Lv Mj bjk ci cvwb Z fqvbk Av m wbk `~ly N U Q Ges G wech q f~cvj Ges Pi bvwej Uªv RwWi P qi fqven Av m wbk `~lymn cvwbevwnz `~l Yi Kvi Y Avgv ì ` k cövq wzb KvwU Rb Mvôx cöz ev c iv fv e SuywKi g a i q Q cökœ n jv AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx Lvevi cvwb Z Av m wbk `~ly m ú K KZLvwb m PZb? we kl K i G M elyvi Rb wba vwiz wzbwu Rjvq `Lv M Q, H wzbwu Rjvq gvu Lvbvi gvî 18-20% Rb Mvôx Av m wbk I G msµvš ^v wech q m ú K wkqzuv Rv b Rb ^v I cö KŠkj Awa`ß ii 1998 mv ji wi cvu Abyhvqx bxjdvgvix I KzwoMÖvg Rjvi bjk~ ci cvwb Z Av m wbk `~l Yi gvîv h_vµ g 4% Ges 9%, ïaygvî KzwoMÖv gi išgvix _vbv Qvov, hlv b Av m wbk `~l Yi gvîv 68% GUv cwi vi h AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi g a Av m wbk msµvš cöv_wgk Z_ cviqvi Rb mswk ó GbwRIiv n jv cöv_wgk Drm GQvov AwZ`wi`ª ì cöwz ekxivi Av m wbk msµvš Z_ cviqvi Rb i Z c~y Drm wn m e we ewpz nq Av m wbk m ú K AwZ `wi`ª ì m PZbZv eva me P q Kg n jv bxjdvgvix Rjvq (3%) Ges KzwoMÖv g AwZ `wi`ª ì m PZbZvi i Zzjbvg~jKfv e wkqzuv ewk KviY, GLv b GKwU _vbv ZB 68% Av m wbk `~ly wby q Kiv nq (wewrgm 2000) wbh vm 130

evsjv ` k AwZ `wi`ª ì g a cvwb I cqtwb vkb Av³vi I hvkvwiq v bjk ci cvwb Z Av m wbk Av Q wk bb Zv Rvbvi GKgvÎ Dcvq n jv bjk ci cvwb cix v Kiv bjk ci cvwb Z Av m wbk Av Q wk bb Zv Rvbvi GKgvÎ Dcvq n jv bjk ci cvwb cix v Kiv wewrgm (2000)-Gi wi cvu Abymv i M elyvfy³ Rjvi KvbwUB ÔAv m wbk `~l Yi Pig v bõ wqj bv weavq mswk ó MÖv gi jvkrb Zv ì wbr ^ D ` v M Av m wbk `~ly wby q msµvš cix v-wbix v K ib `Lv M Q D³ bjk c jv Z Av m wb Ki gvîv LyeB Kg (12.6% wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª GjvKvq Ges 13.4% Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª GjvKvq) H GjvKv jv Z `Lv M Q M o 87% wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª Ges Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª Lvbvi Lvevi cvwbi Dr m Av m wbk Av Q wkbv cix v Kiv nqwb mrb Zviv wbwðz bq h Zviv wbivc` cvwb cvb Ki Q Rb ^v I cö KŠkj Awa`ß ii 1998 mv ji Ges wewrgm-gi 2000 mv ji wi cv U I D³ GjvKvq gvivz K Av m wbk `~l Yi K_v ejv nqwb D³ GjvKvq hz bjk c cix v Kiv n q Q Zvi 91.1% bjk c meyr wpý `L Z cviqv hvq, hv ` L g b nq h M elyvfy³ Lvbv jvi bjk ci cvwb cix v Kiv n q Q wek ^v ms vi 1996 mv ji wi cvu Abyhvqx evsjv ` k 1994 mv j ^v m Z cqtwb vkb e e vi AvIZvq wqj 35% RbMY, 77% wqj kni GjvKvq Gi 30% wqj MÖvgxY GjvKvq Dbœqbkxj we k wewfbœ ai bi ^v mgm vi cöavb KviYB n jv AbybœZ cqtwb vkb e e v Wvqwiqv Gme ` k wkïg Zz i cöavb KviY wn m e wpwýz cöwzeqi 2.2 jvl gvbyl cvwbevwnz iv M gviv hvq G Kvi Y G M elyvq wbivc` cvwbi mv _ Aci eo welqwu wqj mswk ó GjvKvi cqtwb vkb e e v AwZ `wi`ª ì cqtwb vkb e e v LyeB bvryk M elyvq `Lv hvq h gvî 2.5% wbe vwpz Ges 4.5% Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª Lvbvi jvkrb ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envi K i wewegm I BDwb md 1999-Gi Z_ vbymv i 43% knivâ ji Lvbv Ges 10% MÖvgxY Lvbvq ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envi Kiv nq Avi hw` Gi mv _ mvaviy wcu j vwuªb hy³ Kiv nq Z e G msl v e w c q h_vµ g 61% Ges 41% ùvovq c vš i GUv wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª I Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª Lvbvi ejvq ùvovq h_vµ g 5.3 kzvsk Ges 9.5 kzvsk gvî 4.9% wbh vm 131

evsjv ` k AwZ `wi`ª ì g a cvwb I cqtwb vkb Av³vi I hvkvwiq v wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª Ges 11.4% Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª eq gvbyl Zv ì wbr ^ cvqlvbv e envi K i hwì `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi ewkifv MiB wbr ^ bjk~c bb ZviciI `Lv hvq `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi ewkifv MiB wbr ^ h wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª I Awbe vwpz bjk~c bb ZviciI `Lv hvq h AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi 97% Lvevi wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª I Awbe vwpz AwZ cvwbi Rb bjk ci cvwb e envi `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi 97% Lvevi cvwbi K i ewkifvm Lvbvi wbr ^ Rb bjk ci cvwb e envi K i bjk c wqj bv M elyvfy³ GjvKvq Av m wbkhy³ bjk ci msl v Kg niqvq m½z Kvi YB G GjvKvi Rbmvavi Yi g a Av m wbk m ú K Ávb Kg Av m wbkhy³ bjk ci cvwb e envikvix cwiev ii D j L hvm msl K m`m K cöwz ekxi meyr bjk ci cvwb e envi Ki Z `Lv M Q G Î cöwz ekxi mv _ ev`vbyev ì Zgb D j L hvm NUbv bv _vkvq aviyv Kiv hvq h wbivc` cvwb cvevi Î G GjvKvi RbMY we kl K i AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx Zgb Amyweavi m ylxb n Q bv Av m wbkhy³ bjk ci cvwb e envikvix cwiev ii D j L hvm msl K m`m K cöwz ekxi meyr bjk ci cvwb e envi Ki Z `Lv M Q M elyvfy³ wzb Rjvi wbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª I Awbe vwpz AwZ `wi`ª Dfq Rb MvôxiB cqtwb vkb e e v AZ š Lvivc ewkifvm Rb MvôxB Lvjv RvqMvq Ges hlv b mlv b gjg~î Z v M Af ^v m ú K Dchy³ wk v Ges Am PZbZvi Rb B Zv ì G Af vm cwiez b n Q bv H GjvKvi h Kvb Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi mv _ wbivc` cvwb I cqtwb vkb e e vi Rb h_vh_ cwikíbv cöyqb Kiv DwPZ Zv bv n j AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôx wbivc` cvwb I ^v m Z cqtwb vkb e e v _ K ewâz _ K hv e hv D³ GjvKvi ^v e e v I RxebhvÎvi UKmB Dbœq b bwzevpk cöfve dj e wbh vm 132

wbh vm 2005 m Þ î;15:133-139 eª vk evsjv ` k Jlwa Dw ` Pv li m vebv: bv Uv ii AwfÁZv jvwgqv kvigxb evsjv ` k UKmB RxweKv wn m e flr Dw ì Pvlvev ì m ve Zv Ges flr Dw ` Pv l gwnjv ì m ú ³Zvi welqwu G Î hvpvb Kiv nq Z_ msm nxz nq bv Uvi Rjvi j²xcyi I Lvjvevwoqv BDwbq b flr Pvlx ì KvR _ K Lvjvevwoqvq cövq 20 eqi a i mxwgz gvîvq flr Dw ì Pvl n Q wek ^v ms vi g Z ewkifvm (80%) Gwkqvb Rb Mvôxi cöv_wgk ^v cwiph vq mnr cövc Zv, ^í e q I Avw` wpwkrmv c wz wepv i flr Dw `B mepvb Z MÖnY hvm e vwej bi ivrv nvgyivix Lªxóc~e cövq 1800 kzvãx Z flr (wg U) e envi K ib nr gi MÊ Mvj `~i Ki Z Px bi cövq 5000 eqi c~e n ZB e vckfv e fl Ri e envi ïi nq fvizxq Dcgnv ` ki cövpxbkvj _ KB fl Ri e envi n q Avm Q cövpxb MÖš Ô e`õ I ÔPiKmswnZvÕ- Z flr Dw ì e envi m úwk Z we vwiz Z_ cviqv hvq cy iv `w Y GwkqvB flr Dw ` mg evsjv ` k G ch š cuvp kzvwak g~j evb flr ev Jlwa Dw ì müvb cviqv M Q Cultivation prospect of medicinal plants in Bangladesh: experiences from Natore kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2004) wbh vm 133

evsjv ` k Jlwa Dw ` Pv li m vebv jvwgqv kvigxb wkqz wkqz ivmvqwbk Dcv`v bi Dcw wzb GKwU Dw ` flr Yvejxi m wó K i, hgb: A vjkvj qw, M vb KvmvBW, U vwbb, fvjvuvbj ev A v mbwmqvj I qj (cö qvrbxq Zj), wd W Zj, Mvg- iwmb ev wgdwm jr, wfuvwgb/wgbv ijm BZ vw` G mg ivmvqwbk `ªe vw` wewfbœ ai bi c Ui cxov (Wvqwiqv, K jiv, Avjmvi), Pg ivm, zavg `v, M vw ªK I A vwmwwwui Î we kl DcKv i Av m 2000 mv j we k cövq 30 wgwjqb gvwk b Wjvi-Gi flr Jla Kbv- epv nq Pxb, d«vý, Rvg vbx, BZvjx, Rvcvb, úb, hy³ivr Ges gvwk b hy³ivóª me P q ewk Jlwa Dw ` ev flr e envi K i evsjv ` k cövq 60 wgwjqb gvwk b Wjvi-Gi fl Ri Pvwn`v i q Q e j Rvbv hvq evsjv ` k e eüz fl Ri cövq meuvb Avg`vwb Kiv evsjv ` k flr Dw ` Pvlvev` ev evwywr Kfv e Pvlvev` m úwk Z Zgb Kvb Z_ cviqv hvq bv ˆ`wbK ÔcÖ_g Av jvõ- Z cö_g bv Uv ii j²xcyi, Lvjvevwoqv BDwbq b flr Dw ` Pvl m úwk Z Z_ cviqv hvq Z e ivrkvnx wefv Mi wkqz AÂ j Ges biwms`xi wkqz GjvKvq wew Qbœfv e flr Dw ì Pvl nq e j Rvbv hvq Av jvp cö vc Ui Av jv K ez gvb M elyvwu nv Z bqv nq G M elyvi D Ïk wqj evsjv ` k UKmB RxweKv wn m e flr Dw ì Pvlvev` Gi m ve Zv LwZ q `Lv, Kx Kvi Y K lkiv flr Dw ` Pv l DrmvwnZ n Q Zv Rvbv, flr Dw ` Pv l gwnjv ì m ú ³Zvi welqwu LwZ q `Lv Ges evsjv ` k flr Dw ì Dc hvwmzv Ges Gi evrvi m úwk Z GKwU aviyv jvf Kiv bv Uvi Rjvi j²xcyi I Lvjvevwoqv BDwbq bi 45 Rb flr Pvlxi KvQ _ K Z_ msmön Kiv nq G QvovI PviwU Km vww, 1wU BDbvbx I 1wU Avqy ew`k Jla cö ZKvix cöwzôvb Ges flr Dw ì e vcvix ì mv _ Avjvc K i Z_ msmön Kiv nq cwi ek I eb gš Yvj qi Kg KZ v ì KvQ _ K AbvbyôvwbK Avjv ci gva g Jlwa Dw ` m úwk Z mikv ii wewfbœ Kg KvÊ m ú K Z_ msm nxz nq flr ev Jlwa Dw ì wbh vm 134

evsjv ` k Jlwa Dw ` Pv li m vebv jvwgqv kvigxb evrvi Pvwn`v m ú K aviyv jvf Kievi Rb eª vk-gi bvm vix Ges Avos _ KI Av iv DcvË msmön Kiv nq Lvjvevwoqv MÖvgwU Z cövq 20 eqi a i mxwgz gvîvq flr Dw ì Pvl n Q wkš m cöwz (6 eqi hver) flr Dw ì Pvl Avkcv ki MÖv gi `ª Z Qwo q co Q G mg MÖvg jv Z hme flr Dw ì Pvl nq Zvi g a N ZKzgvix ev A v jv fiv, kzg~jx, wkgyj, wgqwi`vbv, ivrkú Ges bxjkú ewk RbwcÖq Av jvp M elyvq KZ jv welq úó n q D V, hgb: evwoi Avkcv ki cwzz Rwg ev emzwfuv ZB flr Dw ì Pvl nq A bkuv mewr Pv li gz ewkifvm ÎB, KuvK ivj, e b, njy` ev Ab vb gmjv ev ev`vg RvZxq Mv Qi cwie Z GwU Pvl Kiv n Q Z e, Lye Kg msl K Drcv`KB ïaygvî flr Dw ` Pvl K i RxweKv wbe vn K i z`ª Pvlx ì gv SB flr Dw ` Pvl RbwcÖqZv jvf Ki Q mkj Jlwa Dw ` PvlxB Zv ì Rwgi 4 _ K 50 kzvs ki g a B Jlwa Pvl mxgve i L Q Gi g a ewkifvm Pvlx (29 Rb) 4 _ K 20 kzvs ki g a B Jlwa Dw ` Pvl K i Q kzkiv 40 fvm Pvlx e j Q, Jlwa Dw ` Pvl jvfrbk, 20 fvm e j Q gvwu Ab vb dm ji Abyc hvmx Ges 3 kzvsk e j Q Ab vb KviY, hgb weµq Ki Z myweav BZ vw` N ZKzgvix ev A v jv fiv, wkgyj Ges wgqwi`vbv h nzz AwaK cwigv Y H mg MÖvg jv Z Pvl nq mrb G wzbwu flr ev Jlwa Dw ì Pvl KZUzKz jvfrbk Zv we k ly Kiv nq AvL Ges njy` K biqv nq Zzjbv Kivi Rb hv Jlwa Dw ì gzb evwoi Avkcv k Pvl Kiv nq `Lv M Q h, cöwz kzvs k N ZKzgvix ev A v jv fiv, wkgyj Ges wgqwi`vbv Pv l jvf nq h_vµ g 330 UvKv, 600 UvKv Ges 1,564 UvKv Ab vb Dw ` hv Jlwa Dw ì cvkvcvwk AwaK cwigv Y Pvl wbh vm 135

evsjv ` k Jlwa Dw ` Pv li m vebv jvwgqv kvigxb Kiv nq Zb a AvL Pvl ewkifvm Jlwa Dw ` Pv li P q jvfrbk Z e njy` Pv li P q h Kv bv Jlwa Dw ` PvlB ewk jvfrbk flr Dw ` Pv l gwnjv ì e vck f~wgkv i q Q A b K e j Qb h, Zv ì xivb cö_g fl Ri Pviv ev exr flr Dw ` Pv l gwnjv ì e vck f~wgkv i q Q A b K e j Qb h, Zv ì xivb cö_g fl Ri Pviv ev exr msmön K i Zv ì K flr Pv l DrmvwnZ K i Q msmön K i Zv ì K flr Pv l DrmvwnZ K i Q Jlwa Dw ` jv evwoi Avbv PKvbv P mewr Pv li g ZvB Pvl Kiv nq d j gwnjviv mn RB Zv `Lv kvbv Ki Z cv i GQvov cyi liv Ab vb Kv R RwoZ _v K weavq Jlwa Pv l h _ó mgq w` Z cv i bv KviY, KDB Jlwa Dw ` Pvl K cöavb Avqg~jK RxweKv wn m e bq bvb bv Uv i h ai bi Jlwa Dw ` Pvl nq Zb a N ZKzgvixB ewk RbwcÖq N ZKzgvixi cvzvi duvuv duvuv Kvj `vm Pvlx ì Rb gv_v e _vi KviY n q ùvwo q Q KxUbvk Ki e envi N ZKzgvixi cvzvi Kvj `vm `~i Ki Z cvi Q bv G Jlwa Dw ` Pv l ivmvqwbk mvi ev Kvj `v Mi Kvi Y cvzvi KxUbvkK e env ii Î we kl IRb gvivz Kfv e K g hvq mveavbzv Aej ^b Ki Z n e wkš, wkš N ZKzgvixi cvzvi IRbB bv Uv i Jlwa Dw ` ivmvqwbk mvi I Gi Yv Y wepv ii GKwU KxUbvk Ki h _ Q e envi `Lv hvq wb ` kk Jlwa Dw ` Pv l ivmvqwbk mvi ev KxUbvkK e env ii Î we kl mveavbzv Aej ^b Kiv nq wkš, bv Uv ii MÖvg wj Z Jlwa Dw ` ivmvqwbk mvi I KxUbvk Ki h _ Q e envi `Lv hvq mikvi e vs Ki gva g Jlwa Dw ` Pv li Rb FY cö`vb Ki Q wkš K lkiv G FY bevi e vcv i Lye GKUv Drmvnx bq KviY: - Jlwa Dw `-Gi evrvi QvU, d j Zviv Kg cwigvy Rwg Z Gi Pvl Ki Z cv i ZvB F Yi cö qvrb nq bv wbh vm 136

evsjv ` k Jlwa Dw ` Pv li m vebv jvwgqv kvigxb - FY bevi Rb e vs K ÔRwgi `wjjõ eük ivlevi cö qvrb nq wkš ewkifvm K lkb f~wgnxb ev AwZ Aí cwigvy Rwgi gvwjk - Dciš y 1 wenv Rwgi Rb h FY cviqv hvq Zv Jlwa Dw ` Pv li Li Pi 3 fv Mi 1 fvm gvî bv Uv ii MÖvg jv Z Jlwa Dw ` e vck gvîvq e eüz nq hgb, nr gi MÊ Mv j N ZKzgvixi kiez/wgqwi`vbv/ivrkú Ges bxjkú Dw ` e eüz nq wkgyj g~j KvôKvwV b ev Ak iv M e eüz nq KD KD j¾vezx jzvi Ak wpwkrmvq e envi K i ivrkú ev bxjkú-gi e envi kixi Ges `uv Zi e _v wbivg qi Rb eûj cöpwjz wkgy ji g~j kvixwik `ye jzv Ges ev Zi e _v Dck g e eüz nq Aíeqmx gwnjviv GUvI e j Q h, N ZKzgvixi cvzv evuv jvwm q G GjvKvi A bk g qi gy Li `vm m i M Q N ZKzgvixi cvzvi im Mv qi isi Jlwa Dw ` evwoi Avbv P-Kvbv P mewr Pv li g ZvB Pvl Kiv P j evwoi gwnjviv mn RB Gi `Lv kvbv Ki Z cv ib Qwe Z `Lv hv Q emzwfuvi cv kb Jlwa Dw ` N ZKzgvix ev A v jv fivi Pvl Ges GKRb cwi ek m PZb K lk K - hvi x flr Pviv msmön K i Zv K flr Pv l DrmvwnZ K i Qb D¾ j Ki Z m g Kvj gn RwÊ mi wpwkrmvq e eüz nq e j Rvbv hvq, ZvQvov K wgbvkk wn m ei Gi mybvg i q Q H GjvKvi jvk Ak MÜv wfuvwgb wn m e e envi K i hšb kw³ e w Z kw³we `y, k Lg~j, nw cjvk, fvbpûvj Ges KLbI wkgy ji g~ji e eüz nq kzg~j Ges Zvjg~j gwnjv `i mv`vmªve-gi Î Ges j¾vezx M bvwiqvi wpwkrmvq e eüz nq cömªv e cö`vn Ges Wvqwiqvi ÎI kzg~ ji e env ii K_v kvbv hvq wbh vm 137